chapter 11 aldehydes and ketones
TRANSCRIPT
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Organic Chemistry
Chapter 11
Aldehydes and Ketones
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SCOPE
Introduction
Nomenclature
Physical Properties
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
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Learning outcomes
At the end of this lecture, studentsshould be able to:
Name aldehydes and ketones according toIUPAC system
Determine physical properties of aldehydes
and ketones Specify types of reactions for aldehydes and
ketones
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11.1 Introduction
Two broad classes of compounds contain the carbonyl
group:[1] Compounds that have only carbon and hydrogen atomsbonded to the carbonyl
[2] Compounds that contain an electronegative atombonded to the carbonyl
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If the CHO is bonded to a chain of carbons, find the longest
chain containing the CHO group, and change the eending
of the parent alkane to the suffixal. If the CHO group is
bonded to a ring, name the ring and add the suffix
carbaldehyde.
Number the chain or ring to put the CHO group at C1, but
omit this number from the name. Apply all the other usualrules of nomenclature.
11.2 Nomenclature of Aldehydes
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Like carboxylic acids, many simple aldehydes
have common names that are widely used. A common name for an aldehyde is formed by
taking the common parent name and adding the
suffix -aldehyde.
11.2 Nomenclature of Aldehydes
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In the IUPAC system, all ketones are identified
by the suffix one. Find the longest continuous chain containing
the carbonyl group, and change the eending
of the parent alkane to the suffix -one.
Number the carbon chain to give the carbonyl
carbon the lowest number. Apply all of the
usual rules of nomenclature.
With cyclic ketones, numbering always beginsat the carbonyl carbon, but the 1 is usually
omitted from the name. The ring is then
numbered clockwise or counterclockwise to
give the first substituent the lower number.
11.3 Nomenclature of Ketones
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Most common names for ketones are formed by naming
both alkyl groups on the carbonyl carbon, arranging
them alphabetically, and adding the word ketone.
Three widely used common names for some simple
ketones do not follow this convention:
11.3 Nomenclature of Ketones
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11.4 Physical Properties
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Carbonyl compounds are either reactants or products inoxidation-reduction reactions.
11.5 Preview of Oxidation and Reduction
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The three most useful oxidation and reduction reactions of
carbonyl starting materials can be summarized as follows:
11.6 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
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The three most useful oxidation and reduction reactions of
carbonyl starting materials can be summarized as follows:
11.6 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
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The three most useful oxidation and reduction reactions of
carbonyl starting materials can be summarized as follows:
11.6 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
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The most useful reagents for reducingaldehydes and ketones are the metal hydride
reagents.
11.6 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
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The End