chapter 11 politics and the economy. power and authority political system: social institution...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 11
Politics and the Economy
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Power and Authority
• Political system: social institution responsible for implementing and achieving society’s goals– Interacts closely with economic
system: social institution thorough which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed
– Politics: “who gets what, when, and how” (Lasswell)
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Power
• Sources of power in political systems– Force: actual or threatened use of coercion to
impose one’s political dissidents– Influence: exercise of power through process
of persuasion– Authority: institutionalized power recognized
by the people over whom it is exercised
█ Power: ability to exercise one’s will over others (Weber)
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Types of Authority
• Three ideal types of authority (Weber)
– Traditional authority: legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice
– Rational-legal authority: power made legitimate by law
– Charismatic authority: power made legitimate by leader’s exceptional personal or emotional appeal to his or her followers
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Types of Government
█ Monarchy: Form of government headed by a single member of a royal family
█ Oligarchy: Form of government in which a few individuals rule
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Types of Government█ Dictatorship and Totalitarianism
– Authoritarianism (Dictatorship): Government in which one person has nearly total power to make and enforce laws
– Totalitarianism: Involves virtually complete government control and surveillance over all aspects of a society’s social and political life
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Types of Government█ Democracy
– Government by the people
– Representative democracy: Elected members of legislatures make laws
– Direct democracy: direct participation by all citizens
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War and Peace
█ War: Conflict between organizations that possess trained combat forces equipped with deadly weapons
Legal definition typically requires formal declaration of hostilities
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War█ Global view studies how and why nations
become engaged in military conflict
█ Nation-state view stresses interaction of internal political, socioeconomic, and cultural forces
█ Micro view focuses on social impact of war on individuals and their groups
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Peace█ Peace: Absence of war and proactive
effort to develop cooperative relations among nations
– Global Peace Index: U.S. ranked 97 on list of 121 nations
– Since 1990s, 90% of armed conflicts occurred within states
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Economic Systems
█ Industrial society: Society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services
– Capitalism– Socialism
Module 49
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The Industrial Revolution
• Brought five changes to the economy– New sources of energy– Centralization of work in factories– Manufacturing and mass production– Specialization– Wage labor
• New laws banned child labor, set minimum wage levels, improved workplace safety, and extended schooling and political rights to a large segment of the population
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The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society
• Postindustrial Economy– A productive system based on service work and
high technology
• Driving economic change: third technological breakthrough– Computer– Three important changes
• From tangible products to ideas• From mechanical skills to literacy skills• From factories to almost anywhere
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Sectors of the Economy
• Primary Sector– The part of the economy that draws raw
materials from the natural environment
• Secondary Sector– The part of the economy that transforms raw
materials into manufactured goods
• Tertiary Sector– The part of the economy that involves
services rather than goods
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Capitalism
• Four distinctive features:
– Private ownership of the means of production
– Pursuit of personal profit
– Competition
– Lack of government intervention
(Laissez-faire)
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Socialism
• Three distinctive features:
– Public ownership of the means of production.
– Pursuit of collective goals.
– Centralized decision-making.
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The Informal Economy
█ Informal economy: Transfer of money, goods, or services is not reported to the government
– Difficult to measure
In developing nations, informal economy represents 40% to 60% of total economic activity
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Conglomerates and Corporate Linkages
• Conglomerate– Giant corporations composed of smaller
corporations– Form as
• Corporations enter new markets• New companies spin off• Mergers
• Conglomerates are linked because they own each other’s stock
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• Corporations are linked through– Interlocking directorates
• Networks of people who serve as directors of many corporations
• Linkages encourage illegal activity– Price-fixing
• Companies share information about their pricing policies
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General Motors Board - Interlocking Directorates
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Interlocking Directorates
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Interlocking Directorates
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Interlocking Directorates
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Corporations: Are They Competitive?• Monopoly
– The domination of a market by a single producer– Forbidden by federal law
• Oligopoly– The domination of a market by a few producers– Legal and common
• Federal government regulates to protect the public interest– Often too little, too late, resulting in harm to millions
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Corporations and the Global Economy• Corporations now account for most of the planet’s
economic output
• Biggest are based in U.S., Japan, and Western Europe– Their marketplace is the entire world
• Know that poor countries contain most of the world’s people and resources– Modernization theory – raises living standards– Dependency theorists – increase inequality
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The Changing Face of the Workforce
• U.S. workforce is constantly changing– Sociologists and labor specialists
foresee workforce increasingly composed of women and racial and ethnic minorities
• 54% of new workers expected to be women from 1984 to 2014
– More diverse workforce means relationships between workers more likely to cross gender, racial, and ethnic lines
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Deindustrialization
• Deindustrialization: systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity– Can take the form of corporate restructuring– Downsizing: reductions in a company’s
workforce as part of deindustrialization– Social costs cannot be overemphasized
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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The Globalization of Capitalism
• A New Global Structure and the Global Oppression of Workers
• Stagnant Paychecks– Trends in Leisure– Telecommuting
• The New Economic System and the Old Divisions of Wealth
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The Globalization of Capitalism
– High insecurity with layoffs, plant closings, and the prospect of more of the same
– Half of the entire country’s income goes to the richest fifth of Americans
– Only 3 percent goes to the poorest fifth
• The Global Superclass
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Inverted Income Pyramid: The Proportion of Income Received by Each Fifth of the U.S. Population