chapter 1.1 blood.pdf

7/25/2019 CHAPTER 1.1 blood.pdf

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Student should be able toClassify and describe the characteristics of

ABO and Rh blood types

Define and explain the blood factors onblood transfusion and pregnancy

Identify the blood disorders

INTRODUCTION


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Blood Type

Blood type is a system to classify blood

based on the differences of the surface

antigens on the red blood cells.

The two most common blood typing in

human are the ABO and Rh systems.

1.1.1 HUMAN BLOOD


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In the ABO system, there are FOUR blood types:A, B, AB, and O.

There are 2 factors used to determine ABO blood

typesSurface antigens

A antigens & B antigens on the RBC

AntibodiesA antibodies & B antibodies in the blood plasma

ABO blood systems


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ABO blood systems

1. Blood type A:contains A antigens on the red blood cells and B

antibodies in the blood plasma.

2. Blood type B:

contains B antigens on the red blood cells and Aantibodies in the blood plasma.

3. Blood type AB:

contains both A and B antigens on the red blood cells,

but has neither A or B antibody in the blood plasma.4. Blood type O:

contains neither A or B antigen on the red blood cells,

but containsA and B antibodies in the blood plasma.


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ABO blood systems


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Rh blood systems

Another surface antigen called Rh factor,found on the surface of red blood cells.

A person with Rh antigen on the RBC is saidto be Rh-positive (Rh+)

A person without the Rh antigen is said to beRh-negative (Rh-).


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Rh-positive have Rh antigens on the RBC, butdo not have Rh antibodiesin the blood

plasma.

Rh-negative do not have both (Rh antigens and

Rh antibody), but, they can produce Rh

antibodies over a period of several months,

after being exposed to the Rh-positive blood

Rh blood systems


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SUMMARY

In general, blood typing involves determiningthe ABO type and the presence or absence of

the Rh factor.

For example, B+ means blood type B and positive

for the Rh factor.


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Blood TransfusionThe administration of blood directly into the

bloodstream of another person.

Transfusion ReactionAny adverse effect of a blood transfusion.

Transfusion reaction includes

agglutination

(the clumping together of red blood cells)hemolysis(the bursting of red blood cells).

1.1.2 BLOOD TRANSFUSION


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HEMOLYSIS


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Blood type A can receive blood from type A and O. Blood type B can receive blood from type B and O.

Blood type AB can receive blood from type A, B, AB

and O.

Blood type O can receive blood from type O only.

Blood compatibility


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Blood transfusion with incorrectly matched bloodcan be fatal!

Example type A blood receive type B,

the B antibodies of the recipient will attack the B antigens

from the donated blood. Transfusion reaction will occur.

The antigen-antibody reaction will causeagglutination or hemolysis of RBC.

The clumps may block blood vessels and cause

organ damage or even death. The hemoglobin released by damaged RBC can

block the kidney andlead to kidney failure.

Transfusion reaction


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Persons who are Rh-positive can receive both

Rh+ve and Rh-ve

Persons who are Rh-negative can receive Rh-ve

only. Only can receive Rh+ve once.

When a person with Rh-ve blood receives Rh+ve blood for

the first time, no transfusion reaction will occur. It is because initially his body has no Rh antibodies

When exposed to Rh+ve blood, he will start to produce Rh

antibodies BUT it takes several months.

When he receives Rh-positive blood for the second time

Rh antibodies will be ready to attack the Rh antigens from

the Rh+ve blood

Causing transfusion reaction to occur.

Transfusion reaction


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Blood type AB+ve = UNIVERSALRECIPIENTS.

Individuals with AB+ve bloodcan receive all ABO and Rhblood types, because they donot have A, B and Rh

antibodies in their bloodplasma

Blood type O-ve = UNIVERSALDONORS.

Individuals with O-ve bloodcan donate their blood to allABO and Rh blood typesbecause they do not have A, Band Rh antigens on their redblood cells.

Universal recipient donor


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Type and cross-match test must

be done to ensure that only the

blood with the best match of all

possible antigens are given to

the recipient.

Type and cross-match test

involves mixing of small

samples of blood from the

donor and recipient. If there is

no agglutination, the bloods areassumed to be a good match.

TYPE AND CROSS MATCH


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If an Rh-ve woman marries a Rh+ve man, there is achance to have a Rh+ve baby.

During pregnancy or childbirth, the fetal Rh+ve blood

may leak into the mother's blood stream. Mothers body will produce Rh antibodies to attack

the Rh+ve blood in the fetus.

There is no effect on the first baby because it takesseveral months to produce the Rh antibodies. However, the second Rh+ve baby, the Rh antibodies

produced will enter the fetal blood stream to cause fetal redblood cells to swell and burst.

Effect of Rh factor on

pregnancy


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This disease is called hemolytic disease of thenewborn (HDN),

characterized by reduced numbers of mature RBCandelevated blood levels of bilirubin.

For prevention, the Rh-negative mother will be givenan injection of Rh antibodies (RhoGAM) duringpregnancy. The injected Rh antibodies will quickly destroy any of the

fetal Rh+ve blood in the mothers body before she begins toproduce her own Rh antibodies.

Effect of Rh factor on

pregnancy


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A. Anemia Reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity

of blood.

Causes: low levels of hemoglobin, lownumbers of red blood cells, abnormal

hemoglobin, heavy menstrual flow in women

Symptoms: pale skin, headaches, fatigue,

dizziness, difficulty in breathing.

1.1.3 BLOOD DISORDERS


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Types of anemia

1. Iron-deficiency anemia: insufficient iron results in

fewer hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells.

2. Aplastic anemia: bone marrow does not produce

enough stem cells.

3. Hemorrhagic anemia: extreme blood loss during

injuries, bleeding ulcers, malaria, etc.

4. Pernicious anemia: deficiency of vitamin B12

absorbed by the digestive tracts.

5. Sickle-cell anemia: red blood cells become sickle-

shaped when oxygen concentration is low. An

inherited disorder.



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B. Leukemia

A type of blood cancer.

Uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal immature

white blood cells in the bone marrow.

Types: acute or chronic

Causes: mutation of white blood cells, viral

infections, exposure to radiation or harmful

chemicals, genetic factor.

Symptoms:tissues bruise easily, bones becometender, headaches, enlarged lymph nodes.

Treatments: radiotherapy, chemotherapy,

transplants of bone marrow.



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Any reference book on Human Biology. Any reference book on Biology.

REFERENCES


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chapter 1.1 blood.pdf

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