CHAPTER 11

PILOT PLANT PROJECT

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CHAPTER 11 PILOT PLANT PROJECT

11.1 GENERAL The main purposes of implementing the pilot plant project are:

① to verify the new methodologies on organizations, maintenance and operation system to be proposed in the Guideline

② to recommend more appropriate methods as a manual by reviewing and improving the existing methods and systems concerning a series of works including organization, planning, investigation, designing, installation, operation, maintenance, monitoring, and evaluation

③ to transfer necessary technologies to Indonesian side through the implementation of the pilot plant project, and to raise the future leaders for rural electrification

One micro-hydro power potential site was selected as the pilot plant project site through " Identification of possible electrification projects in the target areas".

11.2 BASIC POLICY FOR SELECTION OF PILOT PLANT PROJECT

11.2.1 Number of Pilot Plant Projects Although the target provinces in the Study is three (3) provinces that are East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara and South Sulawesi provinces and the renewable energy resources covered in the Study are five (5) energy resources that are small/micro-hydro, solar, wind, biomass and geothermal powers, the Study Team emphasizes that only one (1) pilot plant project should be carried out among the three target provinces, taking the following reasons into consideration.

• Primary purpose of the implementation of the pilot plant project • Possible measure to conduct technical transfer to two (2) provinces in which a pilot

plant project is not carried out

11.2.2 Selection of Energy Resource for the Pilot Plant Project In accordance with the policy mentioned in the preceding clause, the Study Team selected “Micro-hydro Power” as the most appropriate energy resource to be utilized for the pilot plant project among five (5) renewable energy resources. This is because the pilot plant should not have unique or extraordinary conditions, but should have moderate and ordinary conditions so that what one will learn from pilot plant can be utilized for future rural electrification. The micro-hydro power matches these moderate and ordinary conditions in every aspect.

11.2.3 Identification of the Pilot Plant Site for Micro-hydro Power Following site was identified as the pilot plant for micro-hydro electric power.

Name of site : Masanda

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Village : Belau Sub-district : Bittuang

District : Tana-Toraja

Province : South Sulawesi

The reason of selection is shown as follows;

The basic conditions for selection of pilot plant site are the following.

• The target district abounds micro-hydro power potential. • There is no future electrification program by PLN or the other at the project around

the project site. • Rural organization(s) such as KUD(s) exists for the pilot plant. • The project site should be accessible by car. • Personnel concerned have strong willingness to develop, and residents can participate

in the project • Any big problem in conducting the Survey is not anticipated • There is no problem in security • The spread of similar projects to surrounding area of pilot plant site is expected. • Regional government prioritizes the pilot plant project site for rural electrification

(1) Identification of Target District for the Pilot Plant Tana-Toraja District was identified as the Target District for the pilot plant project judging from the followings.

① Distribution of Rainfall

The distribution of annual rainfall in the three target provinces shows that there is the highest and widest potential area where annual rainfall is more than 3,000mm in the northern part of South Sulawesi Province. Five districts, Mamuju, Majene, Polmas, Tana-Toraja, and Luwu, in the northern part of South Sulawesi Province, are selected as the candidate target districts.

② Electrification Plan by PLN in Future According to the Electrification Plan by PLN, there is a strong probability that the western part of Tana-Toraja District will be left an un-electrified area for the long time.

③ Existence of Rural Organizations

The following organizations exist in Rantepao (the center of commerce in Tana-Toraja District) and cooperation of these organizations to the development of pilot plant project can be expected.

• KUD Sane: Having experience of construction and management of micro-hydro power plant in Sa’dan Ulusal Village.

• Yayasan Turbin Desa: Having technology and skills that were transferred from Germany and experience for construction and maintenance of micro-hydro power plant projects (approximately 20 projects).

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④ Perception of Rural Government

It was recognized that the district government had a strong desire to develop electrification projects utilizing micro-hydro power because of the reason why there are many un-electrified villages abounding with micro-hydro power potential.

(2) Candidate Sites for Pilot Plant in Tana-Toraja District

The following six potential sites have been recommended by Tana Toraja district government with the consents of PLN and Irrigation Services Sub-branch Office of Tana Toraja. a. Parado ; Parado Village, Rindingalo Sub-district

b. Ballo Pasange ; Ballo Village, Sa’dan Balusu Sub-district c. Batukianak ; Batukianak Village, Simbuang Sub-district

d. Masanda ; Belau Village, Bittuang Sub-district

e. Makkado ; Makkado Village, Simbuang Sub-district f. Leon ; Leon Village, Bonggakaradeng Sub-district

（3）Identification of the Pilot Plant Site

① First Screening The first screening has been conducted according to available information from the Tana Toraja district office, such as accessibility and living conditions of the villagers. Three (3) candidates, Ballo-Pasange, Masanda, and Leon, are passed and results are shown as follows:

a. Parado (Excluded from the Pilot Plant Candidates);

• There is no car access road. (It takes a couple of days from Makale, the capital of the district, to the site)

• There are about 40 households around the site, but about 30 households of them live around the site only in rice growing and crop season.

b. Ballo-Pasange (Remained in the Pilot Plant Candidates);

• The location is close to the main roads with easy access. • No negative information was obtained during the First Screening to exclude

Ballo-Pasange village from the candidate list.

c. Batukianak (Excluded from the Pilot Plant Candidates);

• It takes one-day drive and one-day walk from the capital of the district to the site via the other district.

• The houses are scattered over the wide area. • The villagers’ cash income level is so low that they seem to be unable to pay enough

for electricity.

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d. Masanda (Remained in the Pilot Plant Candidates);

• Although the location is relatively far from Makale with rather difficult accessibility, there exists a road improvement plan by the district . The Tana Toraja district strongly recommended Masanda area for the pilot plant implementation.

• No sufficient reasoning was found by the First Screening to exclude Masanda area from the candidate list.

e. Makkade (Excluded from the Pilot Plant Candidates);

• It takes one-day drive and one-day walk from the capital of the district to the site via the other district.

• The houses are scattered over the wide area. • The villagers’ cash income level is so low that they seem to be unable to pay enough

for electricity.

f. Leon (Remained in the Pilot Plant Candidates);

• The location is relatively far from Makale with difficult access. However, there exists no sufficient reasoning to delete the name of Leon from from the candidate list.

② Second Screening (Reconnaissance Survey) The Study Team and the counterparts carried out reconnaissance on the remaining three sites, b. Ballo-Pasange, c. Masanda and f. Leon after the first screening. As a result of the reconnaissance, “Masanda” site was identified for the pilot plant site. Comparison of the three candidate sites is shown in Table 11.3-1

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Table 11.3-1 Comparison of Candidate Sites for the Pilot Plant

Table 11.3-1 Comparison of Candidate Sites for the Pilot Plant

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11.3 SOCIO-ECONOMICAL FEATURES OF PILOT PROJECT SITE

11.3.1 Household Income and Expenditure in Pilot Plant Project Sit Following is a finding resulted from the said interview survey concerning to the household income and expenditure as of 2001:

Average Household Expenditure 595,170 Rp/HH/m

Average Household Income 366,600 Rp/HH/m

Cash income of farmers in Desa berau is only 4,400,000 Rp./HH per year (366, 600 Rp./HH.month) consisting coffee, cacao and others like paddy and/or some vegetables, but they breed livestock as pigs in 2 heads in average and several heads of buffalos. Therefore, they can sell them whwn necceaary. It means that they have a capability to pay for another kind of expenditure from these disposable assets as a mean.

11.4 OUTLINE OF PILOT PLANT SITE The outline of the pilot plant project site is shown bellow.

11.4.1 Location Name of site : MASANDA

Village : Belau

Sub-District : Bittuang District : Tana-Toraja

Province : South Sulawesi River : Masanda River of Sa’dang River system

Table 11.4-1 Road condition to Masanda

Section Distance Time (minutes) Road condition Rantepao - Makale 12 km 20 paved, good - end of paved road 18 km 40 paved, good

- Bittuang 17 km 60 unpaved, relatively good - 10 km 10 km 40 unpaved, relatively good

- Masanda 5 km 30 unpaved, bad total 62 km 3h 10min

Masanda area is about 50 km far from Makale, the capital of Tana Toraja District that is located in northern area of South Sulawesi Province. As shown in the above table, there is unpaved rood in bad condition between Makare and Masanda, and it is a little difficult to approach the site so that only four-wheeled vehicle can access it. However, the district government has a plan to pave all the sections of road between Makare and Masanda in a couple of years, because this road is only the main route between Mamasa and Makale, and is regarded as important.

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11.4.2 Electrification Condition around Masanda PLN’s distribution grids have been extended up to Bittuang, the capital of Bittuang Sub-district, from the central area of Tana Toraja District. Accordingly, any villages farther than Bittuang, including Belau 15km far from Bittuang, have no electricity at present.

11.4.3 Condition of proposed demand area Belau village and its surrounding areas area are remote mountain areas where rice and cash crops such as coffee, cacao, and cassava, are widely cultivated.

Belau village is divided into five sub-villages(dusun), called Lemo, Batang, Salupuang, Balana and Alla respectively. Most of the villagers’ houses are built in a cluster in the center of each sub-village.

161 households including public facilities such as school and church were identified as the target houses to be electrified in the above-mentioned five sub-villages of Belau and Paku Villages as follows:

Table 11.4-2 Households in Planned Demand Areas

No. Sub-Village Village Number of household

1 Lemo Belau 48 2 Batang Belau 23 3 Salupuang Belau 32 4 Barana Belau 39 5 Alla Belau 19

Total 161

11.5 PLANNING AND DESIGN OF THE PILOT PROJECT

11.5.1 Current Situation of Technologies and Important Points

(1) Overall Plan

Tana Toraja has well-developed terraced farming fields using the mountainous topography and, therefore, irrigation channels to convey water to these fields have long been used as part of the traditional farming techniques. A small-scale irrigation channel already existed at the planned project site and it was necessary for the intake point and water channel route to be the same as those of the existing irrigation system. The reasons described below.

• The water intake point of the irrigation channel was selected at a point where the water intake is stable and where adverse impacts due to flooding are minimal based on experience over many years.

• Minimisation of the scale of tree cutting was possible by using the existing irrigation channel, i.e. the upstream section of the raceway under the Project.

(2) Civil Works

The existing irrigation channel was an open dug ditch. As sandy sites along the route

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caused concern in regard to scouring and collapse due to water flow, it is decided to apply a boulder concrete lining along the entire raceway.

(3) Electrical and Mechanical Works

The most crucial points for mechanical equipment for the planned type of micro-hydro power generation were (i) ease of operation as well as maintenance by local people who are not experts, (ii) prospect of quickly dealing with any problems and (iii) low price of equipment.

To adhere to these important points, the procurement of domestically manufactured equipment in Indonesia, such as the combination of a cross-flow type water turbine and a synchronous generator together with an ELC type control panel using dummy load, was decided as a presupposition for equipment selection (another condition is that minor parts/components can be quickly procured in the Indonesian market).

(4) Transmission and Distribution

Indonesia’s power distribution system involving 20 kV and 380/220 V was established under the PLN (state power corporation).

All of the materials and systems for the pilot project are compatible with the present PLN transmission and distribution systems so that the switching and connection of the new local system to any future PLN system can be quickly conducted without alteration.

11.5.2 Generation Plan (1) Maximum Water Consumption

Because of the lack of continual observation records regarding the stream flow of Masanda River, i.e. the subject river of the pilot project, the level of droughty water discharge was estimated based on the actual operation performance of a micro-hydro power plant currently in operation in Tana-Toraja.

Unit droughty water discharge: 0.025 m3/sec/km2

Tendan-Dua Power Plant

• Catchment area: 13.6 km2

• Maximum water consumption rate: 0.35 m3/sec

• No operation stoppage due to insufficient water volume in the four years since its commissioning

→ Droughty water discharge of Masanda River

0.025 m3/sec/km2 x 20.9 km2 = 0.52 m3/sec

The stream flow observed in the dry season (October) and the suitability of the above value was verified. The said droughty water discharge was set as the maximum water consumption for the pilot project so that the stable operation of the power plant all year round is feasible.

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(2) Effective Head

The effective head is 12.6 m which is based on the head between the forebay tank and the power plant actually measured at the site and which takes the likely head loss into consideration.

(3) Maximum Output

The maximum output calculated by the following formula is 37 kW.

Pmax = 9.8 x 0.52 x 12.6 x 0.58 (efficiency: water turbine = 0.70, generator = 0.85, speed increasing gear = 0.97)

11.5.3 Demand Plan The number of facilities to be electrified under the pilot project was 161 as shown in Table 11-4-2. The supply capacity for each facility was set at 150 W, taking the following points into consideration.

• Although the supply capacity of existing micro-hydro power plants in Tana-Toraja is 100 W for each household, some users voiced a request for a larger supply capacity.

• The main demand in already electrified areas is for lighting. There is an average of three sockets for the use of a 20 – 40 W incandescent lamp each.

• In addition to lighting, televisions (approximately 30 – 50 W) are also a source of consumption. The available power supply capacity is exceeded with the switching on of a television.

• The results of interviews with local people living near the project site suggest that there are strong hopes for a larger power supply capacity.

Based on the above considerations, the required power supply capacity was calculated as shown below.

Required power supply capacity = 161 facilities x 0.15 kW = 24.15 kW

At Dusun Minaga (89 households) which is adjacent to the project site, a micro-hydro power plant financed by local people is currently in operation. Given the large voltage and frequency fluctuations of this plant and the high likelihood of power supply from the present project site in the future, Minaga is assumed to be an additional supply area in the future at the time of the present planning. Based on this assumption, the following supply capacity, i.e. installed capacity, was set.

Supply capacity = (161 + 89) x 0.15 kW = 37 kW

11.6 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ADOPTED FOR THE PILOT PROJECT The specifications for the civil engineering work and mechanical/electrical equipment, etc. are shown in Table 11-6-1.

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Table 11.6.1 Technical Specifications of the Pilot Plant Items Subject

Catchment Area 20.9 km2

Maximum Output 37 kW

Maximum Discharge 0.52 m3/s Effective Head 12.6 m

Dam B 5.4 m * H 0.7 m

Sand Trap B 0.8 m * H 0.7 m (Stoplogs) Intake Natural stone use

Intake facilities

Sand Basin B 1.0-2.2 m * L 15.5 m * H 0.9-2.4 m Type Wet masonry, open channel Length 375.5 m Headrace Cross Section B 0.8 m * H 0.9 m Type Ordinary forebay tank

Forebay Tank Dimension B 0.8-1.75 m * L 7.58 m * H 0.9-2.0 m

Type Steel Pipe, Thicness=4mm Diameter 550 mm Steel Penstock Length 39.734 m

Type Open channel Length Approx. 40 m Spillway Cross Section Circular B 1.0 * H 0.9 m Type Ground Type

Power House Dimension B 5.0 m * L 4.0 m * H 3.0-3.5 m + B 1.4 m * L 1.3 m

Hydraulic Turbine Cross flow turbines SKAT, T-13.

Generator and Exciter Synchronous generator made in Indonesia

Dummy Load Air cooling system Transformer Conforming with IEC PUB 76 / SPLN 50 / 82 / SLI 1985 Valves Butterfly valve made in Indonesia, manually operated

Type Those available within Indonesia Low Voltage Distribution Lines

Length 4,860 m

11.7 CONSTRUCTION WORK UNDER THE PILOT PROJECT

11.7.1 Preparation for Implementation of the Pilot Project For the implementation of the pilot project, the voluntary activities of the counterpart organization as well as project-related people in Indonesia were believed to be the most important requirement. It was essential that this point be fully understood by the Indonesian side prior to the implementation of the pilot project. For this reason, the concrete work processes, project implementation schedule, clear roles of the counterpart organization, government officials and local people, etc. and composition of the working group were explained to and discussed with staff members of the counterpart organization. All of these important issues were then finalised with a full understanding on the Indonesian side. The agreed matters were explained at the workshop held in Jakarta during the third field survey period to staff members of the counterpart organization, members of the Steering Committee and project-related people in the three target provinces.

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Furthermore, detailed explanations were given to local government officials and local people, etc. in Tana Toraja in South Sulawesi Province where the pilot project was implemented on the roles of the pilot project, roles of related people in the establishment of the working group and schedule, etc.

11.7.2 Construction Work Under the Pilot Project (1) Procurement of Main Equipment and Materials

① Materials for Civil Works

Among the materials for the civil engineering work, cement was procured in Lantepao, the commercial centre of Tana-Toraja, while sand and stones, etc. were collected from the dry bed of local Mahagnao River. For the purpose of the latter, local people were mobilised and the materials collected by them were purchased.

② Metal Goods

Pressure steel pipes, gates, screens and distribution poles were procured in Makassar (formerly Ujang Pandang), the capital of South Sulawesi Province, and were transported to the project site by road.

③ Cables and Distribution Equipment

Both cables and distribution equipment were procured in Makassar.

④ Electrical/Mechanical Devices

The water turbine, generator and control panel were either procured or manufactured in Jakarta or Bandung and were transported to Makassar by sea, followed by land transportation to the project site.

(2) Work Schedule

The work smoothly progressed almost as originally planned and was completed in November,.

(3) Participation by Villagers

The workers involved in the construction work were mainly local villagers and the total man-days were as high as 1,000. The villagers were found to be extremely cooperative for the work and the excavation of the headrace, originally planned to take approximately two weeks, was completed in three days. This active participation by villagers was very significant from the viewpoint of enabling villagers to conduct post-commissioning maintenance and repair by themselves.

(4) Alterations of the Original Design

The work was completed according to the original design except for the following matters. No functional disruption resulted from these alterations.

• Partial alteration of the headrace route

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Because of the discovery of huge rocks during the headrace construction work, the route was altered at two points to detour these rocks.

• Alteration of the route for the spillway from the forebay tank

The route for the spillway was altered due to the discovery of a huge rock and to reduce the number of coffee trees to be cut.

11.8 OPERATOR TRAINING Operator training was a part of the contract agreement, and an operating manual (in the Indonesian language) was prepared by the contractor. Using this manual, two operators worked side by side with the staff members dispatched by the contractor from the time of equipment installation. These operators underwent theoretical as well as practical training right through to test operation at the Masanda site. The training continued on and off during the stay of the contractor’s staff at the site even after the commencement of operation. The operators also received training on the operation and maintenance of the water channels, gates and dust collecting trash, etc. as these are related to the proper operation of the generating unit.

11.9 OPERATING SYSTEM AND ELECTRICAL TARIFF The operating system and the level of the electrical tariff for the pilot project area were decided through consultations between the working group members and representatives of villagers.

The details of the operating rules, etc. are also outlined below.

Electrical Tariff（Fix-rate）

Rp11,000/M/HH (without Television）

Rp14,000/M/HH（with Television）

Monthly Expenditure

① Operator Guarantee ： Rp 500,000 (250,000×2persons)

② Committee allowance ： Rp 350,000 ( 70,000×5persons)

③ Stationary Cost ： Rp 350,000

④ Machine Routine Maintenance ： Rp 100,000

⑤ Others ： Difference from Income（α）

Monthly Income

Rp11,000/M/HH×161HH＝ Rp 1,771,000 / Ｍ

（in case of without television）

Total

Rp 1,300,000＋α

Rp 620/M/HH

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11.10 OPERATING SITUATION OF POWER PLANT

11.10.1 Outline The construction work, equipment installation work and service connection work for the pilot project were completed in November, 2002 and commercial operation commenced in January, 2003. During the 8th field survey period (in June, 2003), the situation regarding the operation and maintenance of the pilot plant, collection of the charge and book-keeping for a period of some five months was checked and the findings are outlined below.

11.10.2 Operation and Maintenance Situation Since the commencement of commercial operation in January 2003, the operation and maintenance of the pilot plant have been conducted by two operators (both were members of the working group). The operators are strongly aware of their responsibility to “maintain an important facility for the local community”, they have faithfully followed the manual to operate the equipment.

Part of the background is the positive support provided by the electrification cooperative (KLP-CELEBES), which was voluntarily established in Tana Toraja after the implementation of the pilot project and the technology transfer project.

11.10.3 Situation of Electrical tariff Collection In accordance with the rules of operation for the pilot plant, the electrical tariff was collected five times up to June 2003. The following case of non-payment occurred during this period and was subsequently processed according to the rules as described below. This was the only case of non-payment and the electrical tariff has been regularly collected in accordance with the rules.

• One household out of 161 failed to pay the first electrical tariff. • In accordance with the rules of operation, an operator sealed the MCB at the

non-paying household. • The non-payer paid a penalty of Rp 10,000 one month later. • The seal on the MCB at the household in question was removed.

11.10.4 Book-Keeping The book-keeping work is conducted by a person nominated to conduct this work in accordance with the rules of operation. This person has prepared a monthly book-keeping report which has been approved by the Steering Committee. At present, income, expenditure and savings are recorded. As some expenditure has not been accompanied by the evidence of receipts, a request was made to improve the current book-keeping practice by attaching all receipts to the ledger.

Following a proposal by the district government, it has been newly decided that monthly operation and book-keeping reports will be submitted to the district government which will then compile them every three months in view of the submission of a condensed report to the central government although such an obligation is not specified in the rules of operation. Moreover, the district government has budgeted funds with a view to procuring a motorcycle so that a staff member can

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conduct mobile monitoring work.

11.11 PROBLEMS OF POWER PLANT OPERATION AND IMPROVEMENT MEASURES The problems of power plant operation and improvement measures verified so far are outlined in Table 11-11-1.

Table 11-11-1 Problems of Power Plant Operation and Improvement Measures

Problem Improvement Measure

Insufficient funds for parts replacement

At present, the electrical tariff is set at a low level to secure users in the initial period of operation. However, the present charge level makes it difficult to save enough money to replace parts which are expected to deteriorate over time (see Table 11-11-2).

Preparation of a plan to revise the electrical tariff

The illustrated relationship between future expenses and a revised charge (see Fig. 11-11-1) was presented to the operating body of the power plant and the working group for their understanding. As a result, it was decided that the kabupaten government, KLP-CELEBES and village operating body will discuss the issue in the future and will prepare a plan to revise the electrical tariff.

Day-time stoppage of generation

As the power demand at present is restricted to night-time, operation of the power plant currently runs from 5 o’clock in the evening until 7 o’clock in the following morning to minimise the wear and tear of the dummy load heater, speed-increasing belt and bearing, etc.

Effective use of day-time power supply

The effective use of day-time power supply is important to rectify the insufficient revenue described above and to ensure the sound financial management of the power plant. As such, the operating body and kabupaten government are planning to introduce a coffee peeling machine, etc. The KUD-Sane based in Lanpatoo has expressed its support for such a scheme and plans to come up with concrete support measures provided that the sound operation of the power plant is verified.

Concern for procurement of spare parts

It is understood that IBEKA, the equipment supplier, will be contacted and will deliver parts to replace those which are malfunctioning. However, there are such problems as a lack of a communication means, such as telephone, and the long transportation time of requested parts.

Preparation of list of locally procurable parts

A list of parts which are frequently required will be prepared and locally procurable parts in South Sulawesi on the list will be identified. The relevant study will be jointly conducted by the kabupaten government and KLP-CELEBES.

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Table 11-11-2 Spare Parts, Standard Replacement Period and Prices

No Equipment Unit Quantity Life Time

(Year)

Unit Price (Rp)

I CIVIL WORKS

a Flushing Gate (60w x 210h) cm2 unit 2.0 10 2,035,000

b Screen 1 (Intake) m2 3.7 10 534,000

c Screen 2 (Intake) m2 3.0 10 640,800

d Welded steel q 58 cm m1 39.7 15 1,210,000

e Butterfly valve q 50 cm unit 1.0 20 35,000,000

f Rubber for butteerfly valve unit 1.0 10 500,000

g Reducer pipe 580 mm to 50 mm unit 1.0 15 2,500,000

II MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL

a Turbine T13 bo.630 mm unit 1.0 15 167,600,000

b Pulley of turbine unit 1.0 20 4,500,000

c Flexible Coupling unit 2.0 15 2,500,000

d Rubber Coupling unit 2.0 2 237,600

e Plummer Block Bearing Set unit 4.0 10 1,800,000

f Flat belt unit 1.0 5 3,750,000

g Fence Guard unit 1.0 20 2,000,000

h Adapter pipe unit 1.0 20 3,000,000

I Pressure gauge unit 1.0 1 420,000

j Electronic Load Controller unit 1.0 5 45,000,000

k Air Heater 54 kW unit 1.0 5 27,500,000

l Syncronous Generator Stamford unit 1.0 10 60,000,000

m Generator base frame unit 1.0 20 2,500,000

III TRANSMISSION WORKS

a Transmission pole pcs 142.0 20 910,000

b Twisted Cable 4 * 70 mm2 m1 1,040.0 20 28,500

c Twisted Cable 4 * 35 mm2 m1 2,210.0 20 22,500

d Twisted Cable 2 * 16 mm2 m1 1,780.0 20 12,500

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Fig. 11-11-1 Relationship Between Cost of Parts Replacement and Electrical tariff Level

11.12 IMPACTS OF ELECTRIFICATION Interviews with people living near the pilot plant discovered the following impacts of electrification up to the present.

• Reduction of fuel cost (for kerosene lamps)

The price of kerosene is currently Rp 2,000/litre and the daily consumption volume (used at night) is commonly 0.5 – 1.0 litres, resulting in an estimated monthly fuel cost of Rp 30,000 – Rp 60,000. Given the cheap monthly electrical tariff of Rp 11,000 at present, users have gained extra spending power which appears to be used for the purchase of electric bulbs together with food and clothing. According to the interview

Cost of each year

15,440,080

60,067

,480

30,668,76

0

35,39

2,107

0

50,000,000

100,000,000

150,000,000

200,000,000

250,000,000

300,000,000

350,000,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16year

cost

of

each y

ear

0

100,000,000

200,000,000

300,000,000

400,000,000

500,000,000

600,000,000

cost

of

sum

up u

ntil th

e y

ear

annual cost sum cost 5 years term 15 year 11,000

1st year to 5 th year 6th year to 10 th year 11th year to 15 th year18,400 26,300 41,500

Constant Tariff though 15 years 28,700

11,000

Revise every 5 years

Present Tariff (include MaintenanceCost = Rp620/M/HH)

Revised Tariff(Rp/M/HH)

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results, children’s clothing is a popular purchase item based on information given by television broadcasting as described next. The purchase of food, including instant noodles, is increasing and a village store also confirmed the decline of kerosene sales and an increase of sales of electric bulbs as well as food, typically instant noodles.

• Influence of Television

Since electrification, three households have installed a satellite television receiver. Several households are said to have purchased a VCR. Because of the small number of households with a television set, villagers gather at these households to watch television programmes.

One impact of television is improved living due to access to information. For example, all of the villagers now attend church for prayers because of the influence of religious programmes on television. One consequence of this is faster decision-making in the community because of the presence of all villagers in one place.

An agricultural guidance programme on television has made villagers aware of agricultural crops with a higher cash earning capacity and, accordingly, vanilla is being newly planted in addition to coffee.

In regard to coffee beans, because information on the market price is accessible by television, villagers are now able to negotiate the price with middlemen (collectors) without the price being arbitrarily beaten down by middlemen. Until last year, harvested coffee beans are said to have been sold at a price set by two middlemen.

• Willingness to Purchase Household Electrical Appliances

While only three households currently have a television set, a television is the strongest target of potential purchase among the remainder of villagers, followed by a radio and a VCR. Among housewives, an iron is their highest priority. Ironing is said to have the effect of removing insect eggs which are laid on clothes which are dried outdoors as well as such harmful insects as mites and housebugs, etc. While irons using hot charcoal are currently used, these are said to be awkward to use.

• Handicrafts

In the target village, women produce Tikar, a handwoven mattress using plant fibre. The cost is nil and it is sold at Rp 3,000 per Tikar in the market (pasar) to provide a source of income for women.

Since electrification, women can weave one Tikar in two days, i.e. two nights, because weaving at night is easier. Prior to electrification, women had to find spare time for weaving during the day. It is specially noted that the increased production has led to increased income for housewives.

• Planning of Small-Scale Processing Industries

At present, the peeling and drying of coffee beans are conducted manually and such manual work constitutes a bottleneck for the harvesting of coffee beans and is also responsible for the occurrence of defective beans.

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The introduction of an electric motor-operated peeling machine is expected to increase the harvested volume of coffee beans and to improve the quality of beans for shipment, resulting in increased income. It is planned that the Cooperative Division of the kabupaten government will facilitate the introduction of a peeling machine in the coming years.

At present, rice threshing is manually conducted using a pounder which is hard work. The introduction of an electric thresher will be able to divert such labour to other income-generating work.

In the case of sawing, rough timber is currently produced locally using a chainsaw. The introduction of an electric plane will enable the production of timber with a higher added value (approximately 50% higher than the price of rough timber) for marketing.

It is said that a secondary school will soon be constructed in the target village with the budget of the provincial government. Up until now, the construction of a secondary school in the area has been impossible because of the refusal of secondary school teachers to work in an unelectrified village. As a result, many children of appropriate ages have been deprived of the opportunity to attend school as their parents are unable to afford the boarding and other expenses. The construction of a new secondary school will provide the opportunity for education for not only children in the electrified village but also for those in nearby areas.

11.13 OVERALL EVALUATION The achievements of the pilot project are listed in Table 11-13-1 and the original purposes of the pilot project have been fully achieved.

Table 11-13-1 Solving of Problems by and Achievements of the Pilot Project

Original Problem Response by the Pilot Project Achievements

Lack of organized management of operation and maintenance of power plant: In the past, micro-hydro power plants have been simply “built and left unsupervised” without a proper understanding of the method and importance of organized management on the part of local residents. Moreover, higher organizations (kabupaten government and others) lacked the necessary knowledge.

Creation of a working group led by representatives of the kabupaten government and a local NGO and strengthening of the collaboration between the working group and residents’ organization: Under the pilot project, the Study Team organized a working group, the members of which consisted of kabupaten government officials (from the Minerals and Energy Division and the Cooperatives Division) and representatives of a local NGO and the local community in the project area with knowledge of the geography, socioeconomy and local culture, etc. of the project area. Through discussions involving the working group members and villagers, the structure of the operating body and rules of operation were decided. In addition, monitoring was conducted

Proper operation by the local operating body and establishment of the KLP-CELEBES, a pan-kabupaten organization: The proper operation, maintenance and management by the village’s own operating body have been confirmed. In addition to the establishment of a support system by the kabupaten government, an electrification cooperative (KLP-CELEBES) has been established with the participation of kabupaten and NGO officials with a view to conducting pan-kabupaten activities to create a system which enables organized management throughout the kabupaten in the future.

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on the implementation situation of the rules and other aspects of operation and the necessary advice was given.

Insufficient collaboration between organizations responsible for construction and operation respectively: There was a lack of collaboration regarding the development of micro-hydro power as the organization (MEMR) responsible for technical supervision regarding the hard element (equipment) acted independently from the organization (SMOC) responsible for supervision of the operation of power plants after development.

Activities led by the working group in all development processes: The Study Team guided all of the parties concerned so that the working group could play a leading role in all development processes.

Recognition of the importance of collaboration and strengthening of collaboration: The importance of the fusion of the hard element (equipment) and soft element (operation and maintenance) for the development of micro-hydro power has been recognised and collaboration between all related parties has been strengthened in all of the development processes. The KLP-CELEBES has been established as a pan-kabupaten organization.

Insufficiency and scattering of the skills and knowhow of micro-hydro power development: There was no systematic arrangements for the processes involved in micro-hydro power development (organization, planning, study, design, construction, operation, maintenance, monitoring and evaluation).

Preparation of a manual and technology transfer through OJT: Having clarified the current situation and problems of micro-hydro power generation technologies in Indonesia, a manual covering all processes of micro-hydro power development was prepared (see Chapter 12) and OJT was conducted for technology transfer. In regard to matters requiring specialist knowledge and skills, the necessity for collaboration with the local PLN and NGO was stressed and the importance of such collaboration was verified by the pilot project.

Implementation of studies by OJT participants: Studies on new sites are being conducted by the OJT participants using the manual. The accuracy of these studies has now reached a satisfactory level (see Chapter 12 for further details).

Absence of residents’ participation: Local residents were not properly consulted in regard to the geographical scope of power distribution and electrical tariff level and their consent was not particularly sought. Outsiders were often used for construction work, resulting in insufficient development of the willingness to participate and also of the sense of being an interested party on the part of local residents.

Realisation of residents’ participation: The active participation of local residents was encouraged in terms of the preparation of the rules of operation, construction work and procurement of construction materials.

Development of the sense of being an interested party: Through the participation described in the left-hand column, the sense of being an interested party in electrification has been developed among local residents. It has also been confirmed that the resulting confidence has increased the willingness of local residents to participate in economic activities, including the starting up of small businesses.

Lack of leaders: External experts were heavily relied upon as the promoters of micro-hydro power development and there was a shortage of human resources to promote development in areas near

Wrap-up workshop held by the OJT participants: In addition to the activities described above, a wrap-up workshop was held to extend such activities to other provinces and to consolidate the

Increasing activities in the three target provinces: There have been increasing activities led by the provincial and kabupaten governments in the three target provinces (see Chapter 12 and

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development sites. kabupaten government which will be the main promoter of development in the future. The presenters were the OJT participants, central and kabupaten government officials and a local NGO representative.

Chapter 13 for further details).