Chapter 11Chapter 11The Triumphs and Travails The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republicof the Jeffersonian Republic

1800-18121800-1812

““Timid men…prefer the calm of Timid men…prefer the calm of despotism to the boisterous sea of despotism to the boisterous sea of

liberty.” – Thomas Jeffersonliberty.” – Thomas Jefferson

SSUSH6 The student will analyze the impact of territorial expansion and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation.

a. Explain the Northwest Ordinance’s importance in the westward migration of Americans, and on slavery, public education, and the addition of new states.

b. Describe Jefferson’s diplomacy in obtaining the Louisiana Purchase from France and the territory’s exploration by Lewis and Clark.

Chapter 11 StructureChapter 11 StructureStandard 6, A&BStandard 6, A&B

Presidency of Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)Presidency of Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) From Adams to JeffersonFrom Adams to Jefferson Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison Louisiana Purchase (1803)Louisiana Purchase (1803) Lewis and Clark explore the WestLewis and Clark explore the West Continuation of British/French quarrelContinuation of British/French quarrel Embargo (1807)Embargo (1807) Indian threatIndian threat Beginnings of the War of 1812Beginnings of the War of 1812

Election of 1800Election of 1800

Bitter partisan Bitter partisan dispute between a dispute between a divided Feds and divided Feds and DRsDRs

Adams refused Adams refused Fed war w/ FranceFed war w/ France

Jefferson’s Jefferson’s relations with relations with slave womanslave woman

Jefferson squeaks by…Jefferson squeaks by…

Industrial North vs. Rural SouthIndustrial North vs. Rural South Thanks to 3/5 Compromise, South obtains Thanks to 3/5 Compromise, South obtains

more voting powermore voting power VP Burr gains electoral college supportVP Burr gains electoral college support Feds hate Jefferson, but see him as lesser evil Feds hate Jefferson, but see him as lesser evil

compared to Aaron Burrcompared to Aaron Burr ““LAME DUCK”LAME DUCK” 1212thth Amendment (1804) Amendment (1804)

Revolution of 1800?Revolution of 1800?

Why did Why did Jefferson refer Jefferson refer to his election to his election in 1800 as a in 1800 as a “Revolution”?“Revolution”?

Was it a true Was it a true revolution?revolution?

TJ takes officeTJ takes office

““The will of the majority is in all cases to The will of the majority is in all cases to prevail…{but} that will to be rightful must be prevail…{but} that will to be rightful must be reasonable; the minority possess their equal reasonable; the minority possess their equal rights which equal law must protect and to rights which equal law must protect and to violate would be oppression.”violate would be oppression.”

Rid White House events of the practice of Rid White House events of the practice of seating based on rank or class.seating based on rank or class.

Transfer of power was relatively smoothTransfer of power was relatively smooth

TJ takes office…TJ takes office…

Changed laws of the Alien and Sedition ActsChanged laws of the Alien and Sedition Acts Nullification (VA/KY Acts)Nullification (VA/KY Acts)

Reduced size of the Army (‘police force’)Reduced size of the Army (‘police force’) Removed EXCISE taxes (Whiskey Rebellion)Removed EXCISE taxes (Whiskey Rebellion) Left in place the financial framework of Left in place the financial framework of

Hamilton and the Federalists (National Bank, Hamilton and the Federalists (National Bank, assuming state debts, tariffs, national debt, assuming state debts, tariffs, national debt, etc.)etc.)

MIDNIGHT JUDGESMIDNIGHT JUDGES In the last hours of Adams’ In the last hours of Adams’

presidency, appointed 16 presidency, appointed 16 Federalists judges to Federalists judges to various federal positions.various federal positions.

John Marshall – appointed John Marshall – appointed to Chief Justice by Adams, to Chief Justice by Adams, cousin of Jefferson cousin of Jefferson

““As the Federalist party As the Federalist party died out, Marshall lived on, died out, Marshall lived on, handing down Federalists’ handing down Federalists’ decisions for 34 more decisions for 34 more years.” (p. 218)years.” (p. 218)

Midnight JudgesMidnight Judges

As Federalist power was As Federalist power was declining, Adams viewed these declining, Adams viewed these last minute appointees as a means last minute appointees as a means to keep Federalist influence in to keep Federalist influence in government.government.

This situation led to………This situation led to………

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

William Marbury – William Marbury – “Midnight Judge” “Midnight Judge” appointed by Adamsappointed by Adams

Madison (Secretary Madison (Secretary of State) was going of State) was going to deny Marbury to deny Marbury this positionthis position

Marbury sued Marbury sued Madison, stating Madison, stating that this action was that this action was unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

John Marshall (Chief Justice, and Jefferson’s John Marshall (Chief Justice, and Jefferson’s cousin) dismissed Marbury casecousin) dismissed Marbury case

Jefferson (Madison) was not pleased with Jefferson (Madison) was not pleased with decision either.decision either.

Marshall issued the idea of “JUDICIAL Marshall issued the idea of “JUDICIAL REVIEW” – the idea that the REVIEW” – the idea that the NATIONALNATIONAL SUPREME COURT had the final word on the SUPREME COURT had the final word on the question of constitutionality.question of constitutionality.

Trouble AbroadTrouble Abroad

Barbary Wars – pirates raiding American ships Barbary Wars – pirates raiding American ships in the Mediterranean (Northern Africa) and in the Mediterranean (Northern Africa) and bribing America for their releasebribing America for their release

British/French doing the same?British/French doing the same? ““War” raged on for 4 yearsWar” raged on for 4 years Jefferson paid Barbary States $60,000 for Jefferson paid Barbary States $60,000 for

captured American sailors.captured American sailors. What ethnicity were the Barbers?What ethnicity were the Barbers?

Painting of Barbary WarPainting of Barbary War

Barbary Barbary states states included included Morocco, Morocco, Algeria, Algeria, Tunisia, Tunisia, Tripoli and Tripoli and EgyptEgypt

MUSLIMSMUSLIMS

Louisiana Purchase (1803)Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

Napoleon was running out of money to Napoleon was running out of money to continue his European conquest.continue his European conquest.

Foreign minister William Livingston was sent Foreign minister William Livingston was sent to offer deal to Napoleon for to offer deal to Napoleon for New OrleansNew Orleans only.only.

““The day that France takes possession of New The day that France takes possession of New Orleans, we must marry ourselves to the Orleans, we must marry ourselves to the British Fleet and nation.” - TJBritish Fleet and nation.” - TJ

Napoleon INapoleon I Tied up with mounting Tied up with mounting

problems in European problems in European conquest, Napoleon sells conquest, Napoleon sells ALLALL French New World French New World possessions.possessions.

Allowed Jews freedom Allowed Jews freedom of religion in Franceof religion in France

Outlawed slavery in Outlawed slavery in French coloniesFrench colonies

Established “Napoleonic Established “Napoleonic Code”; broke down Code”; broke down restrictions of feudalismrestrictions of feudalism

Toussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture Haiti declared independence Haiti declared independence

in 1790 amid height of in 1790 amid height of French RevolutionFrench Revolution

Napoleon failed to re-Napoleon failed to re-conquer Haiticonquer Haiti

Resistance led by Toussaint Resistance led by Toussaint L’OuvertureL’Ouverture

Mosquitoes carrying yellow Mosquitoes carrying yellow fever helped kill off fever helped kill off advancing French troopsadvancing French troops

Napoleon decides to end Napoleon decides to end New World ambitionsNew World ambitions

Jefferson’s Internal StruggleJefferson’s Internal Struggle

As a As a strictstrict constitutionalist, TJ did not believe constitutionalist, TJ did not believe the President had any power the President had any power not specificallynot specifically stated in the Constitution.stated in the Constitution.

However, given the circumstances However, given the circumstances (Napoleon’s willingness to sell LA) Jefferson (Napoleon’s willingness to sell LA) Jefferson flip-flopped on his constitutional authority.flip-flopped on his constitutional authority.

Jefferson Jefferson looselyloosely interpreted the Constitution interpreted the Constitution concerning the purchase of Louisiana. concerning the purchase of Louisiana.

Lewis and Clark (1804-1806)Lewis and Clark (1804-1806)

LA Purchase Expands AmericaLA Purchase Expands America

Lands west of Mississippi River to Rocky Lands west of Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains.Mountains.

Deal brings land and resourcesDeal brings land and resources Access to waterways (New Orleans, MS River, Access to waterways (New Orleans, MS River,

MO River, Red River)MO River, Red River) Also brings US in direct contact with more Also brings US in direct contact with more

Indian tribesIndian tribes

Aaron BurrAaron Burr

VP in Jefferson’s 1VP in Jefferson’s 1stst Term Term Fearful that vast expansion Fearful that vast expansion

would lead to problemswould lead to problems Joined conspiracy group of Joined conspiracy group of

New England and New York New England and New York to secede from Unionto secede from Union

Conspiracy plot was exposed Conspiracy plot was exposed and foiled by strong Federalist and foiled by strong Federalist Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton

Burr challenges Hamilton to a duelBurr challenges Hamilton to a duel

Duels were Duels were common in Pre-common in Pre-revolutionary daysrevolutionary days

If Hamilton had If Hamilton had declined duel declined duel offer, his career offer, his career would be tarnishedwould be tarnished

Burr fired, killing Burr fired, killing Hamilton. Hamilton. Hamilton did not Hamilton did not fire his rifle.fire his rifle.

Jefferson’s 2Jefferson’s 2ndnd Term (1805-1809) Term (1805-1809)

Caught in the Middle: England v. Caught in the Middle: England v. FranceFrance

Shark (Britain had world’s best navy) vs. Tiger (France had world’s best army)Shark (Britain had world’s best navy) vs. Tiger (France had world’s best army)

Jefferson’s Hated Embargo (1807)Jefferson’s Hated Embargo (1807)

In response to pressures from England and from In response to pressures from England and from France (IMPRESSMENT in particular), Jefferson France (IMPRESSMENT in particular), Jefferson enacts an Embargoenacts an Embargo

EMBARGO - partial or complete prohibition of the EMBARGO - partial or complete prohibition of the movement of merchant ships into or out of a country's movement of merchant ships into or out of a country's ports, in order to ports, in order to isolateisolate it. it.

Jefferson thought that by denying England and Jefferson thought that by denying England and France raw materials from the US, they would loosen France raw materials from the US, they would loosen their economic/political grips on America. their economic/political grips on America.

Northern v. Southern EffectsNorthern v. Southern Effects

Opposition to policy re-fuels dwindling Federalist Opposition to policy re-fuels dwindling Federalist party.party.

Federalist North basically ignores the Embargo, Federalist North basically ignores the Embargo, continues trade with Canada and other countries but continues trade with Canada and other countries but recall England was largest trading partner!recall England was largest trading partner!

Southern farmers were alarmed by the growing Southern farmers were alarmed by the growing supply of un-exportable cotton, grain, and tobacco; supply of un-exportable cotton, grain, and tobacco; they had no market for their goodsthey had no market for their goods

Economies of both regions suffered tremendously Economies of both regions suffered tremendously

TJ decides to step asideTJ decides to step aside

Following Washington’s precedent, Jefferson Following Washington’s precedent, Jefferson left the Presidency after two terms, happy to left the Presidency after two terms, happy to escape what he called the “splendid misery” of escape what he called the “splendid misery” of the highest office in the land.the highest office in the land.

Madison succeeds JeffersonMadison succeeds Jefferson

James MadisonJames Madison

Democratic RepublicanDemocratic Republican Jefferson’s Secretary of Jefferson’s Secretary of

StateState 44thth President (1813-1821) President (1813-1821) Inherited feud between Inherited feud between

France & EnglandFrance & England His decisions and His decisions and

circumstance brought circumstance brought about the War of 1812about the War of 1812

Tecumseh and “the Prophet”Tecumseh and “the Prophet” ““War Hawks” within the War Hawks” within the

DR PartyDR Party Heard stories of their Heard stories of their

fathers from 1776fathers from 1776 Also wanted to wipe-out the Also wanted to wipe-out the

Indian threat in the West Indian threat in the West (OH, IN, IL, etc.)(OH, IN, IL, etc.)

Shawnee chiefs Tecumseh Shawnee chiefs Tecumseh (left) and his brother “The (left) and his brother “The Prophet” resisted the white Prophet” resisted the white man’s encroachmentman’s encroachment

Planned Indian Confederacy Planned Indian Confederacy SquashedSquashed

William Henry Harrison William Henry Harrison was governor of the was governor of the Indiana TerritoryIndiana Territory

At the Battle of At the Battle of Tippecanoe, he led US Tippecanoe, he led US army in a defeat of the army in a defeat of the Prophet and ShawneeProphet and Shawnee

Harrison becomes a Harrison becomes a nationally recognized war nationally recognized war herohero

Inching closer to warInching closer to war

President Madison was being pushed towards President Madison was being pushed towards a clash with Britain by the “War Hawks”a clash with Britain by the “War Hawks”

Britain was still supplying Indians with Britain was still supplying Indians with weapons (remember Jay’s Treaty?)weapons (remember Jay’s Treaty?)

Madison believed that the only way to prove Madison believed that the only way to prove America as a legitimate country (and that America as a legitimate country (and that republicanism could work) was to show that republicanism could work) was to show that we could defeat a world superpower.we could defeat a world superpower.

A War on 2 FrontsA War on 2 Fronts

War support was sectionalized and partisan.War support was sectionalized and partisan. DR strongholds in the South and DRs in middle states DR strongholds in the South and DRs in middle states

(MD, PA, VA) supported Madison.(MD, PA, VA) supported Madison. Federalists also opposed the war; New England was Federalists also opposed the war; New England was

their strongholdtheir stronghold Remember – Federalists Remember – Federalists Britain ; DR Britain ; DR

France…..Why fight your friends?France…..Why fight your friends? Fighting two enemies at once: “Old England” and Fighting two enemies at once: “Old England” and

“New England”“New England”