chapter 11: the prokaryotes
DESCRIPTION
Difference between Gram + and - organismsTRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 11: THE PROKARYOTES
Domains Bacteria and Archaea
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The Prokaryotic Groups◦Prokaryotes are divided into two groups◦ Bacteria
◦Archaea
◦See difference on Page 291 figure 10.6
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The Proteobacteria
◦ Includes most G(-) bacteria and are thought to
have arisen from a common photosynthetic
organism
◦Largest group of bacteria
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Alphaproteobacteria
◦ Typically can grow at a low
level of nutrients
◦Unusual morphology including
buds or stalks
◦ Stalks that are used to adhere to
a surface are called
prosthecae
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◦Name comes from the
mythological Greek god
Proteus who could morph into
many shapes
◦Alpha-
◦Beta-
◦Gamma-
◦Delta-
◦Epsilon-
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◦Alpha- are very important in
agriculture because many
of these bacteria can fix
nitrogen and can live in
symbiosis with plants and
humans
Azosprillium
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◦Rickettsia and Chlamydia
are obligate intracellular
parasites
◦They can only reproduce
within a mammalian cell
◦They are commonly
transmitted within insect
bites and ticks
◦ Spotted fever, typhus, Rocky
Mountain spotted fever
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◦Caulobacter bacteria are found
in low-nutrient aquatic
environments
◦ They have prosthecae because
of the constant changing flow of
water
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◦Bartonella is a gram (-) bacillus that causes
cat scratch fever
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Betaproteobacteria
◦There are many similarities
between alpha- and beta-
◦Often use ammonia,
hydrogen gas, or methane
◦Pathogenic bacteria are
considered
betaproteobacteria
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◦Spirillum is found in fresh water and has
polar flagella and is an aerobic organism
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◦ Sphaerotilus are sheathed,
G(-) bacteria found in
sewage
◦ The sheath is a protective
layer which provides
protection and a source of
nutrient accumulation
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◦Bordetella is the group of bacteria responsible for
whooping cough. It is nonmotile, aerobic, and
G(-)
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◦Neisseria are aerobic,
G(-), cocci that live in
mucosal membranes
of mammals
◦Pathogens in this groups
cause gonorrhea and
meningitis.
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Gammaproteobacteria
◦Largest
subgroup of
Proteobacteria
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◦Pseudomonas is aerobic, G(-) rods with
polar flagella
◦Very common in soil
◦ Infects urinary tract, burns, wounds
◦ Some species have evolved to grow
inside some antiseptics
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◦Moraxella is a group of bacteria that cause
conjunctivitis
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◦Vibrio bacteria are facultatively
anaerobic, G(-) slightly curved rods
◦Cause of cholera and gastroenteritis
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◦Salmonella is potentially
pathogenic
◦They inhabit intestine tracts
of many animals
◦Causes Typhoid fever and
salmonellosis
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Deltaproteobacteria
◦ Include bacteria that prey on other bacteria.
They are predators.
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◦Desulfovibrio are obligately anaerobic bacteria
that form hydrogen sulfide
◦Can be found in the intestinal tracts of humans
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◦Myxococcus leave behind a slime trail and
they get their energy by lysing other
bacteria
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Epsilonproteobacteria
◦ Slender G(-) rods that are helical or vibrio and are
microaerophile
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◦Heliobacter is the
most common
cause of peptic
ulcers and causes
stomach cancer
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GRAM + BACTERIA
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Gram Positive Bacteria
◦Can be divided into two groups
◦High G+C ratio
◦Low G+C ratio
◦G = guanine
◦C = cytosineDNA
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Research
◦Clostridium
◦Epulopiscium
◦Staphylococcus
◦Lactobacillus
◦Listeria
◦Propionibacterium
◦Leptospira
◦Fusobacterium
◦Where does the bacteria live?◦Shape or arrangement?◦Disease it causes (if it does)?◦Growth conditions?◦ Interesting fact?
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Clostridium
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Epulopiscium
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Staphylococcus
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Lactobacillus
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Listeria
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Propionibacterium
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Leptospira
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Fusobacterium
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DOMAIN ARCHAEA
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◦Cell walls lack peptidoglycan (like eukaryotes)
◦Halophiles- organisms that can survive a high salt content
◦Methanogens- organisms that produce methane
◦Hyperthemophiles- organisms that can survive and thrive in high temperatures
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MICROBIAL DIVERSITY
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◦Though many prokaryotes have
been discovered, scientists have
hardly reached the tip of the
iceberg when it comes to
discovering the vast number of
organisms still out there
◦Maybe YOU will be the next
scientist to discover a new
bacterium!