chapter 10 review questions

General Chemistry: Atoms First, 2e (McMurry and Fay)Chapter 10 Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes

10.1 Multiple Choice Questions

1) The bonds in the polyatomic ion CO32– are classified asA) ionic.B) metallic.C) nonpolar covalent.D) polar covalent.Answer: DDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces

2) Which covalent bond is the most polar?A) N-FB) C-FC) Cl-FD) F-FAnswer: BDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular ForcesAlgo. Option: algorithmic

3) Which has a dipole moment?A) CO2B) CO32–C) SO2D) SO42–Answer: CDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.1 Polar Covalent Bonds and Dipole Moments

4) Which of the following molecules does not have a dipole moment?A) CH2=CH2B) NH3C) CH3NH2D) HClAnswer: ADiff: 1Topic: Section 10.1 Polar Covalent Bonds and Dipole MomentsAlgo. Option: algorithmic

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5) Which of the following should have the largest dipole moment?A) H2(g) B) CO2(g) C) KCl(g) D) CH3F(g)Answer: CDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.1 Polar Covalent Bonds and Dipole MomentsAlgo. Option: algorithmic

6) The dipole moment of ClF is 0.88 D, and its bond length is 163 pm. What is the percent ionic character of the Cl-F bond?A) 0.54%B) 7.8%C) 11%D) 25%Answer: CDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.1 Polar Covalent Bonds and Dipole Moments

7) The dipole moment of BrF is 1.29 D, and its bond length is 178 pm. What is the percent ionic character of the Br-F bond?A) 3.9%B) 8.5%C) 15%D) 33%Answer: CDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.1 Polar Covalent Bonds and Dipole Moments

8) AgCl is found to have 78.1% ionic character, and its gas phase dipole moment is 11.5 D. What is the distance between the Ag and Cl atoms in gaseous AgCl?A) 9.19 x 10-10 pmB) 14.7 pmC) 307 pmD) 903 pmAnswer: CDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.1 Polar Covalent Bonds and Dipole Moments


9) Which has the smallest dipole-dipole forces?A) CH3FB) HClC) N2D) COAnswer: CDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular ForcesAlgo. Option: algorithmic

10) Which of the following does not exhibit hydrogen bonding?A) B) C) HFD) HO C OHAnswer: ADiff: 1Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces

11) Which of the following compounds exhibits hydrogen bonding?A) CH3ClB) HIC) H3C-O-CH3D) NH3Answer: DDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular ForcesAlgo. Option: algorithmic

12) Which of the following exhibits hydrogen bonding?A) OHB) OC) D) HCNAnswer: ADiff: 1Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces


13) Which of the following exhibits ion-dipole forces?A) NaCl(s)B) NaCl(aq)C) Na(s)D) Cl2(g)Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces

14) Which is expected to have the largest dispersion forces?A) C2H6B) C8H18C) N2D) CO2Answer: BDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular ForcesAlgo. Option: algorithmic

15) Which substance in each of the following pairs is expected to have the larger dispersion forces?

A) Br2 in set I and n-butane in set IIB) Br2 in set I and isobutane in set IIC) I2 in set I and n-butane in set IID) I2 in set I and isobutane in set IIAnswer: CDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces


16) Which of the following compounds exhibits only dipole-dipole intermolecular interactions?A) N2B) HBrC) CO2D) H2OAnswer: BDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular ForcesAlgo. Option: algorithmic

17) In liquid methanol, CH3OH

which intermolecular forces are present?A) Dispersion, hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole forces are present.B) Only dipole-dipole and ion-dipole forces are present.C) Only dispersion and dipole-dipole forces are present.D) Only hydrogen bonding forces are present.Answer: ADiff: 2Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular ForcesAlgo. Option: algorithmic

18) When a narrow diameter glass tube is inserted into a body of water, water rises in the tube and its surface inside is concave upwards. Which statement, concerning the strength of the intermolecular forces between glass and water molecules compared to those between water molecules, is accurate?A) The forces of attraction between the glass and water are weaker than those in water.B) The forces of attraction between the glass and water are stronger than those in water.C) The forces of attraction between the glass and water are the same as those in water.D) Intermolecular forces are irrelevant to this situation.Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.3 Some Properties of Liquids

19) Which of the intermolecular forces is the most important contributor to the high surface tension shown by water?A) dipole-dipole forcesB) dispersion forcesC) hydrogen bondingD) ion-dipole forcesAnswer: CDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.3 Some Properties of Liquids


20) Which of the following is most likely to have the highest viscosity at 25°C?A) C4H10B) HOCH2CH2OHC) C8H18D) C2H5NH2Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.3 Some Properties of Liquids

21) Which is expected to have the highest surface tension at 25°?A) C5H12B) C6H6C) C2H5OHD) C3H5(OH)3Answer: DDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.3 Some Properties of Liquids

22) The magnitude of the heats of vaporization, fusion and sublimation of a substance reflect theA) density of the substance.B) magnitudes of the boiling and melting points of the substance.C) strength of the covalent bonds between atoms in each molecule of the substance.D) strength of the intermolecular forces of the substance.Answer: DDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.4 Phase Changes Between Solids, Liquids, and Gases

23) For a particular compound, which is expected to be the largest in general?A) the heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of the gas 10.0°CB) the heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of the liquid 10.0°CC) the molar heat of fusion at the normal melting pointD) the molar heat of vaporization at the normal boiling pointAnswer: DDiff: 3Topic: Section 10.4 Phase Changes Between Solids, Liquids, and Gases

24) Which of the following phase changes has a positive value for its entropy change?A) boiling waterB) formation of raindrops from a cloudC) making dry ice from gaseous CO2 D) making ice cubes from liquid waterAnswer: ADiff: 2Topic: Section 10.4 Phase Changes Between Solids, Liquids, and Gases


25) For which of the following phase changes is the sign of ΔS negative?A) boiling of waterB) formation of snow from water vapor in cloudsC) melting of ice creamD) sublimation of I2Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.4 Phase Changes Between Solids, Liquids, and Gases

26) When a substance melts at its normal melting point, the sign of △H is ________ and the sign of △S of this phase change is ________.A) + , -B) - , + C) + , +D) - , -Answer: CDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.4 Phase Changes Between Solids, Liquids, and Gases

27) Ethyl chloride, C2H5Cl, is used as a local anesthetic. It works by cooling tissue as it vaporizes. The heat of vaporization is 26.4 kJ/mol. How much heat could be removed by 10.0 g of ethyl chloride?A) 4.09 kJB) 170 kJC) 264 kJ D) 1700 kJAnswer: ADiff: 2Topic: Section 10.4 Phase Changes Between Solids, Liquids, and GasesAlgo. Option: algorithmic

28) Bromine is one of only two elements that is a liquid at room temperature. Bromine has a heat of vaporization of 30.91 kJ/mol and its boiling point is 59°C. What is the entropy of vaporization for bromine?A) -301 J/(mol ∙ K)B) -93.1 J/(mol ∙ K)C) 10.7 J/(mol ∙ K)D) 93.1 J/(mol ∙ K)Answer: DDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.4 Phase Changes Between Solids, Liquids, and Gases


29) CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane, CCl3F) has been used for many years as the working fluid in refrigerators. Given its heat of vaporization is 26.88 kJ/mol and its entropy of vaporization is 90.51 J/(mol ∙ K), what is the boiling point of CFC-11?A) -272.9°CB) 0.297°CC) 2.44°C D) 23.8°CAnswer: DDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.4 Phase Changes Between Solids, Liquids, and Gases

30) How much heat is released when 75.0 g of steam at 100.0°C is cooled to ice at -15.0°C? The enthalpy of vaporization of water is 40.67 kJ/mol, the enthalpy of fusion for water is 6.01 kJ/mol, the molar heat capacity of liquid water is 75.4 J/(mol ∙ °C), and the molar heat capacity of ice is 36.4 J/(mol ∙ °C).A) 54.8 kJB) 195 kJC) 228 kJD) 248 kJAnswer: CDiff: 4Topic: Section 10.4 Phase Changes Between Solids, Liquids, and GasesAlgo. Option: algorithmic

31) For the process: HNO3(g) HNO⇌ 3(l)ΔH° is -39.04 kJ/mol and ΔS° is -111.74 J/(mol ∙ K). What is the normal boiling point of pure HNO3?A) 2.86°CB) 76.2°CC) 270.3°CD) 349.4°CAnswer: BDiff: 3Topic: Section 10.4 Phase Changes Between Solids, Liquids, and Gases

32) When a liquid is heated at its boiling point, theA) covalent bonds are broken, allowing vaporization to occur.B) temperature of the liquid increases.C) temperature of the liquid remains the same as long as any liquid is present.D) temperature of the vapor phase increases.Answer: CDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.5 Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point


33) As a liquid evaporates at a temperature below its boiling point, the temperature of the liquidA) decreases.B) decreases at low temperatures, but increases at high temperatures.C) increases.D) remains unchanged.Answer: ADiff: 2Topic: Section 10.5 Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point

34) Molecules of a liquid can pass into the vapor phase only if theA) liquid has little surface tension.B) molecules have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the intermolecular forces in the liquid.C) temperature of the liquid is near its boiling point.D) vapor pressure of the liquid is high.Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.5 Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point

35) The vapor pressure of a pure liquid increases as theA) average kinetic energy of the molecules in the liquid phase decreases.B) intermolecular attractive forces increase.C) temperature of the liquid phase decreases.D) temperature of the liquid phase increases.Answer: DDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.5 Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point

36) The normal boiling point occurs when the A) intermolecular forces within the liquid phase are broken.B) temperature of the pure liquid equals the external temperature.C) vapor pressure of a pure liquid equals an external pressure of one atmosphere.D) vapor pressure of the liquid equals the external pressure.Answer: CDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.5 Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point

37) Which of the following compounds has the highest boiling point?A) H2OB) HClC) H2SD) NH3Answer: ADiff: 1Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular ForcesAlgo. Option: algorithmic


38) Which of the following substances has the highest boiling point?A) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3B) XeC) CH3-CH2-CH3D) (CH3)4CAnswer: ADiff: 3Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces

39) Which of the following compounds has the highest boiling point?A) CH3CH2OHB) HOCH2CH2OHC) H3C-O-CH3D) CH3CH2CH2CH3Answer: BDiff: 3Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces

40) Which of the following has the lowest boiling point?A) ArB) C) HFD) HClAnswer: ADiff: 3Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces

41) Arrange the following in order of increasing boiling point.CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CH3 H3C-O-CH3 CH3CH2NH2

I II III IVA) IV < III < II < IB) II < III < IV < IC) I < IV < III < IID) II < III < I < IVAnswer: BDiff: 3Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces


42) The normal boiling point for HBr is higher than the normal boiling point for HCl. This can be explained byA) larger dipole-dipole forces for HBr.B) larger dispersion forces for HBr.C) larger hydrogen-bond forces for HBr.D) larger dipole-dipole forces, larger dispersion forces, and larger hydrogen-bond forces for HBr.Answer: BDiff: 3Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular ForcesAlgo. Option: algorithmic

43) A kitchen pressure cooker operates at 1.50 atm. The ΔHvap of water is 40.7 kJ/mol. What is the boiling point of water in the pressure cooker?A) 362 KB) 373 KC) 385 K D) 410 KAnswer: CDiff: 4Topic: Section 10.5 Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point

44) While mercury is very useful in barometers, mercury vapor is toxic. Given that mercury has a ΔHvap of 59.11 kJ/mol and its normal boiling point is 356.7°C, calculate the vapor pressure in mm Hg at room temperature, 25°C.A) 2.68 x 10-3 mm HgB) 2.99 mm HgC) 372 mm HgD) 753 mm HgAnswer: ADiff: 4Topic: Section 10.5 Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point

45) Hydroquinone is an antioxidant that is also used as a photographic reducer and developer. The normal boiling point of hydroquinone is 310°C. Calculate the pressure at which hydroquinone will boil at 200°C given that its is 73.38 kJ/mol.A) 1.210 x 10-4 mm HgB) 1.35 mm HgC) 22.5 mm HgD) 757 mm HgAnswer: CDiff: 4Topic: Section 10.5 Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point


46) The vapor pressure of liquid chloroform, CHCl3, is 400.0 torr at 24.1°C and 100.0 torr at -6.3°C. What is ΔHvap of chloroform? A) 15.3 kJ/molB) 30.1 kJ/molC) 57.6 kJ/molD) 86.7 kJ/molAnswer: BDiff: 4Topic: Section 10.5 Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point

47) Solids having no ordered long-range structure are classified asA) amorphous.B) crystalline.C) metallic.D) molecular.Answer: ADiff: 1Topic: Section 10.6 Kinds of Solids

48) Which of the following forms a molecular solid?A) CaOB) C10H22C) C(graphite)D) goldAnswer: BDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.6 Kinds of SolidsAlgo. Option: algorithmic

49) Which of the following statements is not consistent with the properties of a molecular solid?A) a compound that conducts electricity when moltenB) a low melting solidC) a solid formed by the combination of two nonmetallic elementsD) a solid that is a nonconductor of electricityAnswer: ADiff: 1Topic: Section 10.6 Kinds of Solids


50) Which of the following forms an ionic solid?A) AgB) C7H15NH2C) RbID) SO3Answer: CDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.6 Kinds of SolidsAlgo. Option: algorithmic

51) Which of the following is an ionic solid?A) ClB) NC) D) HAnswer: ADiff: 1Topic: Section 10.6 Kinds of Solids

52) Which of the following is not an ionic solid?A) B) ClC) N CD) BaAnswer: ADiff: 1Topic: Section 10.6 Kinds of Solids

53) A crystalline solid of unknown origin forms an aqueous solution that conducts an electrical current. The solid has a high melting point and shatters when struck with a hammer. The solid is likely to be A) a covalent network solid.B) an ionic solid.C) a metallic solid.D) a molecular solid.Answer: BDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.6 Kinds of Solids


54) Which of the following compounds forms a covalent network solid?A) LiB) C (diamond)C) O2D) CO2Answer: BDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.6 Kinds of Solids

55) Which of the following compounds forms a covalent network solid?A) C8H18B) NO2C) SiO2D) SnCl4Answer: CDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.6 Kinds of Solids

56) Which type of bonding does Mg form upon solidification?A) covalent networkB) ionicC) metallicD) molecularAnswer: CDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.6 Kinds of SolidsAlgo. Option: algorithmic

57) The wavelength of light used to observe an object must be ________ than the object itself.A) largerB) less than twiceC) of higher energyD) of lower energyAnswer: BDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.7 Probing the Structure of Solids: X-Ray Crystallography

58) The structure of a solid can be determined by diffraction of radiation in which region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum? A) infraredB) microwaveC) visibleD) X-rayAnswer: DDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.7 Probing the Structure of Solids: X-Ray Crystallography


59) How many atoms are in one face-centered cubic unit cell of a metal?A) 1B) 2C) 3D) 4Answer: DDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells

60) How many atoms are in one body-centered cubic unit cell of a metal?A) 1B) 2C) 3D) 4Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells

61) When cubic unit cells stack together, how many unit cells share a common corner?A) 2B) 4C) 6D) 8Answer: DDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells

62) How many unit cells share an atom that is on the face of a face-centered cubic unit cell?A) 1B) 2C) 4D) 8Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells

63) Which type of spherical packing has the most unused space?A) body-centered cubicB) cubic closest-packedC) cubic closest-packed and hexagonal closest-packedD) simple cubicAnswer: DDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells


64) Iron crystallizes in a body-centered cubic cell having an edge length of 287 pm. What is the density of iron in g/cm3.A) 1.99B) 7.85C) 11.9D) 15.9Answer: BDiff: 3Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells

65) What is the edge length of a face-centered cubic unit cell made up of atoms having a radius of 175 pm?A) 247 pmB) 495 pmC) 700 pmD) 1400 pmAnswer: BDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit CellsAlgo. Option: algorithmic

66) Rhodium has a face-centered cubic structure and has a density of 12.4 g/cm3. What is its atomic radius?A) 134 pmB) 268 pmC) 380 pmD) 1070 pmAnswer: ADiff: 4Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit CellsAlgo. Option: algorithmic

67) Silver crystallizes in a face-centered cubic structure. What is the edge length of the unit cell if the atomic radius of silver is 144 pm?A) 204 pmB) 288 pmC) 333 pmD) 407 pmAnswer: DDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit CellsAlgo. Option: algorithmic


68) An element forms a body-centered cubic crystalline substance. The edge length of the unit cell is 287 pm and the density of the crystal is 7.92 g/cm3. Calculate the atomic weight of the substance.A) 45.0 amuB) 48.0 amuC) 56.4 amuD) 63.5 amuAnswer: CDiff: 5Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells

69) Cesium has a radius of 272 pm and crystallizes in a face-centered cubic unit cell. What is the edge length of the unit cell?A) 314 pmB) 385 pmC) 544 pmD) 769 pmAnswer: DDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.7 Probing the Structure of Solids: X-Ray CrystallographyAlgo. Option: algorithmic

70) Manganese crystallizes in a body-centered cubic structure. What is the coordination number of each atom?A) 4B) 6C) 8D) 12Answer: CDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit CellsAlgo. Option: algorithmic

71) Cubic closest-packingA) has a body-centered cubic unit cell.B) has a face-centered cubic unit cell.C) has a simple cubic unit cell.D) has the same unit cell as hexagonal closest-packing.Answer: BDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells


72) The highest coordination number for spherical packing is found in theA) body-centered cubic structure.B) simple cubic structure.C) body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic.D) cubic closest-packing and hexagonal closest packing.Answer: DDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells

73) KCl crystallizes in a cubic unit cell with Cl- ions on each corner and each face. How many K+ ions and Cl- ions are in each unit cell of KCl?A) 1 K+ ion and 1 Cl- ionB) 2 K+ ions and 2 Cl- ionsC) 4 K+ ions and 4 Cl- ionsD) 8 K+ ions and 8 Cl- ionsAnswer: CDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.9 Structures of Some Ionic SolidsAlgo. Option: algorithmic

74) An ionic compound crystallizes in a unit cell having a face-centered cubic array of anions, X–, and half of the tetrahedral holes filled with metal ions, Mn+ The empirical formula of this ionic compound isA) MX.B) MX2.C) M2X.D) M2X7.Answer: ADiff: 2Topic: Section 10.9 Structures of Some Ionic Solids

75) An ionic compound crystallizes in a unit cell having a face-centered cubic array of metal ions, Mn+, and all of the tetrahedral holes occupied by anions, X–. The empirical formula of this ionic compound is A) MX.B) MX2.C) M2X.D) M7X4.Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.9 Structures of Some Ionic Solids


76) The edge length of a face-centered cubic lattice of NaCl is 564 pm. What is the density of NaCl in g/cm3?A) 0.720B) 1.08C) 2.16D) 4.32Answer: CDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.9 Structures of Some Ionic Solids

77) How many Cl- ions are around each K+ ion in KCl, which has a cubic unit cell with Cl- ions on each corner and each face?A) 1B) 4C) 6D) 8Answer: CDiff: 3Topic: Section 10.9 Structures of Some Ionic SolidsAlgo. Option: algorithmic

78) A binary ionic compound, MxAy, crystallizes in a cubic structure that contains eight anions (A) entirely within its unit cell and a cation (M) on each corner and on each face. What is the empirical formula of this compound?A) MAB) MA2C) M2AD) M4A8Answer: BDiff: 3Topic: Section 10.9 Structures of Some Ionic Solids

79) O2 and O3 are ________ of oxygen.A) allotropesB) isomersC) isotopesD) stereomersAnswer: ADiff: 1Topic: Section 10.10 Structures of Some Covalent Network Solids


80) Which of the following is not an allotrope of carbon?A) coalB) diamondC) fullereneD) graphiteAnswer: ADiff: 1Topic: Section 10.10 Structures of Some Covalent Network Solids

81) The layers of graphite are held together byA) covalent bonds.B) dipole-dipole forces.C) London dispersion forces.D) all of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.10 Structures of Some Covalent Network Solids

82) Diamond is held together byA) covalent bonds.B) dipole-dipole forces.C) London dispersion forces.D) all of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 2Topic: Section 10.10 Structures of Some Covalent Network Solids

83) Pencil lead is actuallyA) fullerene.B) graphite.C) lead.D) silica.Answer: BDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.10 Structures of Some Covalent Network Solids

84) The critical temperature of a substance is theA) highest temperature at which the liquid phase can exist in equilibrium with the gas phase.B) temperature above which the compound decomposes.C) temperature at which all three phases can exist in equilibrium.D) temperature at which sublimation occurs.Answer: ADiff: 2Topic: Section 10.11 Phase Diagrams


85) Which transition could occur if a solid is heated at a pressure below the triple point pressure?A) condensationB) depositionC) meltingD) sublimationAnswer: DDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.11 Phase Diagrams

86) Which transition could occur if a solid is heated at a pressure above the triple point pressure?A) condensationB) depositionC) meltingD) sublimationAnswer: CDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.11 Phase Diagrams

87) A supercritical fluid refers to a substanceA) above both its critical temperature and its critical pressure.B) at its triple point.C) that is in the liquid crystal state.D) with a viscosity of zero.Answer: ADiff: 2Topic: Section 10.11 Phase Diagrams

88) The liquid crystal stateA) is a liquid in which the molecules tend to assume an overall orientation with respect to each other.B) occurs when a supercritical fluid is rapidly cooled below the critical point.C) occurs when an amorphous solid first begins to melt.D) occurs when the first crystals form in the liquid during freezing.Answer: ADiff: 5Topic: FYI Liquids Made of Ions?


89) In the drawing of acetaldehyde, CH3CHO, the largest partial positive charge (δ+) occurs onA) atom (a).B) atom (b).C) atom (c).D) atom (d).Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

90) In the drawing of acetaldehyde, CH3CHO, the largest partial negative charge (δ -) occurs onA) atom (a).B) atom (b).C) atom (c).D) atom (d).Answer: CDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

91) In the drawing of acetic acid, CH3CO2H, a partial positive charge (δ+) occurs onA) only atom (a).B) only atom (b).C) atoms (a) and (c).D) atoms (b) and (d).Answer: DDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems


92) In the drawing of acetic acid, CH3CO2H, a partial negative charge (δ-) occurs onA) only atom (a).B) only atom (b).C) atoms (a) and (c).D) atoms (b) and (d).Answer: CDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

93) Which drawing best accounts for the polarity of water, H2O, and the bond polarities that make a major contribution to the overall molecular polarity?

A) drawing (1)B) drawing (2)C) drawing (3)D) drawing (4)Answer: DDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems


94) Which drawing best accounts for the polarity of methanol, CH3OH, and the bond polarities that make a major contribution to the overall molecular polarity?

A) drawing (1)B) drawing (2)C) drawing (3)D) drawing (4)Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems


95) Which drawing best shows the molecular polarity of methylamine, CH3NH2, and the bond polarities that make a major contribution to the overall molecular polarity?

A) drawing (1)B) drawing (2)C) drawing (3)D) drawing (4)Answer: ADiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems


96) Which drawing best shows the direction of the dipole moment in H2C=CCl2?

A) drawing (1)B) drawing (2)C) drawing (3)D) drawing (4)Answer: CDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems


97) Which best indicates the direction of the dipole moment in formaldehyde, H2C=O?



98) Which best indicates the direction of the dipole moment in acetone, (CH3)2C=O?

A) drawing (1)B) drawing (2)C) drawing (3)D) drawing (4)Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems


99) Which drawing best represents hydrogen bonding?



100) Which drawing below best represents hydrogen bonding methanol, CH3OH?



101) Which drawing best represents hydrogen bonding in methylamine, CH3NH2?

A) drawing (1)B) drawing (2)C) drawing (3)D) drawing (4)Answer: ADiff: 3Topic: Conceptual Problems

102) If figure (1) represents the vapor pressure of water at 25°C, which figure represents the vapor pressure of water at 45°C?A) figure (2)B) figure (3)C) figure (4)Answer: BDiff: 3Topic: Conceptual Problems


103) If figure (1) represents the vapor pressure of water at 25°C in a 1 liter container, which figure represents the vapor pressure of water at 25°C in a 2 liter container?

A) figure (2)B) figure (3)C) figure (4)Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

104) If figure (1) represents the vapor pressure of water at 25°C, which figure represents the vapor pressure of ethanol, CH3CH2OH at 25°C?A) figure (2)B) figure (3)C) figure (4)Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

105) If figure (1) represents the vapor pressure of diethyl ether, CH3CH2OCH2CH3, at 25°C, which figure represents the vapor pressure of ethanol at 25°C?A) figure (2)B) figure (3)C) figure (4)Answer: CDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems


106) If figure (1) represents the vapor pressure of water, at 25°C, which figure represents the vapor pressure of mercury at 25°C?A) figure (2)B) figure (3)C) figure (4)Answer: CDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

The plots below represent vapor pressure vs. temperature curves for diethyl ether, ethanol, mercury, and water, not necessarily in that order.

107) Based on the relative strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction of each substance, which is the most likely vapor pressure vs. temperature curve for diethyl ether?A) curve (a)B) curve (b)C) curve (c)D) curve (d)Answer: ADiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

108) Based on the relative strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction of each substance, which is the most likely vapor pressure vs. temperature curve for ethanol?A) curve (a)B) curve (b)C) curve (c)D) curve (d)Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems


109) Based on the relative strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction of each substance, which is the most likely vapor pressure vs. temperature curve for mercury?A) curve (a)B) curve (b)C) curve (c)D) curve (d)Answer: DDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

110) Based on the relative strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction of each substance, which is the most likely vapor pressure vs. temperature curve for water?A) curve (a)B) curve (b)C) curve (c)D) curve (d)Answer: CDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

111) From the plot of vapor pressure as a function of temperature shown below, the normal boiling point for tert-butyl alcohol is approximately

A) 0°C.B) 40°C.C) 85°C.D) 100°C.Answer: CDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems


The picture shown below represents a two-dimensional lattice of atoms M and X.

112) Which of the areas designated A, B, and C are smallest repeating units, analogous to two-dimensional unit cells?A) only AB) only BC) only CD) A, B, or CAnswer: DDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

113) What is the formula of the compound formed from M and X?A) MXB) MX2C) MX3D) MX4Answer: ADiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

114) Identify the packing in the figure shown below.

A) body-centered cubicB) cubic closest packed (face-centered cubic)C) hexagonal closest packedD) simple cubicAnswer: BDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems



A) body-centered cubicB) cubic closest packed (face-centered cubic)C) hexagonal closest packedD) simple cubicAnswer: DDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems


A) body-centered cubicB) cubic closest packed (face-centered cubic)C) hexagonal closest packedD) simple cubicAnswer: CDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems


A) body-centered cubicB) cubic closest packed (face-centered cubic)C) hexagonal closest packedD) simple cubicAnswer: ADiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems


A certain mineral crystallizes in the cubic unit cell shown below.

118) What kind of packing do the anions adopt?A) body-centered cubicB) cubic closest packed (face-centered cubic)C) hexagonal closest packedD) simple cubicAnswer: BDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

119) How many cations and how many anions are in the unit cell?A) 4 cations and 4 anionsB) 4 cations and 8 anionsC) 4 cations and 14 anionsD) 8 cations and 4 anionsAnswer: ADiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems


120) A certain mineral crystallizes in the cubic unit cell shown below. M represents the cations and A represents the anions. What is the empirical formula of the mineral?

A) MAB) MA2C) M2AD) M4A4Answer: ADiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

A certain mineral, MxM'yAz, crystallizes in the cubic unit cell shown below. M and M' represent cations and A represents the anions.

121) How many cations M are in the unit cell?A) 1B) 2C) 4D) 8Answer: ADiff: 3Topic: Conceptual Problems


122) How many anions are in the unit cell?A) 1B) 2C) 3D) 6Answer: CDiff: 3Topic: Conceptual Problems

123) What is the empirical formula of the mineral?A) MM'AB) MM'A3C) M2M'A3D) M8M'A6Answer: BDiff: 3Topic: Conceptual Problems

124) If cation M has a 2+ charge and anion A has a 2- charge, what is the oxidation state of cation M'?A) +1B) +2C) +3D) +4Answer: DDiff: 3Topic: Conceptual Problems


125) Consider a compound that undergoes sublimation at 125°C and a pressure of one atm. Which of the following could be a heating curve appropriate for heating the compound from 100°C to 150°C?

A) see graph aB) see graph bC) see graph cD) see graph dAnswer: BDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems


Use the diagram below to answer the following questions.

126) According to the diagram, the solid phase of this substanceA) has the same density as the liquid phase.B) is less dense than water.C) is less dense than the liquid phase.D) is more dense than the liquid phase.Answer: DDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

127) Melting occurs along theA) AC line.B) CB line.C) CD line.D) all of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

128) The solid and liquid phases can exist in equilibrium along lineA) AC.B) CB.C) CD.D) BD.Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems


129) The temperature and pressure at which all three phases can coexist in equilibrium isA) 0.25 atm and 110°C.B) 1.0 atm and 140°C.C) 1.25 atm and 300°C.D) 0.45 atm and 130°C.Answer: DDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

130) From the phase diagram above, the minimum pressure at which this substance can exist in the liquid phase isA) 0.25 atm.B) 0.45 atm.C) 1.0 atm.D) 1.2 atm.Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

131) The normal boiling point of this substance is approximatelyA) 25°C.B) 140°C.C) 300°C.D) 350°C.Answer: CDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

132) What phases can be present at 200°C and 0.75 atm pressure?A) only the vapor phaseB) only the liquid phaseC) only the solid phaseD) both the solid and vapor phasesAnswer: BDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

133) What phase changes occur when the temperature is held constant at 140°C and the pressure is increased from 0.25 atm to 1.4 atm?A) gas → liquid → solidB) gas → solid → liquidC) liquid → solid → gasD) solid → liquid → vaporAnswer: ADiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems


134) What phase changes occur when the pressure is held constant at 0.25 atm and the temperature increases from 100°C to 300°C?A) liquid → gasB) solid → gasC) solid → liquidD) solid → liquid → gasAnswer: BDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

The phase diagram of a substance is shown below.

135) The approximate normal boiling point of this substance isA) 180 K.B) 190 K.C) 300 K.D) 430 K.Answer: CDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

136) The approximate normal melting point of this substance isA) 100 K.B) 190 K.C) 300 K.D) 430 K.Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems


137) What is the physical phase of the substance at T = 100 K and P = 0.1 atm?A) gasB) liquidC) solidD) supercritical fluidAnswer: CDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

138) What is the physical phase of the substance at T = 225 K and P = 1.1 atm?A) gasB) liquidC) solidD) supercritical fluidAnswer: BDiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

139) What is the physical phase of the substance at T = 400 K and P = 2.0 atm?A) gasB) liquidC) solidD) supercritical fluidAnswer: ADiff: 2Topic: Conceptual Problems

10.2 Algorithmic Questions

1) Which covalent bond is the most polar? A) N-FB) C-FC) Cl-FD) F-FAnswer: BDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.1 Polar Covalent Bonds and Dipole Moments

2) Which of the following should have the largest dipole moment? A) F2(g) B) BCl3(g) C) KBr(g) D) CH3I(g)Answer: CDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.1 Polar Covalent Bonds and Dipole Moments


3) Which of the following molecules does not have a dipole moment? A) C2H2 B) H2OC) CH3CH2OHD) HIAnswer: ADiff: 1Topic: Section 10.1 Polar Covalent Bonds and Dipole Moments

4) Which has the smallest dipole-dipole forces? A) CH3Cl B) HBr C) O2D) NO Answer: CDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces

5) Which is expected to have the largest dispersion forces? A) C3H8B) C12H26C) F2D) Be Cl2Answer: BDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces

6) Which of the following compounds exhibits hydrogen bonding? A) CH3ClB) HI C) CH3OCH3 D) NH3 Answer: DDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces

7) Which of the following compounds has the highest boiling point?A) H2OB) H ClC) H2S D) N H3Answer: ADiff: 1Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces


8) In liquid propanol, CH3CH2CH2OH

which intermolecular forces are present? A) Dispersion, hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole forces are present.B) Only dipole-dipole and ion-dipole forces are present.C) Only dispersion and dipole-dipole forces are present.D) Only hydrogen bonding forces are present.Answer: ADiff: 2Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces

9) Which of the following compounds exhibits only dispersion and dipole-dipole intermolecular interactions? A) H2B) HI C) CO2D) CH3NH2 Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces

10) The normal boiling point for H2Te is higher than the normal boiling point for H2Se . This can be explained byA) larger dipole-dipole forces for H2Te .B) larger dispersion forces for H2Te .C) larger hydrogen-bond forces for H2Te .D) larger dipole-dipole forces, larger dispersion forces, and larger hydrogen-bond forces for H2Te .Answer: BDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.5 Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point

11) Ethyl chloride, C2H5Cl, is used as a local anesthetic. It works by cooling tissue as it vaporizes; its heat of vaporization is 26.4 kJ/mol. How much heat could be removed by 20.0 g of ethyl chloride?A) 8.18 kJB) 341 kJC) 528 kJ D) 3410 kJAnswer: ADiff: 2Topic: Section 10.4 Phase Changes Between Solids, Liquids, and Gases


12) How much heat is released when 105 g of steam at 100.0°C is cooled to ice at -15.0°C? The enthalpy of vaporization of water is 40.67 kJ/mol, the enthalpy of fusion for water is 6.01 kJ/mol, the molar heat capacity of liquid water is 75.4 J/(mol ∙ °C), and the molar heat capacity of ice is 36.4 J/(mol ∙ °C). A) 54.8 kJB) 273 kJC) 319 kJD) 347 kJAnswer: CDiff: 3Topic: Section 10.4 Phase Changes Between Solids, Liquids, and Gases

13) Which of the following forms a molecular solid?A) NH4NO3B) C6H4Cl2C) SiO2 D) copperAnswer: BDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.6 Kinds of Solids

14) Which of the following forms an ionic solid?A) AgB) C7H15NH2C) Rb I D) S O3Answer: CDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.6 Kinds of Solids

15) Which type of bonding does Sr form upon solidification? A) covalent networkB) ionicC) metallicD) molecularAnswer: CDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.6 Kinds of Solids


16) What is the edge length of a face-centered cubic unit cell made up of atoms having a radius of 128 pm?A) 181 pmB) 362 pmC) 512 pmD) 1020 pmAnswer: BDiff: 3Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells

17) Nickel has a face-centered cubic structure and has a density of 8.90 g/cm3. What is its atomic radius? A) 125 pmB) 249 pmC) 353 pmD) 997 pmAnswer: ADiff: 3Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells

18) A certain metal crystallizes in a face-centered cubic structure. What is the edge length of the unit cell if the atomic radius of the metal is 144 pm? A) 204 pmB) 288 pmC) 333 pmD) 407 pmAnswer: DDiff: 3Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells

19) Cesium has a radius of 272 pm and crystallizes in a body-centered cubic structure. What is the edge length of the unit cell?A) 314 pmB) 385 pmC) 544 pmD) 628 pmAnswer: DDiff: 3Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells


20) Lithium crystallizes in a body-centered cubic structure. What is the coordination number of each atom?A) 4B) 6C) 8D) 12Answer: CDiff: 1Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells

21) NaCl crystallizes in a cubic unit cell with Cl- ions on each corner and each face. How many Na+ and Cl- ions are in each unit cell of NaCl?A) 1 Na+ ion and 1 Cl- ionB) 2 Na+ ions and 2 Cl- ionsC) 4 Na+ ions and 4 Cl- ionsD) 8 Na+ ions and 8 Cl- ionsAnswer: CDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.9 Structures of Some Ionic Solids

22) How many H- ions are around each Na+ ion in NaH, which has a cubic unit cell with H- ions on each corner and each face?A) 1B) 4C) 6D) 8Answer: CDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.9 Structures of Some Ionic Solids

10.3 Short Answer Questions

1) The bonds in the polyatomic ion NO3– are classified as Answer: polar covalent.Diff: 2Topic: Section 10.1 Polar Covalent Bonds and Dipole Moments

2) In the molecule BF3 there is a δ+ charge on the ________ atom and a δ– charge on the ________ atom.Answer: boron, fluorineDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces


3) The intermolecular forces formed when NaCl is dissolved in water are ________ forces.Answer: ion-dipoleDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces

4) The intermolecular forces responsible for CH3CH2OH being at liquid at 20°C are ________ bonds.Answer: hydrogenDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces

5) Helium can be liquefied when He atoms are attracted to one another by intermolecular ________ forces.Answer: dispersion (or London dispersion)Diff: 2Topic: Section 10.2 Kinds of Intermolecular Forces

6) Of C2H5OH and C3H5(OH)3 the one expected to have the higher viscosity is ________, and the one expected to have the higher surface tension is ________.Answer: C3H5(OH)3, C3H5(OH)3Diff: 2Topic: Section 10.3 Some Properties of Liquids

7) The phase change H2(g) → H2(s) is called ________, and the enthalpy change, △H, for this phase change has a ________ sign.Answer: deposition, negative (–)Diff: 2Topic: Section 10.4 Phase Changes Between Solids, Liquids, and Gases

8) Of C2H5OH and C3H5(OH)3 the one expected to have the higher vapor pressure is ________, and the one expected to have the higher boiling point is ________.Answer: C2H5OH, C3H5(OH)3Diff: 2Topic: Section 10.5 Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point

9) The solids formed by K, K2O2, SiO2, and O2 are classified as ________, ________, ________, and ________, respectively. Answer: metallic, ionic, covalent network, molecularDiff: 2Topic: Section 10.6 Kinds of Solids


10) Ni has a face-centered unit cell. The number of Ni atoms in the unit cell is ________.Answer: fourDiff: 3Topic: Section 10.8 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells


chapter 10 review questions

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