chapter 11 resource markets © 2009 south-western/ cengage learning
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 11
Resource Markets
© 2009 South-Western/ Cengage Learning
Demand and Supply of Resources
• Resource demand– Firms demand resources– Hire as long as MR>MC– Objective is to maximize profit
• Resource supply– People supply resources– Sell to the highest-paying alternative– Objective is to maximize utility
•2
Exhibit 1Resource market for carpenters
3
Hours of labor per periodE0
Dol
lars
per
hou
r of
labo
r
W
D
S
The intersection of the upward-sloping supply curve of carpenters with the downward-sloping demand curve determines the equilibrium wage, W, and the level of employment, E.
The Market Demand for Resources
• Resource demand– Derived demand– Arises from the demand for the final product
• Market demand– Sum of all demands for a resource, in all its uses– Downward sloping
•4
The Market Demand for Resources
• As price falls, producers– More willing to buy
• Relatively cheaper• Substitution in production, relatively cheaper resources
– Greater ability to buy• Hire more at the same total cost
•5
The Market Supply of Resources
• Market supply– Sum of all individual supply curves
– Upward sloping
• As price rises, resource suppliers– More willing to sell
• Meet reservation price—minimum required before selling• Higher earnings• More goods and services purchased from income earned
– More able to increase quantity supplied
•6
Resource Price Differences
• Resources– Flow to their highest-valued use– If freely mobile
• Adjust across different uses until they earn the same wage
• Temporary differences– Market adjustments– Reallocation of resources
•7
Exhibit 2Market for carpenters in alternative uses
8
The wage differential prompts carpenters to shift from furniture making to home building until the wage is identical in the two markets
(a) Home building
Dh
Sh
Dol
lars
per
hou
r
$2524
S’h
Hours of labor
per day (thousands)580 60
(b) Furniture making
Df
SfDol
lars
per
hou
r
20
$24
S’f
Hours of labor
per day (thousands)100 12
Resource Price Differences
• Permanent differences– Lack of resource mobility– Inherent quality of the resource– Time and money involved in developing necessary
skills– Non-monetary aspects of the job
•9
Opportunity Cost and Economic Rent
• Opportunity cost– What a resource could earn in its best alternative
use• Economic rent
– Earnings in excess of opportunity cost– ‘Pure gravy’
• The less elastic the resource supply– The greater the economic rent as proportion of
total earnings
•10
Opportunity Cost and Economic Rent
• Perfectly inelastic Supply– No alternative uses– No opportunity cost– All earnings are economic rent
• Perfectly elastic Supply– Earns the same in current and best alternative use– All earnings are opportunity cost– No economic rent
•11
Exhibit 3Opportunity cost and economic rent
12
(a) All earnings are economic rent
(b) All earnings are opportunity costs
(c) Earnings divided between economic rent and opportunity cost
S
Millions of
acres
per month
100Hours of
labor
per day
1,0000Hours of
labor
per day
5,0000 10,000
D
Dol
lars
per
uni
t
$1
D
S
Dol
lars
per
uni
t$10
D
S
Dol
lars
per
uni
t
$14
7Economic
rent
Opportunity
costs Opportunity
costs
Economic
rent
The Firm’s Demand for a Resource• Quantity of resource (labor, L)• Total product (TP) or Quantity (Q)
• Quantity of output
• Marginal product: MP=∆TP/∆L• Diminishing marginal returns—successive unit changes in
input results is progressively smaller increases in output
• Marginal revenue product: MRP=∆TR/∆L– How much total revenue changes as more labor is employed– Depends on ∆Q and Price of final product
•13
Marginal Revenue Product
• MRP curve = Firm’s demand curve for the resource
• Perfectly competitive product market: MRP = MP×Price of final product
• MRP curve slopes downward– Diminishing marginal returns to resource
• Some market power in product market• MRP curve slopes downward
– Diminishing marginal returns to resource– Additional output can be sold only if price falls
•14
Exhibit 4MRP when a firm sells in a competitive market
15
(1)Workers per day
(2)Total
product
(3)Marginalproduct
(4)Product
price
(5)Total
Revenue(5)=(2)×(4)
(6)MarginalRevenueProduct
(6)=(3)×(4)
012345678
01019273440454952
-109876543
$202020202020202020
$02003805406808009009801040
-$2001801601401201008060
Exhibit 5MRP when a firm sells with market power
16
(1)Workers per day
(2)Total
product
(3)Product
price
(4)Total
Revenue(4)=(2)×(3)
(5)MarginalRevenueProduct
012345678
01019273440454952
-$40.0035.2031.4027.8025.0022.5020.5019.00
-$400.00668.80847.80945.20
1,000.001,020.501,004.50988.00
-$400.00268.80179.0097.4054.8012.50-8.00
-16.50
Marginal Resource Cost
• Marginal resource cost: MRC=∆TC/∆L– Change in total cost when hiring one more unit of
labor• MRC curve (individual firm)
– Horizontal supply curve at the equilibrium market wage—perfectly competitive labor market
– Firm can hire all labor at market wage• Maximize profit
– Hire resources until MRC=MRP
•17
Exhibit 6Market equilibrium for a resource and the firm’s employment decision
18
In panel (a), market demand and supply determine the resource’s market wage and quantity. In panel (b), an individual firm can employ as much as it wants at the market wage so that wage becomes the firm’s MRC. The firm maximizes profit (or minimizes its loss) by hiring a resource up to the point where MRP = MRC.
(a) Market
Dol
lars
per
wor
ker
per
day
$200
100
Workers per dayE0
(b) Individual Firm
Resource
supply
Resource
demand Dol
lars
per
wor
ker
per
day
$200
100
Marginal resource cost =
Resource supply
Marginal revenue product =
Resource demand
Workers
per day60 10
Changes in Resource Demand
• Changes in MRP (demand)– Marginal product of the resource
• Amount of other resources employed– Substitutes– Complements
• Technology
– Product’s price • Change in demand for the product
– Demand for resource = derived demand
•19