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Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition Tymoczko • Berg • Stryer © 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company CHAPTER 11 Lipids

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Page 1: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that

Biochemistry: A Short CourseSecond Edition

Tymoczko • Berg • Stryer

© 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company

CHAPTER 11Lipids

Page 2: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that
Page 3: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that

Chapter 11 Outline

Page 4: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that

Lipids are defined as molecules that are not soluble in water, but are soluble in organic solvents. 

We will examine five classes of lipids:

1. Free fatty acids: A common fuel.2. Triacylglycerols: Storage form of fatty acids.3. Phospholipids: Membrane lipids.4. Glycolipids: Membrane lipids composed in part of carbohydrates.5. Steroids: Polycyclic hydrocarbons with a variety of functions.

Page 5: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that

Fatty acids are chains of hydrogen‐bearing carbon atoms that have a carboxylic acid at one end and a methyl group at the other end.

Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated.

Page 6: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that
Page 7: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that

Fatty acid carbon atoms are usually numbered beginning with the carboxyl terminal carbon atom.

Carbon atoms 2 and 3 are also referred to as α and β, respectively.

Fatty acids can also be numbered from the methyl carbon atom, which is called the omega (ω) carbon.

Page 8: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that

The positions of double bonds are indicated with the symbol Δ, with the first atom of the double bond indicated by superscript number.

Δ9 indicates a double bond between carbon atoms 9 and 10.

Because fatty acids are ionized at physiological pH, they are usually referred to as their carboxylate form, rather than the unionized acid.

Page 9: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that
Page 10: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that

Fatty acids in biological systems usually contain an even number of carbon atoms, with the 16 and 18 carbon atom chains the most common.

When double bonds are present, they are commonly in the cis configuration.

In polyunsaturated fatty acids, the double bonds are separated by at least one methylene group.

Page 11: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that

The properties of fatty acids are dependent on chain length and degree of unsaturation. 

Short chain length and the presence of cis double bonds enhances the fluidity of fatty acids.

Page 12: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that
Page 13: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that
Page 14: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that
Page 15: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that

Cis polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential components of our diets because we cannot synthesize them.

These fatty acids are precursors to a variety of hormones and appear to offer some protection from coronary heart disease.

Page 16: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that
Page 17: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that

Fatty acids are stored as triacylglycerols in which three fatty acids are esterified to one molecule of glycerol.

Page 18: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that

Soaps are the sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids generated by treating triacylglycerols with a strong base.

In mammals, the major site for triacylglycerol storage is adipose tissue. Each adipocyte (adipose cell or fat cell) contains a large lipid droplet, in which the triacylglycerols are housed.

Page 19: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that
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Page 21: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that

Triacylglycerols are energy rich. Because they are hydrophobic and reduced, a gram of anhydrous fat stores more than six times the energy of a gram of hydrated glycogen.

Migratory birds use fat stores to power long flights without the opportunity to feed.

Page 22: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that
Page 23: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that

The common types of membrane lipids are:1. Phospholipids2. Glycolipids3. Cholesterol

Page 24: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that

Phospholipids are composed of four components: fatty acids (2 or more), a platform, a phosphate, and an alcohol.

Two common platforms are glycerol and sphingosine.

Phospholipids with a glycerol platform are called phosphoglycerides or phosphoglycerols.

The major phospholipids are derived from phosphatidate.

Page 25: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that
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Phospholipids built on a sphingosine platform are called sphingolipids.

Sphingomylein is a common membrane sphingolipid and is especially common in the myelin sheath of nerve cells.

Page 29: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that
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Glycolipids are carbohydrate‐containing lipids.

The carbohydrate components of glycolipids are on the extracellular surface of the cell membrane, where they play a role in cell‐cell recognition.

Cerebrosides are the simplest glycolipids.

Page 31: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that
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Steroids are built on a tetracyclic platform, consisting of three cyclohexane rings and a cyclopentane ring fused together.

Cholesterol is the most common steroid and plays a role in maintaining membrane fluidity.

Cholesterol is also a precursor to steroid hormones.

Page 33: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that
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The ether linkages and branching structure of membrane lipids of extremophiles prevent hydrolysis and oxidation of membranes in harsh environments.

Page 36: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that

Membrane lipids are amphipathic molecules, containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties.

The fatty acid components provide the hydrophobic properties, while the the alcohol and phosphate components, called the polar head group, provide the hydrophilic properties.

Page 37: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that
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Proteins are sometimes covalently bound to lipids to localize the protein to the cell membrane.

Page 41: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that
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Inappropriate farnesylation is a cause of Hutchinson‐Gilford progeria syndrome, a disease of premature aging.

Failure to remove a farnesyl group from the nuclear protein lamin results in a deformed nuclear membrane and impaired nuclear function.

Page 43: CHAPTER 11 Lipids - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/korea/leejinhyup/02.pdf · 2016-09-09 · CHAPTER 11 Lipids. Chapter 11 Outline. Lipids are defined as molecules that
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