chapter 10 world war ii. preparation for war before and during the great depression in the united...

Chapter 10Chapter 10

World War IIWorld War II

Preparation for War Preparation for War

Before and during the Great Depression in the Before and during the Great Depression in the United States, other countries around the world United States, other countries around the world had a depression of their own. had a depression of their own.

The social and economic problems of these The social and economic problems of these different countries brought different outcomes. different countries brought different outcomes.

For example, Germany, Italy, and Japan fell under For example, Germany, Italy, and Japan fell under the control of dictators. the control of dictators.

The whole world would soon feel the effects of The whole world would soon feel the effects of these dictators' beliefs that war might be a good these dictators' beliefs that war might be a good solution to their nations' problems. solution to their nations' problems.


Benito Mussolini had controlled the Italian Benito Mussolini had controlled the Italian government since 1922. government since 1922.

He believed that a strong leader must have He believed that a strong leader must have full power to run the country. full power to run the country.

Under his dictatorship, other political parties Under his dictatorship, other political parties were forbidden.were forbidden.

Mussolini created the Fascist political party. Mussolini created the Fascist political party. Fascists believed the state or union was Fascists believed the state or union was

more important than the individual. more important than the individual.


They rejected the idea of democracy and They rejected the idea of democracy and personal freedom. personal freedom.

The Fascists believed military power and The Fascists believed military power and war were good for a nation. war were good for a nation.

Italian Fascists used the slogan: "Believe! Italian Fascists used the slogan: "Believe! Obey! Fight!" Obey! Fight!"


The German people did not understand how The German people did not understand how they lost World War I. they lost World War I.

They were upset with the strict conditions of They were upset with the strict conditions of the peace settlement. the peace settlement.

When World War I ended, Germany When World War I ended, Germany removed its king and established a removed its king and established a democracy. democracy.

The new Republic of Germany tried to The new Republic of Germany tried to govern its troubled nation. govern its troubled nation.


The economy in Germany fell apart in 1923. The economy in Germany fell apart in 1923. Inflation made German paper money nearly Inflation made German paper money nearly

worthless. worthless. Inflation is a steady rise in prices of goods. Inflation is a steady rise in prices of goods. Prices of goods doubled daily. Prices of goods doubled daily. Germans had to carry large bags of money Germans had to carry large bags of money

just to buy food for one day. just to buy food for one day. Many workers lost their jobs. Many workers lost their jobs.


The democratic government of Germany The democratic government of Germany was criticized for being weak. was criticized for being weak.

The National Socialist German Workers The National Socialist German Workers party, or Nazi party, opposed the German party, or Nazi party, opposed the German government. government.

Adolf Hitler led the Nazis. Adolf Hitler led the Nazis.


Hitler used his skills as a public speaker and Hitler used his skills as a public speaker and organizer to increase the power of the Nazi organizer to increase the power of the Nazi party. party.

Hitler declared that democracy was weak Hitler declared that democracy was weak and could not solve the nation's problems. and could not solve the nation's problems.

He added that the economic crisis was not He added that the economic crisis was not the fault of the Germans. the fault of the Germans.

He blamed Germany's problems on others. He blamed Germany's problems on others.


He told Germans that communists and Jews He told Germans that communists and Jews were trying to destroy their government. were trying to destroy their government.

He promised prosperity for all Germans. He promised prosperity for all Germans. He preached against democracy and for He preached against democracy and for

hatred of the Jews. hatred of the Jews.


Adolf Hitler became the chancellor, or chief Adolf Hitler became the chancellor, or chief minister of Germany, in 1933. minister of Germany, in 1933.

This happened after his Nazi party had won This happened after his Nazi party had won a majority of seats in Germany's Parliament. a majority of seats in Germany's Parliament.

Within months, Hitler became a dictator. Within months, Hitler became a dictator. He gave himself the title "der Fuhrer," He gave himself the title "der Fuhrer," It meant "the leader." It meant "the leader." Hitler and the Nazi party quickly destroyed Hitler and the Nazi party quickly destroyed

German democracy and individual German democracy and individual freedoms. freedoms.


Hitler was successful in improving the German Hitler was successful in improving the German economy. economy.

German unemployment dropped. German unemployment dropped. The standard of living for most Germans rose. The standard of living for most Germans rose. Hitler continued a campaign against German Hitler continued a campaign against German

Jews.Jews. He called them traitors. He called them traitors. German Jews lost their citizenship and their jobs. German Jews lost their citizenship and their jobs. Citizenship is the act of belonging to a certain Citizenship is the act of belonging to a certain

country. country.


A civil war broke out in Spain in 1936. A civil war broke out in Spain in 1936. General Francisco Franco and his forces General Francisco Franco and his forces

fought against anti-Fascists. fought against anti-Fascists. The anti Fascists wanted Spain to have a The anti Fascists wanted Spain to have a

democratic government. democratic government. The Spanish Civil War became a test for the The Spanish Civil War became a test for the

Fascist governments of Germany and Italy. Fascist governments of Germany and Italy. Italy sent troops to fight in Spain, and Italy sent troops to fight in Spain, and

German planes bombed Spanish cities. German planes bombed Spanish cities.


The communist government of the Soviet Union The communist government of the Soviet Union supported the anti-Fascists. supported the anti-Fascists.

Anti-Fascist volunteers from Great Britain, France, Anti-Fascist volunteers from Great Britain, France, and the United States also fought in this war. and the United States also fought in this war.

The Americans who fought did so by their own The Americans who fought did so by their own choice, not as members of the American military. choice, not as members of the American military.

The Spanish Civil War lasted three years. The Spanish Civil War lasted three years. The Spanish Fascist forces, supported by the The Spanish Fascist forces, supported by the

governments of Italy and Germany, won in 1939. governments of Italy and Germany, won in 1939. Franco became the leader of a new Fascist Franco became the leader of a new Fascist

government. government.


The worldwide depression also hurt Japan, The worldwide depression also hurt Japan, an island nation in Asia. an island nation in Asia.

Japanese industries needed imported coal, Japanese industries needed imported coal, oil, and iron. oil, and iron.

The depression made it difficult for nations The depression made it difficult for nations to trade with each other. to trade with each other.

Without enough raw materials, Japan found Without enough raw materials, Japan found its industries threatened. its industries threatened.


Japan relied on imported rice to help feed its Japan relied on imported rice to help feed its people. people.

Unable to grow enough rice on their own, many Unable to grow enough rice on their own, many Japanese had no food. Japanese had no food.

Radical military leaders, similar to those in Radical military leaders, similar to those in Germany and Italy, took control of the Japanese Germany and Italy, took control of the Japanese government. government.

The army seized Manchuria, an area rich in coal The army seized Manchuria, an area rich in coal and iron, from China. and iron, from China.

In 1937, Japan invaded China again and captured In 1937, Japan invaded China again and captured several important cities. several important cities.

Japan had taken its first steps to control Asia and Japan had taken its first steps to control Asia and establish a Japanese empire. establish a Japanese empire.


Americans did not want to deal with the Americans did not want to deal with the problems in Europe. problems in Europe.

During the 1930s, Americans had a much During the 1930s, Americans had a much larger problem at home with the Great larger problem at home with the Great Depression. Depression.

The New Deal programs took time to plan The New Deal programs took time to plan and put to use. and put to use.


There was another reason Americans There was another reason Americans ignored problems in Europe. ignored problems in Europe.

The memory of World War I was still fresh in The memory of World War I was still fresh in their minds. their minds.

Americans wanted to stay out of another Americans wanted to stay out of another foreign war. foreign war.

Many people felt that the United States was Many people felt that the United States was protected by possible attacks because of protected by possible attacks because of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.


Congress passed neutrality laws in 1935 Congress passed neutrality laws in 1935 and 1937. and 1937.

These laws prevented the sale of arms or These laws prevented the sale of arms or lending money to countries at war. lending money to countries at war.

Throughout the 1930s, Americans watched Throughout the 1930s, Americans watched Germany, Italy, and Japan increase in Germany, Italy, and Japan increase in military strength. military strength.


President Roosevelt was not so certain that President Roosevelt was not so certain that the United States should ignore what was the United States should ignore what was going on in Europe.going on in Europe.

Beginning in 1937, he tried to keep the Beginning in 1937, he tried to keep the country aware of the problems there. country aware of the problems there.

For that reason, some people criticized For that reason, some people criticized Roosevelt. Roosevelt.

They thought he wanted to start a war. They thought he wanted to start a war.

Steps Toward a Second World Steps Toward a Second World WarWar

During the years of the Spanish Civil War, During the years of the Spanish Civil War, Hitler moved aggressively to expand his Hitler moved aggressively to expand his power in Europe. power in Europe.

His goal was to bring the German-speaking His goal was to bring the German-speaking people of Austria, Czechoslovakia, and people of Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland under German rule. Poland under German rule.

Twice before in history, the German people Twice before in history, the German people had built a reich, or empire, in Europe. had built a reich, or empire, in Europe.

Hitler wanted to create a Third Reich. Hitler wanted to create a Third Reich.


Hitler took the first step in creating a Hitler took the first step in creating a German empire in March 1938. German empire in March 1938.

German troops marched into Austria and German troops marched into Austria and declared it part of the German Third Reich. declared it part of the German Third Reich.

Although this action went against the Treaty Although this action went against the Treaty of Versailles, the League of Nations did of Versailles, the League of Nations did nothing to stop it. nothing to stop it.


Hitler's next move was to bring three million Hitler's next move was to bring three million Germans living in the Sudetenland into the Germans living in the Sudetenland into the Third Reich. Third Reich.

The Sudetenland was an area of The Sudetenland was an area of Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia.

Hitler threatened to use force. Hitler threatened to use force. To avoid war, Neville Chamberlain, the To avoid war, Neville Chamberlain, the

prime minister of Great Britain, suggested prime minister of Great Britain, suggested that the major powers of Europe meet. that the major powers of Europe meet.


Chamberlain, Mussolini, Hitler, and Edouard Chamberlain, Mussolini, Hitler, and Edouard Daladier of France met in Munich, Germany, in Daladier of France met in Munich, Germany, in September 1938. September 1938.

Czechoslovakia was not represented. Czechoslovakia was not represented. Hitler believed that the threat of war would frighten Hitler believed that the threat of war would frighten

the leaders of Great Britain and France. the leaders of Great Britain and France. He thought that they would give in to his demands. He thought that they would give in to his demands.

Chamberlain and Daladier did just that. Chamberlain and Daladier did just that. Both leaders agreed to give Germany the Both leaders agreed to give Germany the

Sudetenland. Sudetenland.


They felt a policy of appeasement was best. They felt a policy of appeasement was best. Appeasement is doing something to keep Appeasement is doing something to keep

peace. peace. Hitler agreed to make no more advances for Hitler agreed to make no more advances for

territory. territory. When Chamberlain returned to Britain, he When Chamberlain returned to Britain, he

said that the meeting in Munich had said that the meeting in Munich had produced "peace with honor ... peace in our produced "peace with honor ... peace in our time”time”


On the night of November9, 1938, Nazis set fire to On the night of November9, 1938, Nazis set fire to Jewish places of worship called synagogues. Jewish places of worship called synagogues.

They also broke into Jewish homes, terrorized They also broke into Jewish homes, terrorized Jewish people, and destroyed Jewish businesses. Jewish people, and destroyed Jewish businesses.

This night of terror is called "Kristallnacht," or the This night of terror is called "Kristallnacht," or the Night of Broken Glass." Night of Broken Glass."

Many Jews were killed or arrested. Many Jews were killed or arrested. This was only the beginning of the terror the Jews This was only the beginning of the terror the Jews

faced. faced.


In 1939, Germany set up death camps for In 1939, Germany set up death camps for the Jews as a part of Hitler's "final solution." the Jews as a part of Hitler's "final solution."

The Nazis planned to murder every Jew The Nazis planned to murder every Jew whom they could find. whom they could find.

Jews were sent by train to the death camps. Jews were sent by train to the death camps. Men, women, and children were killed with Men, women, and children were killed with

gas or gunfire in these camps. gas or gunfire in these camps. Many bodies were burned in large ovens. Many bodies were burned in large ovens.


When it became widely known in 1945 that this When it became widely known in 1945 that this Holocaust had occurred, the world was shocked. Holocaust had occurred, the world was shocked.

The government of Nazi Germany had killed The government of Nazi Germany had killed nearly six million innocent European Jews. nearly six million innocent European Jews.

In the eyes of the Germans, the Jews were inferior In the eyes of the Germans, the Jews were inferior simply because of their ethnic heritage. simply because of their ethnic heritage.

For many years after the end of World War II, Nazi For many years after the end of World War II, Nazi war criminals were hunted and brought to justice. war criminals were hunted and brought to justice.


The Treaty of Versailles, signed at the end The Treaty of Versailles, signed at the end of World War I, had given Poland a strip of of World War I, had given Poland a strip of land called the Polish Corridor. land called the Polish Corridor.

On this piece of land, Poland gained access On this piece of land, Poland gained access to the Baltic Sea. to the Baltic Sea.

The Germans never liked this arrangement. The Germans never liked this arrangement. The Polish Corridor isolated East Prussia The Polish Corridor isolated East Prussia

and the German city of Danzig from the rest and the German city of Danzig from the rest of Germany. of Germany.


In March of 1939, Hitler demanded that In March of 1939, Hitler demanded that Poland give back the city of Danzig in order Poland give back the city of Danzig in order for Germany to build a railroad through the for Germany to build a railroad through the Polish Corridor. Polish Corridor.

Poland refused. Poland refused. Great Britain and France supported Poland. Great Britain and France supported Poland. Both countries said they would go to war to Both countries said they would go to war to

defend Poland. defend Poland. Great Britain and France expected help from Great Britain and France expected help from

the Soviet Union in a fight against Germany.the Soviet Union in a fight against Germany.


However, Germany and the Soviet Union had However, Germany and the Soviet Union had signed a treaty of friendship in August of 1939. signed a treaty of friendship in August of 1939.

The Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin, agreed not to The Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin, agreed not to interfere if Germany attacked Poland. interfere if Germany attacked Poland.

In return, Germany would give the Soviet Union In return, Germany would give the Soviet Union the eastern half of Poland. the eastern half of Poland.

Having gained the alliance of the Soviet Union, Having gained the alliance of the Soviet Union, Hitler felt confident that he could successfully Hitler felt confident that he could successfully seize the Polish land. seize the Polish land.

World War II BeginsWorld War II Begins

German soldiers moved rapidly into Poland German soldiers moved rapidly into Poland by trucks on September 1, 1939. by trucks on September 1, 1939.

They were supported with tanks and They were supported with tanks and bombing attacks by the German air force. bombing attacks by the German air force.

This new method of warfare was called This new method of warfare was called blitzkrieg, blitzkrieg, or "lightning war." or "lightning war."

This simple act of German aggression was This simple act of German aggression was the beginning of World War II. the beginning of World War II.


Troops ofthe Soviet Union also attacked Poland. Troops ofthe Soviet Union also attacked Poland. Great Britain and France, attempting to aid Great Britain and France, attempting to aid

Poland, declared war on Germany. Poland, declared war on Germany. While restating his vow to remain neutral, While restating his vow to remain neutral,

President Roosevelt did not approve of the attack President Roosevelt did not approve of the attack on Poland. on Poland.

He asked Congress to reverse its neutrality order He asked Congress to reverse its neutrality order so that the United States could sell weapons to so that the United States could sell weapons to France and Great Britain. France and Great Britain.

After a long debate, the arms were made After a long debate, the arms were made available. available.


A few weeks after the attack by the Soviet Union, A few weeks after the attack by the Soviet Union, Poland surrendered. Poland surrendered.

Germany and the Soviet Union divided Poland Germany and the Soviet Union divided Poland between them. between them.

Through the winter of 1939 and 1940, there was Through the winter of 1939 and 1940, there was little activity. little activity.

Some people began to speak of a "phony war." Some people began to speak of a "phony war." The world watched and waited, however, for The world watched and waited, however, for

Hitler's next move, remembering the Nazi phrase, Hitler's next move, remembering the Nazi phrase, "Today Germany, tomorrow the world!" "Today Germany, tomorrow the world!"


Suddenly, in April of 1940, Germany Suddenly, in April of 1940, Germany attacked and defeated Denmark and attacked and defeated Denmark and Norway. Norway.

The next month, Belgium, Luxembourg, and The next month, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands fell to the German army. the Netherlands fell to the German army.

Germany then attacked France. Germany then attacked France. German soldiers broke through the French German soldiers broke through the French

defensive line. defensive line.

World War II BeginsWorld War II Begins More than 300,000 British, Belgian, and French soldiers More than 300,000 British, Belgian, and French soldiers

were trapped between the attacking Germans and the sea. were trapped between the attacking Germans and the sea. These allied troops retreated to Dunkirk, a seaport located These allied troops retreated to Dunkirk, a seaport located

in the north of France on the English Channel. in the north of France on the English Channel. Great Britain made a daring attempt to rescue these allied Great Britain made a daring attempt to rescue these allied

troops. troops. Hundreds of ships set sail from Great Britain for Dunkirk. Hundreds of ships set sail from Great Britain for Dunkirk. Most of the troops were safely rescued and were in Great Most of the troops were safely rescued and were in Great

Britain on June 4, 1940. Britain on June 4, 1940. Six days later, Italy sided with Germany and declared war. Six days later, Italy sided with Germany and declared war. France surrendered and requested an armistice. Hitler France surrendered and requested an armistice. Hitler

agreed.agreed.


Great Britain was left alone to fight the Nazi war Great Britain was left alone to fight the Nazi war machine. machine.

If Great Britain was defeated, the United States If Great Britain was defeated, the United States would be without an ally in Europe. would be without an ally in Europe.

Prime Minister Winston Churchill spoke to the Prime Minister Winston Churchill spoke to the British people on June 4, 1940. British people on June 4, 1940.

He told them, "We shall defend our island, He told them, "We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches ... we shall fight in the fields and in the beaches ... we shall fight in the fields and in the streets . .. we shall never surrender." streets . .. we shall never surrender."


The British waited for a German invasion of their The British waited for a German invasion of their country. country.

The German air force began around-the-clock The German air force began around-the-clock bombing raids on Great Britain's air force bases in bombing raids on Great Britain's air force bases in August of 1940. August of 1940.

The Royal Air Force (RAF) fought back. The RAF The Royal Air Force (RAF) fought back. The RAF used a new radar system that located incoming used a new radar system that located incoming planes. planes.

Many German bombers were destroyed. Many German bombers were destroyed. The Germans had to change their invasion plans. The Germans had to change their invasion plans.


Hitler attacked the Soviet Union in June of 1941. Hitler attacked the Soviet Union in June of 1941. He ignored their friendship treaty. He ignored their friendship treaty. This decision was a major mistake for Hitler. This decision was a major mistake for Hitler. Great Britain, Canada, Australia, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, the Soviet Union,

and other nations joined together to fight and other nations joined together to fight Germany. Germany.

These countries became known as the Allies. These countries became known as the Allies. They realized that Hitler was attempting to gain They realized that Hitler was attempting to gain

control over all of Europe. control over all of Europe.


Most Americans still did not want the United Most Americans still did not want the United States to enter the war. States to enter the war.

However, unlike World War I, Americans did However, unlike World War I, Americans did not try to stay neutral. not try to stay neutral.

They became concerned about America's They became concerned about America's safety. safety.

President Roosevelt told the American President Roosevelt told the American people that Great Britain needed help. people that Great Britain needed help.


Great Britain needed more weapons but did not Great Britain needed more weapons but did not have enough money to pay for the supplies. have enough money to pay for the supplies.

America had to be "the arsenal of democracy." America had to be "the arsenal of democracy." Roosevelt proposed that the United States lend Roosevelt proposed that the United States lend

Great Britain military supplies. Great Britain military supplies. Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act in March of Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act in March of

1941. 1941. This policy was designed to keep America out of This policy was designed to keep America out of

war in Europe. war in Europe.


Under the Lend-Lease Act, the United States Under the Lend-Lease Act, the United States government would provide weapons to any government would provide weapons to any country considered important to American country considered important to American security. security.

These nations could buy, lease, exchange, or These nations could buy, lease, exchange, or borrow equipment, arms, and supplies from the borrow equipment, arms, and supplies from the United States. United States.

During World War II, the United States provided During World War II, the United States provided $50 billion in lend-lease aid to the Allies. $50 billion in lend-lease aid to the Allies.


The United States began to prepare for the The United States began to prepare for the chance of war. chance of war.

Congress approved millions of dollars to Congress approved millions of dollars to strengthen the armed forces. strengthen the armed forces.

The Selective Service Act was passed in The Selective Service Act was passed in September of 1940. September of 1940.

This was the first peacetime law that drafted This was the first peacetime law that drafted men into the armed forces. men into the armed forces.

The last draft had been during World War I. The last draft had been during World War I.

War in AsiaWar in Asia

Men between the ages of twenty-one and thirty-Men between the ages of twenty-one and thirty-five were selected by a lottery to serve one year in five were selected by a lottery to serve one year in the military. the military.

The lottery was a drawing of names. The lottery was a drawing of names. The United States made a trade with Great Britain The United States made a trade with Great Britain

and loaned it fifty small warships called and loaned it fifty small warships called destroyers. destroyers.

In return, Great Britain leased naval and air bases In return, Great Britain leased naval and air bases to the United States in the Western Hemisphere. to the United States in the Western Hemisphere.

These bases allowed the United States to better These bases allowed the United States to better defend itself and to keep watch over the Panama defend itself and to keep watch over the Panama Canal. Canal.


The Japanese government announced that it The Japanese government announced that it intended to rule all of Asia, including China. intended to rule all of Asia, including China.

That type of control went against America's Open That type of control went against America's Open Door Policy. Door Policy.

The United States had established the policy so The United States had established the policy so that all nations would be allowed free trade with that all nations would be allowed free trade with China. China.

America protested Japan's actions. However, America protested Japan's actions. However, Japan continued its plan to create an empire . Japan continued its plan to create an empire .

Japan joined Germany and Italy in an alliance. Japan joined Germany and Italy in an alliance. These three countries became known as the Axis These three countries became known as the Axis

Powers. Powers.


Japan invaded the French colony of Indochina in Japan invaded the French colony of Indochina in June of 1941. June of 1941.

Indochina was just south of China. Indochina was just south of China. The United States, became concerned that Japan The United States, became concerned that Japan

gaining too much land. gaining too much land. America decided to stop selling oil and steel to America decided to stop selling oil and steel to

Japan. Japan. Japan desperately needed oil to continue with its Japan desperately needed oil to continue with its

plan. plan. The United States also offered a lend-lease The United States also offered a lend-lease

program to China.program to China.


When Japan invaded Indochina, Roosevelt said When Japan invaded Indochina, Roosevelt said Japan could not use money or investments it had Japan could not use money or investments it had in the United States. in the United States.

This is called freezing assets. This is called freezing assets. Japan did the same thing to the United States. Japan did the same thing to the United States.

Trade between the two counties stopped. Trade between the two counties stopped. Premier of Japan Fumimaro Konoye and United Premier of Japan Fumimaro Konoye and United

States Secretary of State Cordell Hull began to States Secretary of State Cordell Hull began to negotiate. negotiate.


Japanese wanted to be allowed to use their Japanese wanted to be allowed to use their assets in the United States. assets in the United States.

They also wanted to be supplied with oil. They also wanted to be supplied with oil. The United States wanted Japan to The United States wanted Japan to

withdraw from China and Southeast Asia. withdraw from China and Southeast Asia. The negotiations failed. The negotiations failed. Hideki Tojo replaced Konoye as premier. Hideki Tojo replaced Konoye as premier.


Early on Sunday morning, December 7, 1941, 353 Early on Sunday morning, December 7, 1941, 353 Japanese airplanes took off from six aircraft Japanese airplanes took off from six aircraft carriers in the Pacific Ocean.carriers in the Pacific Ocean.

Their destination was the American naval base at Their destination was the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 220 miles away. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 220 miles away.

Their mission was to destroy the American naval Their mission was to destroy the American naval fleet anchored there. fleet anchored there.

The Japanese thought they would be better able The Japanese thought they would be better able to conquer land in Asia if these American ships to conquer land in Asia if these American ships were destroyed.were destroyed.


Japan bombed ships in the harbor and planes on Japan bombed ships in the harbor and planes on the ground. the ground.

The surprise attack occurred at 7:55 A.M. The surprise attack occurred at 7:55 A.M. Two hours later, the United States Pacific Fleet Two hours later, the United States Pacific Fleet

had lost many battleships, destroyers, and planes. had lost many battleships, destroyers, and planes. The attack killed more than 2,000 Americans. The attack killed more than 2,000 Americans. Roosevelt said that December 7, 1941, was a Roosevelt said that December 7, 1941, was a

"date that will live in infamy." "date that will live in infamy." Four days later, Germany and Italy, Japan's allies, Four days later, Germany and Italy, Japan's allies,

declared war on the United States. declared war on the United States.


Japan followed up its attack on Pearl Harbor Japan followed up its attack on Pearl Harbor by invading the Philippine Islands and other by invading the Philippine Islands and other areas in the Pacific. areas in the Pacific.

American and Filipino troops fought the American and Filipino troops fought the Japanese. Japanese.

However, they lacked planes, tanks, and However, they lacked planes, tanks, and ammunition. ammunition.

Japan gained another victory. It now Japan gained another victory. It now controlled the Philippine Islands. controlled the Philippine Islands.

The Home FrontThe Home Front

The United States was not prepared to fight a war The United States was not prepared to fight a war in both Europe and Asia. in both Europe and Asia.

However, Germany and Japan underestimated the However, Germany and Japan underestimated the ability of the United States to produce war ability of the United States to produce war supplies. supplies.

The nation had a good amount of workers and The nation had a good amount of workers and factories left idle by the Great Depression. factories left idle by the Great Depression.

For example, the American auto industry had little For example, the American auto industry had little difficulty changing its plants to make tanks and difficulty changing its plants to make tanks and planes. planes.


General Motors was able to make more war General Motors was able to make more war supplies than the combined output of supplies than the combined output of Germany and Japan.Germany and Japan.

The war united the American people. It gave The war united the American people. It gave them a common purpose. them a common purpose.

Patriotic posters reminded Americans of Patriotic posters reminded Americans of their duty to "do their bit” for the war effort. their duty to "do their bit” for the war effort.

American civilians aided the war effort in American civilians aided the war effort in many different ways. many different ways.


Millions of volunteers helped increase the supply of fresh Millions of volunteers helped increase the supply of fresh vegetablesvegetables. .

Parks and flower gardens were turned into "victory Parks and flower gardens were turned into "victory gardens. gardens.

Victory gardens produced more than one-third of the Victory gardens produced more than one-third of the nation's vegetables by 1943. nation's vegetables by 1943.

This allowed farmers to use most of their land to grow food This allowed farmers to use most of their land to grow food for the armed forces.for the armed forces.

Raw materials were needed for American industry.Raw materials were needed for American industry. We became a nation of collectors. We became a nation of collectors. Volunteers collected tons of grease for use in making Volunteers collected tons of grease for use in making

ammunition. ammunition. Even worn nylon stockings were collected to make gun Even worn nylon stockings were collected to make gun

powder bags for the navy.powder bags for the navy.


Many goods were in short supply during the war. Many goods were in short supply during the war. The government started to ration materials. The government started to ration materials.

Ration books contained stamps used to purchase Ration books contained stamps used to purchase gasoline, sugar, meat, and other products.gasoline, sugar, meat, and other products.

A buyer had to pay the price for the product and a A buyer had to pay the price for the product and a certain amount of ration stamps. certain amount of ration stamps.

Shortages even changed the style of clothes. Shortages even changed the style of clothes. Men's pants were made without cuffs and Men's pants were made without cuffs and

women's dresses were shortened because extra women's dresses were shortened because extra cloth was needed for military uniforms. cloth was needed for military uniforms.


Women joined the armed forces in great Women joined the armed forces in great numbers. numbers.

They served in Europe and Asia in every They served in Europe and Asia in every role except combat. role except combat.

Millions of women replaced men in the Millions of women replaced men in the workforce. workforce.

Women learned to build planes and tanks as Women learned to build planes and tanks as the men left for war. the men left for war.

Women now had the opportunity to prove Women now had the opportunity to prove that they were as capable as any man. that they were as capable as any man.

The Home FrontThe Home Front The United States feared that Japan would invade The United States feared that Japan would invade

its west coast. its west coast. Some citizens thought people of Japanese Some citizens thought people of Japanese

ancestry living in America would aid the Japanese. ancestry living in America would aid the Japanese. President Roosevelt ordered the army to move President Roosevelt ordered the army to move

about 110,000 of these people to detention about 110,000 of these people to detention camps. camps.

Many Japanese Americans lost their homes and Many Japanese Americans lost their homes and businesses. Fear, the pressure of war, and businesses. Fear, the pressure of war, and prejudice caused the nation to set aside its prejudice caused the nation to set aside its democratic principles.democratic principles.

Japanese American soldiers fought bravely in Japanese American soldiers fought bravely in Europe while their government detained their Europe while their government detained their parents and relatives. parents and relatives.

The War EndsThe War Ends

Despite the desire for revenge against Despite the desire for revenge against Japan for Pearl Harbor, the United States Japan for Pearl Harbor, the United States decided that Hitler's Germany must be decided that Hitler's Germany must be defeated first. defeated first.

The United States had strong ties to The United States had strong ties to countries already defeated by Germany. countries already defeated by Germany.

Also, Also, Germany seemed to be a greater Germany seemed to be a greater threat to the Western Hemisphere than threat to the Western Hemisphere than Japan did. Japan did.


The only way to defeat Germany was The only way to defeat Germany was through an Allied invasion of Europe. through an Allied invasion of Europe.

The Allies planned to hit Germany from the The Allies planned to hit Germany from the south through Italy and invade France from south through Italy and invade France from Britain. Britain.

At the same time, the Soviet Union could At the same time, the Soviet Union could move against the Germans from the east. move against the Germans from the east.


American, Canadian, and British troops American, Canadian, and British troops invaded Italy in September of 1943. invaded Italy in September of 1943.

They captured the island of Sicily first. They captured the island of Sicily first. As Mussolini lost the island, the Italian As Mussolini lost the island, the Italian

people, tired of war, captured and executed people, tired of war, captured and executed him. him.

The new, rebel Italian government soon The new, rebel Italian government soon surrendered to the Allied powers. surrendered to the Allied powers.


Determined to protect Germany's southern Determined to protect Germany's southern boundary, Hitler advanced toward Italy. boundary, Hitler advanced toward Italy.

The Allies finally captured the city of Rome The Allies finally captured the city of Rome on June 4, 1944. on June 4, 1944.

At this time, however, the Germans At this time, however, the Germans occupied most of northern Italy. occupied most of northern Italy.

The War EndsThe War Ends The Nazis, who had known for some time that the The Nazis, who had known for some time that the

United States was planning an invasion, prepared United States was planning an invasion, prepared the coast of France. the coast of France.

The beaches became death traps. The beaches became death traps. The Nazis laid exploding mines in the water. The Nazis laid exploding mines in the water. They strung barbed wire all along the sandy shore. They strung barbed wire all along the sandy shore. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, commander of the General Dwight D. Eisenhower, commander of the

Allied armies, landed his troops on the beaches of Allied armies, landed his troops on the beaches of Normandy, France, on June 6,1944.Normandy, France, on June 6,1944.

This was known as D-Day.This was known as D-Day. It was a very tough battle. It was a very tough battle. However, by night, the Allies occupied about However, by night, the Allies occupied about

eighty miles of the French coast. eighty miles of the French coast. They could begin to move toward Germany. They could begin to move toward Germany.


By December of 1944, the Allies were confident By December of 1944, the Allies were confident that Germany's forces were trapped. that Germany's forces were trapped.

But then, suddenly, the Germans counterattacked. But then, suddenly, the Germans counterattacked. The German army pushed through the Allied line. The German army pushed through the Allied line. On a map of Europe, a large bulge represented On a map of Europe, a large bulge represented

Hitler's take over of Allied territory. Hitler's take over of Allied territory. Led by General George Patton, the Allies Led by General George Patton, the Allies

counterattacked. counterattacked. The Germans were pushed back. The Germans were pushed back. The confrontation became known as the Battle of The confrontation became known as the Battle of

the Bulge. the Bulge. It was the last offensive by the German army. It was the last offensive by the German army.


President Roosevelt was re-elected for a fourth President Roosevelt was re-elected for a fourth term in 1944. term in 1944.

The strain of the war had taken its toll on him. The strain of the war had taken its toll on him. He was able to cope with his polio, but the He was able to cope with his polio, but the

President had suffered from a number of other President had suffered from a number of other physical problems. physical problems.

There was hope that the war against Germany There was hope that the war against Germany would end early in 1945.would end early in 1945.

Allied leaders met in February of 1945 in Yalta, a Allied leaders met in February of 1945 in Yalta, a small town on the Black Sea in the Soviet Union. small town on the Black Sea in the Soviet Union.

Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed on a plan Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed on a plan to follow when Germany surrendered. to follow when Germany surrendered.

The plan became known as the Yalta Agreement. The plan became known as the Yalta Agreement.


The plan had several points. First, the The plan had several points. First, the Soviet Union agreed to enter the war Soviet Union agreed to enter the war against Japan. against Japan.

Second, Germany would be divided into four Second, Germany would be divided into four zones, each controlled by one of the Allies. zones, each controlled by one of the Allies.

Third, the Soviet Union would hold Third, the Soviet Union would hold democratic elections in eastern European democratic elections in eastern European countries under its control. countries under its control.


Fourth, a world organization called the Fourth, a world organization called the United Nations would be created. United Nations would be created.

The Yalta Agreement seemed reasonable at The Yalta Agreement seemed reasonable at the time. the time.

However, after the war ended, parts of the However, after the war ended, parts of the agreement caused political problems agreement caused political problems between the United States and the Soviet between the United States and the Soviet Union. Union.


President Franklin Roosevelt died suddenly President Franklin Roosevelt died suddenly in April of 1945. in April of 1945.

The nation was in shock. Vice President The nation was in shock. Vice President Harry S. Truman became President. Harry S. Truman became President.

On April 25, 1945, Adolf Hitler killed himself On April 25, 1945, Adolf Hitler killed himself in a bunker in Berlin. in a bunker in Berlin.

A bunker is an underground shelter. A bunker is an underground shelter. Germany surrendered. Germany surrendered.

The war in Europe was over. The war in Europe was over.


The United States began to control the advance of The United States began to control the advance of the Japanese military. the Japanese military.

The Allies were led by American Army General The Allies were led by American Army General Douglas MacArthur and Navy Admiral Chester Douglas MacArthur and Navy Admiral Chester Nimitz. Nimitz.

Japan lost Guadalcanal, the Philippines, Iwo lima, Japan lost Guadalcanal, the Philippines, Iwo lima, and Okinawa. Despite the losses, the Japanese and Okinawa. Despite the losses, the Japanese refused to surrender.refused to surrender.

The Allies began to plan an invasion of Japan. The Allies began to plan an invasion of Japan.


President Truman learned that the United States President Truman learned that the United States had developed a new weapon called the atomic had developed a new weapon called the atomic bomb, or A-bomb. bomb, or A-bomb.

This bomb could end the war, but it would cause This bomb could end the war, but it would cause enormous loss of Japanese lives. enormous loss of Japanese lives.

Truman was advised that over a million American Truman was advised that over a million American soldiers' lives would be lost if Japan was invaded soldiers' lives would be lost if Japan was invaded on land. on land.

Such an invasion would also kill countless Such an invasion would also kill countless Japanese people . Japanese people .


In an effort to avoid using the atomic bomb, the In an effort to avoid using the atomic bomb, the President gave one last warning to Japan. President gave one last warning to Japan.

Japan, however, refused to surrender. Japan, however, refused to surrender. Truman decided that he must approve the use of Truman decided that he must approve the use of

the atomic bomb on Japan. the atomic bomb on Japan. On August 6, 1945, from a plane named On August 6, 1945, from a plane named Enola Enola

Gay, Gay, the atomic bomb was dropped on the city of the atomic bomb was dropped on the city of Hiroshima. Hiroshima.

The weapon destroyed that major Japanese city The weapon destroyed that major Japanese city and instantly killed or wounded 130,000 people. and instantly killed or wounded 130,000 people.


Three days later, a second atomic bomb Three days later, a second atomic bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki, killing was dropped on the city of Nagasaki, killing or wounding 75,000 people. or wounding 75,000 people.

On August 14,1945, Japan asked for a On August 14,1945, Japan asked for a cease-fire-they wanted to end the fighting. cease-fire-they wanted to end the fighting.

General MacArthur accepted the formal General MacArthur accepted the formal surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945. surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945. World War II, the worst war in history, was World War II, the worst war in history, was finally over.finally over.

chapter 10 world war ii. preparation for war before and during the great depression in the united...

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