Chapter 11 Notes• Events leading up to WWI: • Treaties and alliances• Nationalism (Pan-Slavism forced by Russians connected all Slavic

peoples)• Balkan Crisis (Austria, Hungary, Turkey feared E. European

Nationalism of Serbia)• Economic and Imperialistic rivalries• Militarism fueled by international tensions and arms race• Nationalism: Binding together a nations people, can fuel bitter

conflicts. Leading cause of international tensions in early 1900’s

Alliances

Triple Alliance• 1882 – Bismark’s

Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary

• 1914 – Germany and Austria Hungary became Central Powers

Triple Entente

• 1893 – Russia and France

• 1904 – France and Britain signed entente, non-binding treaty,

• 1914 – Britain, France, Russia became Allies

Murder in Sarajevo• Archduke Franz Ferdinand: • Austria-Hungary. • June 28, 1914 • Sarajevo, Bosnia. • Bosnians not pleased• Archduke assassinated by

Gavrilo Princip, • joined the Black Hand. • Austria then blamed Serbia for

death of Archduke. • Issued ULTIMATUM (do this

or else): except responsibility or we go to war.

• The Black Hand: “Unity or Death”. Serbian nationalist group responsible for Ferdinand’s death.

• “Powder Keg of Europe”: Balkans in early 1900’s. A tiny spark might lead to explosion.

Schlieffen Plan:• Cornerstone of

Germany’s military policy• Location between France

and Russia • Tried to avoid 2 front war• Swift defeat in the West

1st (of France)• Thought Russia would be

slow to mobilize (prepare military)

• FAILED

Stalemate:• a deadlock which neither

side is able to defeat the other

• Trench Warfare: Warring armies buried into system of trenches. Network of bunkers, communication trenches and gun placements. Between opposing trenches lay “No Man’s Land” and soldiers would have to go without protection but gun and helmets

Modern WarfarePoison Gas• Various gases that cause choking,

blinding, or severe skin blisters; gas masks protect soldiers from poison gas. Before it’s invention the only protection was urine soaked cloths.

Tanks, Airplanes, Submarines -Armored vehicle that travels on a track allowing it to cross many kinds of lands. Couldn’t go over trenches and had speeds of only 3 mph.

-At first, mainly used for observation. Later, flying “aces” engaged in individual combat, though such “dogfights” had little effects on the war.

-Underwater ship that can launch torpedoes, or guided underwater bombs. U-boats.

The Armenian Genocide: -Turkish Armenians no longer allowed to live in own communities-practice own religions-created new tensions when minorities wanted own state-triggered genocide. -Sultan had thousands slaughtered when they protested. Over next 25 years over 1 million dead.

• -

Total War

• Total War: Everyone is a victim. All public and private efforts go towards the war. Factories produce tanks instead of cars, people ration, or limit, intake of goods.

• Economies committed to War production

• Conscription, or draft• Raise taxes• Rationed food• Economic Warfare-

blockades, confiscate contraband

• Sinking of Lusitania

Propaganda

• Controlling public opinion

• Spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause

End of War

• Morale Collapses• War Fatigue• Russian Revolution• US joins war in April

1917– Joins Allies– Zimmerman Note

intercepted– Fourteen Points

• Western Front early 1918

• March, Germans launched offensive that pushed Allies back 40 miles

• Allies had joined by July, Kaiser told war could not be won, stepped down in November

• Armistice, or agreement to end fighting, on at 11 am November 11, 1918

Treaty of Versailles

• Paris Peace Conference: Allies met to discuss fate of Europe

• Big Three- all with different goals: Wilson (peace without victory), Lloyd George (Britain – fit for heroes), Clemenceau (weaken Germany so it never threatens France again)

• Self-Determination: difficult to achieve – Italy wanted secret promise of Austrian-Hungarian lands fulfilled, many places once ruled by Russia or Ottomans now wanted own states

• June 1919- Germans ordered to sign treaty– placed all blame of

Germans– Huge reparations ($2.7

trillion today)– Limited size of German

military– Gave Alsace-Lorraine back

to France, stripped of overseas colonies