Chapter 11 Chapter 11 IntelligenceIntelligence

McElhaneyMcElhaney

Content Content OutlineOutline

► Binet- 1904 Binet- 1904 ► Define IntelligenceDefine Intelligence► Intelligence TestingIntelligence Testing► Aptitude, Mental abilitiesAptitude, Mental abilities► Validity and ReliabilityValidity and Reliability► Criterion ValidityCriterion Validity► Objective and Standardized Objective and Standardized

TestsTests► 5 Aspects of Intelligence5 Aspects of Intelligence► Fluid ReasoningFluid Reasoning► Draw the Bell CurveDraw the Bell Curve► IQ tests (outline all aspects IQ tests (outline all aspects

found in the text)found in the text)► Quantitative Reasoning-Quantitative Reasoning-► Visual-Spatial ProcessingVisual-Spatial Processing► Working MemoryWorking Memory► Mentally GiftedMentally Gifted► Dr. TermanDr. Terman► Outline characteristics of Outline characteristics of

successful students. (Pg. 411)successful students. (Pg. 411)

► Which signs of giftedness are most Which signs of giftedness are most important to you?important to you?

► Autistic SavantsAutistic Savants► Outline key information regarding Mental Outline key information regarding Mental

RetardationRetardation► Profoundly, Severely, Mildly, Borderline Profoundly, Severely, Mildly, Borderline

retardationretardation► Causes of RetardationCauses of Retardation► Familial, Organic, Fetal, Metabolic, Genetic Familial, Organic, Fetal, Metabolic, Genetic

AbnormalitiesAbnormalities► PKUPKU► MicrocephalyMicrocephaly► HydrocephalyHydrocephaly► CretinismCretinism► Down syndromeDown syndrome► Fragile X SyndromeFragile X Syndrome► Which has more influence on intelligence Which has more influence on intelligence

heredity or Environment?heredity or Environment?► EugenicsEugenics► Tryon studyTryon study► What do twin studies show?What do twin studies show?► What are some other factors of What are some other factors of

intelligence- Environment, Socio-Economic intelligence- Environment, Socio-Economic level, child development programs?level, child development programs?

► Intelligent information processing.Intelligent information processing.► Multiple IntelligencesMultiple Intelligences► Howard GardnerHoward Gardner

QuestionsQuestions►What is intelligence?►How good are tests designed to measure

intelligence? ►Can test scores be compared without

considering the social and academic background of the people who took the tests?

►How are intelligence tests created?►What do intelligence tests measure?►How can intelligence tests be evaluated?

Basic IdeasBasic Ideas► Intelligence Test are useful estimates of Intelligence Test are useful estimates of

intelligenceintelligence► Everyone has special aptitudes= wide range of Everyone has special aptitudes= wide range of

mental abilitiesmental abilities► Most people are mid-range intelligenceMost people are mid-range intelligence

Small % of people have high intelligenceSmall % of people have high intelligence► High IQ does not reveal successHigh IQ does not reveal success► Intelligence relates to heredity + environmentIntelligence relates to heredity + environment► IQ test are not perfectly reliableIQ test are not perfectly reliable► Intelligence is a developed ability… asking

questions helps► Rewards for progress► Encouragement ► Expectations (aid) (Rosenthal and Jacobsen

study… teacher expectations)

Defining IntelligenceDefining Intelligence►DefinitionDefinition- (abstract thinking, or reasoning, - (abstract thinking, or reasoning,

problem solving, capacity to acquire problem solving, capacity to acquire knowledge)knowledge)

► Intelligence is the global capacity to act Intelligence is the global capacity to act purposefullypurposefully To think rationallyTo think rationally To deal effectively with the environment To deal effectively with the environment

Other Tests:►Aptitude Tests:►Measure readiness to learn certain things►Or preform certain tasks►Examples: SAT, ACT, GRE

►Achievement Tests:►“Measures what a person has learned in

a particular area”

General Intelligence Tests – measure:

► Remembering► Reasoning► Verbal Abilities► Mathematic Abilities ► Cognitive abilities- deal with capacity to:

►Reason►Remember►Understand►Solve problems►Make decisions

► We draw conclusions about people’s intelligence from what can be observed and measured

Alfred Binet, 1904 France► Education Researcher► Tried to measure reasoning, thinking, problem solving, and

found all depended on intelligence►  ““Created test to tell if a child was performing up to his or her Created test to tell if a child was performing up to his or her

potential”potential”► Tasks that would highlight differences in children’s ability to do

these things► Age based tasks► “6 year old item” types of questions that most kids should be

able to answer► Test measured a child’s mental level (aka) Mental Age► He found by determining the age level of most advanced items

a child could consistently answer correctly then he made inferences about the child in reference to most children of that age…

► “Children whose mental age equaled their actual chronological age were considered to be regular level intelligence.” (p. 367)

Intelligence QuotientsIntelligence Quotients► To accurately measure intelligence need to To accurately measure intelligence need to

know know ► Chronological age (CA)Chronological age (CA)►Mental ageMental age (CA)= ( (CA)= (average intellectual average intellectual

performanceperformance)= level of )= level of age-ranked age-ranked questionsquestions she or he can answer she or he can answer Example vocabulary word “Connection” certain Example vocabulary word “Connection” certain

% know this term % know this term Scores of many words similar can lead to an Scores of many words similar can lead to an

overall mental age can be identified.overall mental age can be identified.

IQIQ► IQ = from dividing one number into IQ = from dividing one number into

another. another.

MAMA X 100 = IQ X 100 = IQCACA

Scoring IQScoring IQ►When mental age and chronological When mental age and chronological

age is the same or similarage is the same or similar► = normal intelligence 100 or near…= normal intelligence 100 or near…►Average ranges= 90-109 intelligenceAverage ranges= 90-109 intelligence

►When the mental age is higher than When the mental age is higher than the chronological age- the chronological age- intelligence is intelligence is higherhigher

IQ + AchievementIQ + Achievement►100 = struggle with college100 = struggle with college►120- would do just fine120- would do just fine► IQ = grades – correlationIQ = grades – correlation

► IQ is IQ is not correlatednot correlated to art, music, to art, music, drama, science or leadership drama, science or leadership (creativity- test tell us more)(creativity- test tell us more)

Nice to knowNice to know►Modern IQ scores are associated with Modern IQ scores are associated with

“Deviation Scores“Deviation Scores= based on a person’s = based on a person’s relative standing in his or her age relative standing in his or her age group.” Which tell how far above or group.” Which tell how far above or below average a person’s scores fall.below average a person’s scores fall.

► IQ doesn’t really change after age 16, IQ doesn’t really change after age 16, except, when strong except, when strong stimulation is stimulation is presentpresent IQ seems to increase,… or when IQ seems to increase,… or when alcoholism or drug use causes a decline alcoholism or drug use causes a decline

Terman= Stanford-BinetTerman= Stanford-Binet►Louis Terman of Stanford (p. 368)►Developed the Stanford-Binet (1918)►Intelligence test for adults►Mental age was decided by chronological age

and the result multiplied by 100►Identified by Intelligence Quotient ►Chronological age and mental age are equal

then the IQ is 100►Example 10year old with mental age of 12 =

10/12x100= 120 IQ

New Stanford Binet (SB5) ►Still age based IQ►Measures:

Fluid Reasoning Knowledge Quantitative Reasoning Working Memory Visual + Spatial Processing (Verbal and Non-verbal)

► Age ranked questions- that get progressively more Age ranked questions- that get progressively more difficultdifficult

The Normal CurveThe Normal Curve

Ninety-five percent of all people fall within 30 points

of 100

Number of

scores

55 70 85 100 115 130 145 Wechsler intelligence score

Sixty-eight percentof people score within 15 points

above or below 100

Most scores fall close to the average and few are found at extremes

Sex in Relation to IQSex in Relation to IQ►Women-Women- best performance as group best performance as group

Verbal, vocabulary and rote learningVerbal, vocabulary and rote learning

►Men-Men- spatial visualization- math spatial visualization- math

► Issue related to the tendency of Issue related to the tendency of parents + teachers to encourage parents + teachers to encourage males in these areasmales in these areas

IQ and Job StatusIQ and Job Status►There are many variables associated There are many variables associated

IQ- its not absoluteIQ- its not absolute►High IQ correlates with white collar High IQ correlates with white collar

careerscareers Lawyers, engineers = 125 IQ Lawyers, engineers = 125 IQ

►Lower IQ = miners & farm workersLower IQ = miners & farm workers

Wechsler, David (1930) ► (WAIS) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale► Tested

Verbal Non-verbal

► Success was not measured on formal school►  ► WAIS IV newest version gives IQ based on Verbal and

Non-verbal► Verbal Tasks-

Remembering a series of digits Solving arithmetic Defining vocabulary Understanding and answering general knowledge questions

► Performance Tasks Understanding relationships between objects Manipulation of blocks, mazes, pictures/stories, completing

unfinished pictures

Are IQ tests fair?Are IQ tests fair?►Bias is associated with IQ and jobs that Bias is associated with IQ and jobs that

require academic degreesrequire academic degrees►Test measure a Test measure a particularparticular type of type of

intelligence (Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, intelligence (Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, Working Memory)Processing, Working Memory)

►Studies show that African Americans Studies show that African Americans score lower on IQ scores because of score lower on IQ scores because of cultural bias.cultural bias.

Evaluating Tests: Are IQ Tests Fair?

►There are many variables that can impact test performance

►English language►Vocabulary and experiences ►Culture Specific►Many tests reflect the attitudes and

experiences of the authors example middle class culture

►Context dependent questions►Biased questions

IQ Bias examplesIQ Bias examples1.1. What number comes next in the following sequence:What number comes next in the following sequence:

   1   2   5   6   9   10   ___________    1   2   5   6   9   10   ___________ 2.2. How many weeks are in a year?   ___________ How many weeks are in a year?   ___________ 3.3. Filthy is to disease as clean is to __________ Filthy is to disease as clean is to __________ 4.4. Three of the following may classified with pool.  What are they?Three of the following may classified with pool.  What are they?

   lagoon   swamp   lake   marsh   pond (circle your answers)    lagoon   swamp   lake   marsh   pond (circle your answers) 5.5. Which items may be classified with clock?Which items may be classified with clock?

   ruler   thermometer   rainguage   tachometer (circle your answers)    ruler   thermometer   rainguage   tachometer (circle your answers) 6.6. If BAD is written 214, how would you write DIG in the same secret If BAD is written 214, how would you write DIG in the same secret

writing? ______ writing? ______ 7.7. If Mary's aunt is my mother, what relation is Mary's father to my sister? If Mary's aunt is my mother, what relation is Mary's father to my sister?

_______ _______ 8.8. Why does the state require people to get a license in order to get Why does the state require people to get a license in order to get

married?married?___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

9.9. What is the thing to do if you find an envelope in the street that is What is the thing to do if you find an envelope in the street that is sealed, addressed and has a new stamp? sealed, addressed and has a new stamp?

10.10. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 11.11. Why should you keep away from bad company? Why should you keep away from bad company? ► ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Answer KeyAnswer Key► Scoring Sheet: Australian/American Test of IntelligenceScoring Sheet: Australian/American Test of Intelligence► Answer is 13.  Add 1 to the first number, then add 3, ,then 1, then 3, etc. Answer is 13.  Add 1 to the first number, then add 3, ,then 1, then 3, etc. ► Fifty-two Fifty-two ► Health - If you believe that germs cause illness and if you believe that Health - If you believe that germs cause illness and if you believe that

absences of "filth" signifies the absence of germs. absences of "filth" signifies the absence of germs. ► Lagoon, lake, pond Lagoon, lake, pond ► All of these.  They are all measuring devices. All of these.  They are all measuring devices. ► 497.  Solution of this problem requires ability to count and sort some of 497.  Solution of this problem requires ability to count and sort some of

concept of codes. concept of codes. ► Uncle.  Assumes conceptualization of European/Western familial Uncle.  Assumes conceptualization of European/Western familial

relationships. relationships. ► For social control?  To see that people do not commit bigamy?  To see For social control?  To see that people do not commit bigamy?  To see

that closely related kinsfolk do not marry?  For statistical purposes?  To that closely related kinsfolk do not marry?  For statistical purposes?  To ensure that people who are under age do not marry? ensure that people who are under age do not marry?

► Post it.  However, a more practical line of action would be: open it to see Post it.  However, a more practical line of action would be: open it to see if it contains anything of value, carefully remove the stamp for your own if it contains anything of value, carefully remove the stamp for your own use and at least be 18c richer.  But in a highly acquisitive society use and at least be 18c richer.  But in a highly acquisitive society principles of "honesty" (i.e. respect for unprotected property) have to be principles of "honesty" (i.e. respect for unprotected property) have to be supported or society could easily break down (to the disadvantage of supported or society could easily break down (to the disadvantage of property owners).  Note the question asks "What is the thing to do...." not property owners).  Note the question asks "What is the thing to do...." not "What would you do...."  Again, the "correct" answer has a moral basis. "What would you do...."  Again, the "correct" answer has a moral basis.

► Because they may influence your own behavior and get you into trouble.  Because they may influence your own behavior and get you into trouble.  However, this only correct if you believe that bad people influence good However, this only correct if you believe that bad people influence good people and not vice versa, that people who behave badly should be people and not vice versa, that people who behave badly should be isolated in the community.  Again, the "correct" answer has a moral basis. isolated in the community.  Again, the "correct" answer has a moral basis.

Measuring the Quality of Tests

► Tests are standardized procedure, observing and describing behavior

► Objective in nature to remove biases

► Score= a performance summary ► Norms= the frequency of particular scores related

to other people and groups► Reliability= Replication, identified as a Correlation

Coefficient► Validity= test measures what it is supposed to

measure► Criterion Validity-Criterion Validity- comparing test scores with actual comparing test scores with actual

performanceperformance► Objective tests-Objective tests- tests that can be scored the same tests that can be scored the same

by two different scorersby two different scorers

Standardized TestsStandardized Tests►Standard procedures are usedStandard procedures are used►The norm =results of averageThe norm =results of average►Used to rank and compare students Used to rank and compare students

and achievementand achievement►http://www.fairtest.org/facts/http://www.fairtest.org/facts/

nratests.htmlnratests.html

The Dynamics of The Dynamics of IntelligenceIntelligence

Degrees of Mental Retardation

Level Typical Intelligence Scores Percentage of the Retarded Adaptation to Demands of Life

Mild 50-70 85% May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may, with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills.

Moderate 35-49 10 May progress to second-grade level. academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by labor in sheltered workshops.

Severe 20-34 3-4 May learn to talk and perform simple work tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training.

Profound Below 20 1-2 Require constant aid and supervision.

5 Aspects of Intelligence5 Aspects of Intelligence► Fluid ReasoningFluid Reasoning► KnowledgeKnowledge► Quantitative reasoningQuantitative reasoning► Visual-Spatial reasoningVisual-Spatial reasoning► Working memoryWorking memory

Fluid ReasoningFluid Reasoning►Use Use inductive reasoninginductive reasoning – from specific to general – from specific to general►Or Or ►Deductive reasoning-Deductive reasoning- from general to the specific from general to the specific► Example of question tasks- “how are an apple, a Example of question tasks- “how are an apple, a

plum, and a banana, different from a beat?”plum, and a banana, different from a beat?” Other items- Other items- Complete a matrix of shapes that has one missing.Complete a matrix of shapes that has one missing. Tell a story that explains what’s going on in a series of Tell a story that explains what’s going on in a series of

pictures.pictures.

KnowledgeKnowledge►AssessesAssesses general information the test general information the test

taker has acquired.taker has acquired.►Questions:Questions:

General knowledgeGeneral knowledge = “How many legs = “How many legs does a horse have?does a horse have?

VocabularyVocabulary = Define the word cryptic = Define the word cryptic AbsurditiesAbsurdities = What is wrong with this = What is wrong with this

picture?”picture?”

Quantitative Reasoning-Quantitative Reasoning-►Measure a person’s Measure a person’s ability to solve ability to solve

problems involving numbers.problems involving numbers.►Questions emphasize Questions emphasize practical practical

problemsproblems vs mathematical knowledge vs mathematical knowledge►Given the number 3, 6, 9, 12 what Given the number 3, 6, 9, 12 what

number would come next?number would come next?

Visual-Spatial ProcessingVisual-Spatial Processing►Assesses someone’s Assesses someone’s ability to see ability to see

patternspatterns and and relationships in visual relationships in visual displaysdisplays Examples- putting picture puzzles Examples- putting picture puzzles

togethertogether Working with geometric shapesWorking with geometric shapes Reproducing patterns of blocksReproducing patterns of blocks

Working MemoryWorking Memory►Measures the ability to recall, sort, and Measures the ability to recall, sort, and

apply information in short-term apply information in short-term memory memory

►Remembering the order of colored Remembering the order of colored beads on a stickbeads on a stick

GiftednessGiftedness

Dr. TermanDr. Terman

PsychometricsPsychometrics►Psychometrics is the field of study

concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, personality traits, and educational measurement. The field is primarily concerned with the construction and validation of measurement instruments such as questionnaires, tests, and personality assessments.

New Ways of Viewing New Ways of Viewing Intelligence Intelligence (cont.)(cont.)

► Reflective IntelligenceReflective Intelligence: Ability to become : Ability to become aware of one’s own thinking habitsaware of one’s own thinking habits

► Metacognitive SkillsMetacognitive Skills: Ability to manage one’s : Ability to manage one’s own thinking and problem solving effortsown thinking and problem solving efforts

►Cattell + Spearman (factors of intelligence)

► Found 2 types of intelligence► Fluid Intelligence- basic power of reasoning

and problem solving►Crystallized Intelligence- specific knowledge►

Gardner’s Theory of Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence: Some ConceptsIntelligence: Some Concepts

► Multiple IntelligencesMultiple Intelligences: Theory posed by : Theory posed by Howard Gardner that states we have several Howard Gardner that states we have several specialized types of intellectual abilityspecialized types of intellectual ability

►Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligence► Found some insight into how people learn►He identified different skills that make up

intelligence► Said they are complimentary and interact► Some intelligences are developed further than

others

Gardner’s Theory of Eight Gardner’s Theory of Eight Multiple Intelligences Multiple Intelligences

1.1. LanguageLanguage: Used for thinking by lawyers, writers, : Used for thinking by lawyers, writers, comedianscomedians

2.2. Logic and MathLogic and Math: Used by scientists, accountants, : Used by scientists, accountants, programmersprogrammers

3.3. Visual and Spatial ThinkingVisual and Spatial Thinking: Used by engineers, : Used by engineers, inventors, aviatorsinventors, aviators

4.4. MusicMusic: Used by composers, musicians, music critics : Used by composers, musicians, music critics 5.5. Bodily-Kinesthetic SkillsBodily-Kinesthetic Skills: Used by dancers, athletes, : Used by dancers, athletes,

surgeonssurgeons6.6. Intrapersonal SkillsIntrapersonal Skills (Self-Knowledge): Used by poets, (Self-Knowledge): Used by poets,

actors, ministersactors, ministers7.7. Interpersonal SkillsInterpersonal Skills (Social Abilities): Used by (Social Abilities): Used by

psychologists, teachers, politicianspsychologists, teachers, politicians8.8. Naturalistic SkillsNaturalistic Skills (Ability to Understand Natural (Ability to Understand Natural

Environment): Used by biologists, organic farmersEnvironment): Used by biologists, organic farmers

Gardner’s Theory of Eight Gardner’s Theory of Eight Multiple Intelligences Multiple Intelligences (cont.)(cont.)

►Gardner said traditional intelligence tests only look at the first 3.