chapter 10:(part 3) chapter 10: earthquakes (part 3)
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TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 10:Chapter 10: Earthquakes (Part 3)(Part 3)Chapter 10:Chapter 10: Earthquakes (Part 3)(Part 3)
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IN-CLASS EXERCISEObserve the following objects as I drop them on the floor and answer the following questions:
Objects:- Clay- Rubber Ball- Ice Cube Questions:1) Which of these behaves as a brittle material?2) As a ductile material?3) As an elastic material?4) Which of these material properties best accounts for the generation of earthquakes?
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Optional extra credit assignment (20 pts):
The just released movie “The Core” is loadedwith geology, some
of it accurate and some not!
Assignment: Go and see “The Core” and
write a report that separates geological fact from fiction!
Length of write-up: 2 pagesUse illustrations.
Due two weeks from today.
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TODAY’S LECTUREDetecting earthquakes.
Determining earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Locating earthquakes.
Earthquake damage (with examples).
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In summary: Types of seismic waves
S-wave
Surface-wave
Motion produced by thedifferent wave types
P-wave
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Fig. 10.17
W. W. Norton
Arrival timesof earthquake
waves.
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Seismology
Seismology
- The study of earthquake “waves”, earthquakes, Earth
AncientChineseseismograph
Instrument torecord seismicwaves
seismic waves
Seismogram - Recording of ground shaking from seismographs
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Fig. 10.15
W. W. NortonSeismograph
vs. seismogram
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Fig. 10.16
W. W. Norton
Electrostatic device:
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For measuring vertical motion…
For measuring horizontal motion…
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Earthquake Intensity and Magnitude
Mercalli Intensity Scale
Magnitude
Qualitative scale to convey intensity of ground Shaking & damage at a specific location
An absolute measure of the energy released in an earthquake
Depends on distance to earthquake.& strength of earthquake.
Depends on the amount of elastic energystored in the rocks prior to the earthquakeand the intensity of faulting to releasethat energy.
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Earthquake Magnitude & Intensity Magnitude
Intensity
An absolute measure of the energy released in an earthquake.
IntensityMagnitude
A qualitative measure of intensity based on damage.
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Locating an Earthquake…
P-waves & S-wave travel at different speeds…
1. Measure time between P and S wave on seismogram.
2. Use travel-time graph to get distance to epicenter.
3. Draw circle on a map with radius of that distance.
4. Three or more circles should intersect at epicenter!
Basic Approach:
Fastest wave: Arrives first!
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Fig. 10.18ab
W. W. Norton
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Locating an Earthquake…
1. Measure time between P and S wave on seismogram.
2. Use travel-time graph to get distance to epicenter.
3. Draw circle on a map with radius of that distance.
4. Three or more circles should intersect at EQ!
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Fig. 10.18c
W. W. Norton
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Fig. 10.20
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Earthquake Magnitude & Intensity Magnitude
An absolute measure of the energy released in an earthquake.Magnitude is measured at focus and is a non-linear scale…That is, the increase in energy between each step is exponential.
IntensityMagnitude
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Fig. 10.21
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Earthquake DamageEarthquake Damage
San Francisco, 1906
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Intense fireIntense firedamage areadamage area
San Francisco 1906 Earthquake: Magnitude 8.3San Francisco 1906 Earthquake: Magnitude 8.3
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San Francisco 1906 Earthquake: Magnitude 8.3San Francisco 1906 Earthquake: Magnitude 8.3
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Fig. 10.13ef
W. W. Norton
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San Francisco 1906 Earthquake: Magnitude 8.3San Francisco 1906 Earthquake: Magnitude 8.3
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San Francisco 1906 Earthquake: Magnitude 8.3San Francisco 1906 Earthquake: Magnitude 8.3
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San Francisco 1906 Earthquake: Magnitude 8.3San Francisco 1906 Earthquake: Magnitude 8.3
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San Francisco 1906 Earthquake: Magnitude 8.3San Francisco 1906 Earthquake: Magnitude 8.3
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Chapter 10:Chapter 10: Earthquakes (Part 4)(Part 4)Chapter 10:Chapter 10: Earthquakes (Part 4)(Part 4)
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CLASS ANNOUNCEMENTS
Midterm 2 is this Friday!
Will cover these text chapters & lectures:
Chapter 7 (Sedimentary Rocks):
Pages 188-199.
Chapter 8 (Metamorphic Rocks)
Interlude B (Rock Cycle)
Chapter 9 (Volcanoes)
Chapter 10 (Earthquakes)
Interlude C (Seeing inside the Earth)
Chapter 11 (Crustal deformation and
mountain building): Pages 319-334.
~50 MC questions. Worth 100 pts.
Review outline will be Posted on web this evening.
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TODAY’S LECTUREEarthquake damage (with examples).
Factors that determine the intensity of an earthquake.
Secondary effects of earthquakes.
Videos on selected eartquakes.
Quiz on Chapters 9 and 10.
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Earthquake Destruction
Important contributing factors:
1) Intensity & duration of shaking 1) Intensity & duration of shaking 2) Soil type (unconsolidated sediments2) Soil type (unconsolidated sedimentsor hard bedrock?)or hard bedrock?)3) Building design3) Building design
Other undesirable effects:
1)1) LandslidesLandslides2) Liquifaction of sediments2) Liquifaction of sediments3) Fires (rupture of gas lines)3) Fires (rupture of gas lines)4) Tsunamis (seismic sea waves)4) Tsunamis (seismic sea waves)
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Fig. 10.36a
W. W. Norton
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Fig. 10.36b
W. W. Norton
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Fig. 10.36c
W. W. Norton
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Fig. 10.19
W. W. Norton
Earthquake hazards Along Passive Margins
Charleston, S.C.August 1886
Death toll: 60.Magnitude: ~7
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Large Intraplate Earthquakes…New Madrid, Missouri, 1811-12Accounts from fur trappers
& naturalist, John Audubon.Estimated magnitude: >8.5Three main shocks.1500 aftershocks.Activity lasted 53 days.Affected >2.5 million sq. km(1 million acres) Church bells tolled in Boston.Windows rattled, Washington D.C.Thousands of sq. km. subsided to form lakes (St. Francis & Reelfoot Lakes). Large swamps were formed.Mississippi River reversed flowin places.Waves overwhelmed riverboats.Large fissures opened on flood plain of river.Geysers of sand, water and sulfurous geysers were erupted.
What happened?
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Earthquake Destruction
Important contributing factors:
1) Intensity & duration of shaking 1) Intensity & duration of shaking 2) Soil type (unconsolidated sediments2) Soil type (unconsolidated sedimentsor hard bedrock?)or hard bedrock?)3) Building design3) Building design
Other undesirable effects:
1)1) LandslidesLandslides2) Liquifaction of sediments2) Liquifaction of sediments3) Fire (ruptured gas lines)3) Fire (ruptured gas lines)4) Tsunamis (seismic sea waves)4) Tsunamis (seismic sea waves)
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Fig. 10.38d
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Earthquake Destruction
Important contributing factors:
1) Intensity & duration of shaking 1) Intensity & duration of shaking 2) Soil type (unconsolidated sediments2) Soil type (unconsolidated sedimentsor hard bedrock?)or hard bedrock?)3) Building design3) Building design
Other undesirable effects:
1)1) LandslidesLandslides2) Liquifaction of sediments2) Liquifaction of sediments3) Fire (ruptured gas lines)3) Fire (ruptured gas lines)4) Tsunamis (seismic sea waves)4) Tsunamis (seismic sea waves)
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W. W. Norton
High Rise Buildings
Vertical and horizontal ground motion
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Mexico City, 1985
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Taiwan, 1999 Magnitude 7.6Taiwan, 1999 Magnitude 7.6
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Fig. 10.27ab
W. W. Norton
Collapse of Building Facades
Collapse of Smaller Multistory Buildings
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Fig. 10.28c
J. Dewey, U.S. Geological Survey
Collapse of first floor parking structures
Northridge, CA. 1994 Magnitude: 6.7
Deaths: 61
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Seattle 2/28/2001 Magnitude 6.8Seattle 2/28/2001 Magnitude 6.8
Collapse of Building Facades
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Types of Earthquakes
Aftershocks Small earthquakes that follow an initial earthquake in same vicinity
Foreshocks
Small earthquakes that sometimes precede a large one by few days
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Fig. 10.27cd
W. W. Norton
Elevated Roadways and Bridges
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Fig. 10.28b
M. Celebi, U.S. Geological Survey
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Earthquake Destruction
Important contributing factors:
1) Intensity & duration of shaking 1) Intensity & duration of shaking 2) Soil type (unconsolidated sediments2) Soil type (unconsolidated sedimentsor hard bedrock?)or hard bedrock?)3) Building design3) Building design
Other undesirable effects:
1)1) LandslidesLandslides2) Liquifaction of sediments2) Liquifaction of sediments3) Fire (ruptured gas lines)3) Fire (ruptured gas lines)4) Tsunamis (seismic sea waves)4) Tsunamis (seismic sea waves)
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Landslides (slumping)
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Earthquake Destruction
Important contributing factors:
1) Intensity & duration of shaking 1) Intensity & duration of shaking 2) Soil type (unconsolidated sediments2) Soil type (unconsolidated sedimentsor hard bedrock?)or hard bedrock?)3) Building design3) Building design
Other undesirable effects:
1)1) LandslidesLandslides2) Liquifaction of sediments2) Liquifaction of sediments3) Fire (ruptured gas lines)3) Fire (ruptured gas lines)4) Tsunamis (seismic sea waves)4) Tsunamis (seismic sea waves)
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Fig. 10.27fg
W. W. Norton
Behavior of brick structures:
Behavior of water-saturated sediments: Liquefaction
Effects of Earthquakes on Man-made Structures
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Anchorage, Alaska, 1964Magnitude: 8.6Death Toll: 131
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Fig. 10.30ab
W. W. Norton
Liquefaction of sediments
Turnagain HeightsAnchorage, Alaska 1964
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Fig. 10.30c
National Geophysical Data Center/NOAA
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Liquefaction
Niigata, Japan 1964.Buildings designed toResist earthquakes,but sited on water-
saturated soil.
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Liquifaction of Sediments
San Francisco Bay Area, CA Loma Preita EQ, 1989. Magnitude 7.1
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Marina District, San Francisco Loma Prieta EQ, 1989
Magnitude 7.1 Deaths: 63
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Earthquake Destruction
Important contributing factors:
1) Intensity & duration of shaking 1) Intensity & duration of shaking 2) Soil type (unconsolidated sediments2) Soil type (unconsolidated sedimentsor hard bedrock?)or hard bedrock?)3) Building design3) Building design
Other undesirable effects:
1)1) LandslidesLandslides2) Liquifaction of sediments2) Liquifaction of sediments3) Fires (ruptured gas lines)3) Fires (ruptured gas lines)4) Tsunamis (seismic sea waves)4) Tsunamis (seismic sea waves)
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San Francisco 1906 Earthquake: Magnitude 8.3San Francisco 1906 Earthquake: Magnitude 8.3
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Fig. 10.32b
U.S. Geological Survey
Ruptured gas main.EQ Magnitude: 6.6
Death toll: 65
San Fernando, CA. 1971
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Earthquake Destruction
Important contributing factors:
1) Intensity & duration of shaking 1) Intensity & duration of shaking 2) Soil type (unconsolidated sediments2) Soil type (unconsolidated sedimentsor hard bedrock?)or hard bedrock?)3) Building design3) Building design
Other undesirable effects:
1)1) LandslidesLandslides2) Liquifaction of sediments2) Liquifaction of sedimentsFire (rupture of gas lines)Fire (rupture of gas lines)4) Tsunamis (seismic sea waves)4) Tsunamis (seismic sea waves)
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Tsunamis (Seismic Sea Waves)
Tsunamis are often called tidal waves, but they are caused by seafloor earthquakes, not the tides!
Travel at speeds of several hundred km/hr. Wave heights <1 m in open ocean, but
upon reaching shallow water, may exceed 65 m.
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Fig. 10.34b
Pacific Tsunami Museum
Tsunami, Hilo, HA 1946
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Fig. 10.34a
Cecilio Licos, Yasuki Arakaki Collection/Pacific Tsunami Museum
TsunamiHilo, Hawaii, 1946; Death toll: 56
Property damage $25MAfter this, U.S. Coast & Geodetic
Survey established a tsunamiearly warning system.
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Tsunami damage:Alaska 1964 earthquake
Earthquake destruction
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Tsunami from Chilean earthquake, 1960. Magnitude 9.5
Predicting Tsunamis
Movie:
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Tsunami damage in Hawaii, 1960.Originated from Chilean earthquake.Wave arrived 15 hours later.
Tsunamis
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Protecting Yourself
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Fig. 10.39a
Adapted from Nishenko, 1989 (U.S. Geological Survey).
Earthquake preparedness and how to protect yourself…
See class handout!
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Fig. 10.35a
W. W. Norton
How to look for faulting and other evidence of past earthquakes…
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Fig. 10.35d
W. W. Norton
How to look for faulting & other evidence of past earthquakes.
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Fig. 10.38abc
Adapted from Wesson and Wallace, 1985.
Designing earthquake resistant buildings…
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Earthquake prediction
Only long range predictions possible at present (but don’t always work)