chapter 11 blood - faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~laura_childs/s01b3e075.13... · i. functions:...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 11 Blood
![Page 2: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
I. Functions:
A. Transport – material exchange
B. Regulatory –homeostasis
Temp, pH,
C. Prevention – defense, clotting
![Page 3: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
II. Characteristics:
A. Red body fluid (atrial redder than venous)
B. 100.4 F core temp
C. pH 7.35 – 7.45
D. 8% total body wt
E. Ave man: 5 – 6 L/woman 4-5 L
![Page 4: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
III. Plasma: liquid portion (55%)
A. Water 91%
B. Protein 7%
Albumin 58% - osmotic pressure
Globulins 38% - immunity
Fibrinogen 4% - clotting factor
Serum – plasma w/out clotting factor
C. Other 2% (ions, nutrients, waste, gases)
![Page 7: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
IV. Formed elements: cells/fragments (45%)
A. Hematopoiesis – blood cell production 1. Stem cells (hemocytoblast): produce all others
a) Fetus: organs, lymph & red bone marrow
b) Adult: red marrow (long bones)/lymph only
![Page 8: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
B. Erythrocytes – red blood cells (RBC’s) Biconcave disks (↑ SA=>gas exchange)
No nucleus/can’t reproduce
Life span: males-120 days/females-110 days
![Page 10: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1. Function:
a) Hemoglobin: 33% of cell (99% O2 transport)
– 4 heme grps: pigment w/Fe-carries O2 (98.5%=>redder)
– 4 globins: protein-carries CO2 (23%/7% plasma)
b) 70% CO2 w/carbonic anhydrase to H++HCO3-
c) CO binds Fe 210x more than O2 (irreversible-flush)
![Page 11: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
2. Life History
a) Production: from proerythroblasts
1) ~ 5 mil/cubic mm (build ~ 2.5 mil/sec)
2) Need B12, Folate (DNA)/Fe in diet to make
3) Lo O2/hi alt/endurance exer: kidneys release erythropoietin = RBC production (marrow)
![Page 12: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
b) Breakdown of old/damaged RBC’s
1) Removed by spleen/liver WBC (macrophages)
2) Fe back to bone marrow/globin AA recycled
3) Liver-heme to bilirubin (yellow pigmt)/added to bile/SI; some reabsorbed urine
4) Circulates w/liver problems-jaundice
![Page 13: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
C. Leucocytes – white blood cells (WBC’s)
1. General Characteristics:
a) Nucleus w/no hemoglobin
b) 5 – 9 thousand/cubic mm
c) Protect from infection
d) Cytoplasmic granules - dig enzymes
e) Phagocytic: engulf dead cells/debris
f) Ameboid movement (to tissues)
![Page 14: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
2. Granulocytes: large granules (red marrow) a) Neutrophils (65%): phagocytic; w/bac infect.
b) Eosinophils (3%): inflam (brkdwn histamn);w/parasite
c) Basophils (1%): inflam (hist); clot (heparin)
3. Agranulocytes: small granules (marrw/lymph) a) Lymphocytes (25%): AB, virus, cancer/graft reax
b) Monocytes-bld/macrophages-tiss (5%): chronic infec
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Granulocytes
![Page 15: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
D. Thrombocytes (platelets): cell fragments
1. prevent bld loss (plugs/internal clot-thrombus)
2. 250 – 400 thou/cubic mm
![Page 16: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
V. Preventing Blood Loss
A. Vessel constrictn (spasm): NS controls smooth musc
(platelet thromoxanes=same effect)
B. Platelet plug: platelets accumulate (sticky)
1. von Willebrand’s factor: bind platelets to BV wall collagen
2. Platelet Releasing Factor: thromboxane activates ↑ platelets
3. Fibrinogen: binds platelet together
4. Aspirin: inhibits thromboxane prod= ↓ platelet activation
![Page 18: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
C. Blood clotting (w/lg cut)=coagulation
1. thrombin converts fibrinogen to threadlike fibrin=
traps RBC/platelets
2. Vitamin K needed (diet/LI bacteria)
![Page 19: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
D. Clot Control: anticoagulants (heparin) present w/normal conditions (injury overwhelms)
E. Clot Retraction: plateletactin/myosin contract (squeeze out serum)=seals vessels (healing)
F. Fibrinolysis (clot dissolves): plasminogen to plasmin=breaks down clot over time
1. Streptokinase (genetically engineered bacterial enzyme): w/heart attack inject to activate plasmin
![Page 20: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
VI. Blood Grouping:
A. General Principals
1. Transfusion (tranfer of blood) Reax:
a) Caused by antigen (RBC surface) & antibodies (plasma)
b) Agglutination (Ab bind RBC’s Ag) and hemolysis (burst)
![Page 21: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
B. ABO Blood Group
1. Surface proteins: Antigens A or B (plasma Ab) a) Type O (00) (no Ag): 47% (A & B Ab)-universal donor
b) Type A (AA, A0): 41% (B Ab)
c) Type B: (BB, B0) 9% (A Ab)
d) Type AB: 3% (no A or B Ab)-universal receiver
![Page 22: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
C. Rh Blood Grouping (CO2 channel):
1. Incompatibility:Rh+ : have surface antigens/Rh- does not
Genotype
Which 2 alleles are
present in the cell?
What Rhesus antigen
is present on the
surface of the red
cell?
Phenotype
(Rh blood group)
DD D Rhesus positive
Dd D Rhesus positive
dd none Rhesus negative
Rh Positive Rh Negative
0+ 37% 0- 6%
A+ 34% A- 6%
B+ 10% B- 2%
AB+ 4% AB- 1%
85% positive 15% negative
Rh proteins act as gas channels that help speed the transfer of carbon dioxide (CO2) in and out of red blood cells.CO2 can also pass through the cell membrane unaided (above right), but not quickly enough, said UC Berkeley researchers. (Image by Barbara Alonso)
![Page 23: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
2. Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN): Rh- mom w/Rh+ fetus; mom makes Rh Ab w/2nd preg->HND; give mom anti-Rh Ab’s (bind-inactivate fetal Rh Ag)
![Page 24: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
VII. Diagnostic Blood Tests:
A. Cross match (serum-ABO-Rh) w/transfsn
B. Complete bld count: 1. RBC’s=~5mil/mm3 (=erythrocytosis)
2. Hemoglobin=~14 g/100ml (=anemia)
3. Hematocrit=%RBC’s/bld vol~50% ( Fe=smaller RBC)
4. WBC=5-9000/mm3 (= leucopoenia w/viral infct, folate/
B12; =leukocytosis w/bac infct, cancer=leukemia)
5. Differentiated WBC: # & type (help diagnose)
6. Clotting
a) Platelet count=250-400,000/mm3 ( = thrombocytopenia)
b) Prothrombin time measurement=9-12 seconds
![Page 25: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
C. Blood Chemistry
1. Glucose: insulin from pancreas
2. Blood urea N (BUN): kidney function
3. Bilirubin: liver dysfunction
4. Cholesterol: cardiovascular disease
![Page 27: Chapter 11 Blood - Faribaultmail.faribault.k12.mn.us/~Laura_Childs/S01B3E075.13... · I. Functions: A. Transport – material exchange B. Regulatory –homeostasis Temp, pH, C. Prevention](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e95b59d1ba70f13dd6675a6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
VIII. Diseases and Blood Disorders: p 308-9 A. Iron-deficient anemia: iron
B. Pernicious anemia: B12
C. Hemolytic anemia: RBC’s burst (Ebola, venom)
D. Sickle-cell anemia: abnormal hemoglobn (genetics)
E. Hemophilia: abnormal clotting (genetics)
F. Septicemia: blood poisoning
G. Infectious Mononucleosis: Epstein-Barr virus (lymphocytes)
H. Malaria: protozoan ruptures RBC
I. AIDS: virus destroys lymphocytes