Chapter 11Chapter 11Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels

Reserves vs. ResourcesReserves vs. Resources

Strategic Strategic Petroleum Reserve-Petroleum Reserve-

– __% of petroleum __% of petroleum used in U.S. is used in U.S. is imported w/ __% imported w/ __% coming from coming from Persian GulfPersian Gulf

– __% people in world __% people in world use __% of use __% of commercial energycommercial energy

Fuel UseFuel Use

In U.S.In U.S.– __% used in __% used in

industryindustry– __% used for __% used for

heating, air heating, air conditioning, light, conditioning, light, & hot water& hot water

– __% used in __% used in transportationtransportation

Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels Fossil fuel- oil, Fossil fuel- oil,

natural gas & coalnatural gas & coal– Oil- formed fromOil- formed from

– Natural gas- formedNatural gas- formed

IncludesIncludes

– Coal-Coal-

Fossil Fuels (cont.)Fossil Fuels (cont.)

Fossil fuels = non Fossil fuels = non renewable renewable resourceresource

Oil & Natural gas Oil & Natural gas typically found typically found together as they together as they both tend to move both tend to move upward thru porous upward thru porous rock & pool on top rock & pool on top of non-porous rockof non-porous rock

Types of CoalTypes of Coal

Lignite-Lignite-

Bituminous coal/ soft coal- Bituminous coal/ soft coal- – Often contains _____Often contains _____– Used extensively in power plants in Used extensively in power plants in

Appalachian, Great Lakes & Central Appalachian, Great Lakes & Central TexasTexas

– Intermediate grade coal ____________ Intermediate grade coal ____________

Types of Coal (cont.)Types of Coal (cont.)

Anthracite/hard coal-Anthracite/hard coal-

Coal (cont.)Coal (cont.)

Coal typically found in seams Coal typically found in seams underground primarily in Northern underground primarily in Northern Hemisphere w/ largest deposits in Hemisphere w/ largest deposits in U.S., Russia, China, Australia, India, U.S., Russia, China, Australia, India, Germany & South AfricaGermany & South Africa

U.S. has __% of world’s coal supplyU.S. has __% of world’s coal supply

Coal MiningCoal Mining

2 types of coal 2 types of coal miningmining– Surface mining (__Surface mining (__

% coal in U.S.)% coal in U.S.) StripStrip Pit Pit DraglineDragline

– Subsurface mining Subsurface mining (__% coal in U.S.)(__% coal in U.S.)

Mining ControlMining Control 1977 Surface Mining Control & Reclamation 1977 Surface Mining Control & Reclamation

Act- requires closure & reclamation of Act- requires closure & reclamation of surface coal mines postsurface coal mines post– Also prohibits coal mining in sensitive areasAlso prohibits coal mining in sensitive areas– Also requires gradual restoration of mines Also requires gradual restoration of mines

abandoned prior to 1977abandoned prior to 1977 Scrubbers- clean power plants exhaust by Scrubbers- clean power plants exhaust by

removing sulfur emission (or other removing sulfur emission (or other chemical)chemical)– Removes __% of sulfur & __% particlesRemoves __% of sulfur & __% particles– In line scrubbers, lines & water neutralize acidic In line scrubbers, lines & water neutralize acidic

gases such as sulfur dioxidegases such as sulfur dioxide

Resource RecoveryResource Recovery

Using treatment residues as Using treatment residues as marketable product (e.g. sulfur from marketable product (e.g. sulfur from geothermal emissions or calcium geothermal emissions or calcium sulfate for making wall board from sulfate for making wall board from treating sulfur dioxide w/ lime treating sulfur dioxide w/ lime scrubber)scrubber)

1990 Clean Air Act Amendment1990 Clean Air Act Amendment– Required coal burning power plants to Required coal burning power plants to

cut sulfur dioxide emissionscut sulfur dioxide emissions

Clean Coal TechnologiesClean Coal Technologies

Methods to burn coal w/ fewer Methods to burn coal w/ fewer emissionsemissions

=>_____________=>_____________– Mix crushed coal & limestone in strong air Mix crushed coal & limestone in strong air

current during combustion. Sulfur in coal current during combustion. Sulfur in coal reacts w/ limestone to form calcium reacts w/ limestone to form calcium sulfate which precipitates out during sulfate which precipitates out during burning rather than removing later.burning rather than removing later.

– Gives off more heat per amt of coalGives off more heat per amt of coal– Done at high pressure so can do Done at high pressure so can do

combustion at low temps. combustion at low temps.

EnergyEnergy

U.S. Energy breakdown:U.S. Energy breakdown:– Coal- __%Coal- __%– Nuclear- __%Nuclear- __%– Hydropower- __%Hydropower- __%– Oil & Natural Gas- __%Oil & Natural Gas- __%

Petroleum/Crude oil- liquid composed of Petroleum/Crude oil- liquid composed of hundreds of hydrocarbon compoundshundreds of hydrocarbon compounds– Separated during refiningSeparated during refining– Natural gas has fewer different Natural gas has fewer different

hydrocarbons hydrocarbons

OilOil

Oil used to create petrochemical Oil used to create petrochemical compoundscompounds

Natural gasNatural gas

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) OilOil

Oil- used in Oil- used in

How does a drill rig work?How does a drill rig work?

Oil (cont.)Oil (cont.)

Natural gas-Natural gas-

Cogeneration-Cogeneration-

Natural gas burns clearer but costs Natural gas burns clearer but costs 4x as much to transport as oil4x as much to transport as oil

PetroleumPetroleum

Petroleum (oil & natural gas) found in Petroleum (oil & natural gas) found in structural traps geologic structures that structural traps geologic structures that tend to trap any oil or natural gastend to trap any oil or natural gas– 2 examples of geologic structures are 2 examples of geologic structures are

anticlines anticlines (upward folding of rock strata) and (upward folding of rock strata) and salt domessalt domes (underground columns of salt) [salt (underground columns of salt) [salt domes formed from salt deposits at surface domes formed from salt deposits at surface from water evaporation. As salt is less dense from water evaporation. As salt is less dense than rock, salt tends to rise above the rock. than rock, salt tends to rise above the rock. Traps are formed as the rock & salt deform]Traps are formed as the rock & salt deform]

Geology of OilGeology of Oil

ReservesReserves

> ___ of Worlds Oil Reserve in > ___ of Worlds Oil Reserve in Persian Gulf region w/ major fields in Persian Gulf region w/ major fields in U.S., Venezuela, Mexico, Russia & U.S., Venezuela, Mexico, Russia & LibyaLibya

~ __ of world’s natural gas is in ~ __ of world’s natural gas is in Russia & IranRussia & Iran

Future reserves => continental Future reserves => continental shelves, ocean floor & Antarticashelves, ocean floor & Antartica

How long will oil last?How long will oil last?

How long gas/oil How long gas/oil will last depends will last depends on economic on economic factors & factors & consumption, consumption, production rateproduction rate

Problems with PetroleumProblems with Petroleum

Problems w/ petroleum use:Problems w/ petroleum use:– CombustionCombustion– Production/TransportationProduction/Transportation

Oil Pollution Act of 1990- establishes Oil Pollution Act of 1990- establishes liability for damage to natural liability for damage to natural resources from oil spillsresources from oil spills

Other fuelsOther fuels

Synthetic Fuels (Synfuels)Synthetic Fuels (Synfuels)– Derived from coal & other natural substancesDerived from coal & other natural substances– Include tar sands, oil shale, gas hydrates, Include tar sands, oil shale, gas hydrates,

liquefied coal & coal gasliquefied coal & coal gas Tar Sands (Oil Sands)- underground sand Tar Sands (Oil Sands)- underground sand

deposits permeated w/ tar or oil so thick & deposits permeated w/ tar or oil so thick & heavy it doesn’t moveheavy it doesn’t move

Oily Rocks (Oil Shale)- sedimentary rocks Oily Rocks (Oil Shale)- sedimentary rocks containing oil that can be refined by containing oil that can be refined by crushing, heating, & refiningcrushing, heating, & refining

Gas Hydrates (Methane Hydrates)Gas Hydrates (Methane Hydrates)– Reserves of iceReserves of ice– Encrusted natural gas located deep Encrusted natural gas located deep

underground in porous rockunderground in porous rock Coal Liquefaction- Creation of liquid Coal Liquefaction- Creation of liquid

fuel from coal. Can be cleaned before fuel from coal. Can be cleaned before burning.burning.

Coal Gasification- production of Coal Gasification- production of methane by “cracking” coal.methane by “cracking” coal.

U.S. Energy Strategy Objective:U.S. Energy Strategy Objective:

1.1. Increase energy efficiency & Increase energy efficiency & conservationconservation

2.2. Secure future fossil fuel suppliesSecure future fossil fuel supplies

3.3. Develop alternative energy sourcesDevelop alternative energy sources

4.4. Meet objectives #1-3 w/o further Meet objectives #1-3 w/o further environmental damageenvironmental damage