Chapter 10 ProjectCreated by: Steve Branigan

Misael CespedesChris MataseJim Hasher

Jack DurisonDan Cannon

Section 1: Building a

German NationSection By: Steven Branigan

Taking Initial Steps Toward Unity

In the early 1800s, German speaking people lived in small states and were not united.

Napoleon annexed lands along the Rhine River for France, and dissolved the Holy Roman Empire.

The Germans defeated Napoleon and won back their lands. Germans now wanted a unified country.

At the Congress of Vienna, the German Confederation was created and it was headed by Austria.

Prussia created an economic union called the Zollverein. It dismantled tariff barriers between many German states.

Map of 1800s Germany

Bismarck Unites Germany

Otto Von Bismarck was the Chancellor of Prussia, and used his policy of “blood and iron” to unite German states.

Bismarck was a master of realpolitik, or politics based on the needs of the state.

He strengthened the army and increased Prussian prestige and power.

In 1866, Bismarck defeated Austria in the Austro-Prussian war and annexed several north German states.

Bismarck created a new confederation dominated by Prussia.

In 1870, Bismarck defeated Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian war.

Otto Von Bismarck

Birth of the German Empire

Delighted by the victory over France, princes from the southern German states and the North German Confederation persuaded William I of Prussia to be the Kaiser, or emperor.

In January 1871, the second Reich, or empire was born.

Bismarck drafted a constitution and set up a two house legislature.

The Bundesrat was the upper house and they were appointed by the rulers of the German states. The Reichstag was the lower house, and they were elected.

The Bundesrat

The Reichstag

German and Prussian Flag

Section 2: Germany Strengthens

By Misael Cespedes

Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant

By the late 1800s, German chemical and electrical industries were setting the standard worldwide.

Making Economic Progress

Economic growth was due to ample iron and coal resources.

Had a disciplined and educated workface.

Rapid population growth. From 41 million in 1871 to 67 million

by 1914.House of Krupp.

Enormous industrial complex that produced steel and weapons for a world market.

Promoting Scientific and Economic Development

Germans were the first to see the value in applying science in the development of new products.

After 1871, the German government… Issued a single currency for Germany. Reorganized the banking system. Coordinated railroads built by the

state.

The Iron Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

Wanted to keep France weak and isolated.

Built strong links with Austria and Russia.

Did not pursue naval power to avoid competition with Britain.

Sought to erase local loyalties to strengthen nationalism.

Targeted the Catholic Church and Socialists.

Otto von Bismarck

Campaign Against the Church

Catholics made up about a third of the population.

Bismarck was Lutheran and distrusted Catholics.

Launched the Kulturkampf “battle for civilization” Goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the

state above allegiance to the Church. The campaign backfired and Bismarck worked

to make piece with the Church.

Campaign Against Socialists

German Marxists organized the Social Democratic party. Called for parliamentary democracy and laws to

improve conditions for the working class. Bismarck feared that socialists would undermine

the loyalty of German workers and turn them toward revolution.

He dissolved their groups, shut down their newspapers, and banned their meetings.

The campaign also backfired. The Social Democratic party continued to grow,

and by 1912, they held more seats in the Reichstag (lower house) than any other party.

Kaiser William II Strongly believed in the Divine Right to

rule. In 1890,asked Bismarck to resign. While he resisted efforts to introduced

democratic reform, the government provided programs for social welfare.

He… Lavished funds on German military. Expanded the German Navy. Won an overseas empire to rival those of

Britain and France.

Kaiser William II

Challenges Facing The New Nation

• Italians felt little unity as a nation• The biggest division was between the North and the South• The North was rich and had a lot of business and culture• The South was rural and poor• The Hostility of the nation and the Roman Catholic Church divided the country• Under Victor Emmanuel, Italy was a constitutional monarchy that contained two- house legislature• Radicals struggles against the conservative government• The government gave more men the right to vote and passed more laws to make better the social conditions

Terms And NamesCarillo Cavour- A Shrewd ruthless

politician who brought the effort of a strong state

Anarchists- People who want to abolish all government

Giuseppe- A longtime nationalist and an ally of Mazzini who wanted to create an Italian Republic

Emigration- Movement away from their homeland

Section 4: Nationalism

Threatens Old Empires

The Hapsburg Empire Declines

Francis I and his foreign minister Metternich follow a very conservative view on how Austria should be ruled.

Austria was not immune to the effects of industrialization however.

The emperor could not stop change, therefore Austria began to be engulfed by industrialization, just as all of Europe had been.

The Hapsburgs ruled over many different ethnic groups in their empire. This was a way to prevent the spread of nationalism. Due to such ethnic diversity, any nationalists uprisings were ended by the government.

Francis Joseph was the heir to the Hapsburg throne who was only eighteen when he became emperor.

In 1859, Austria was defeated in a war by France and Sardinia.

To strengthen Austria after the defeat, Joseph made a new constitution that set up a legislature.

However, there was still tension between different ethnic groups because the legislature did not satisfy every nation in the empire. Emper

or Francis Joseph

The Dual Monarchy After Austria lost their war with Prussia in 1866,

more and more people desired change, especially the Hungarians.

Ferenc Deák was a Hungarian leader who helped bring about this change.

He helped create the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, a new political power.

Under the Dual Monarchy, Austria and Hungary split into two separate states. They each had their own constitution and the same ruler, Francis Joseph. Ferenc

Deák

The Dual Monarchy was greatly approved by the Hungarians, but not other countries.

There was still tension between different ethnic groups, like the Slavic people.

The Slavic Flag

The Ottoman Empire Collapses

The Ottomans ruled over several countries just like the Hapsburgs did.

They controlled from the Balkans to North Africa and the Middle East.

Several Ottoman states won their independence and eventually the idea of fighting for independence spread to other areas.

These ideas began to spread to Europe so European leaders started to divide the Ottoman Empire. They referred to the Ottoman Empire as “the sick man of Europe.”

Various countries began to take over different parts of the Ottoman Empire.

Russia, France, and Britain fought a war against the Ottomans to take control of the Ottoman Empire.

These wars in the Balkans eventually “erupted” during 1914 into World War I.

Section 5: Russia: Reform and

Reaction

Section By: Jim Hasher

Conditions in Russia By 1815 Russia had expanded and

combined cultures and nations to create a colossus multinational empire.

Nobles that owned land held the high power, and rejected anyone or anything that might threaten that.

Expansion of Russia

By the 1800s, tsars saw that they needed to modernize but resisted reforms that would undermine their absolute rule

The tsars held back on their reforms when they were worried that they might lose the support of the nobles.

Tsars have ruled with absolute power having everyone under their control.

Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution

The Crimean war was fought on the Crimean Peninsula between Russia, British, French, and the Turks.

Alexander II came to the throne in the year 1855 at the time of the Crimean War.

Alexander II issued a royal decree that resulted in the freeing of the serfs

Emancipation was a turning point during the revolution.

Many peasants moved to cities in hopes of finding jobs in factories and building up Russian industries

Alexander II set up a system of local government that had zemstvos as the elected assemblies

Zemstvos were in charge and responsible for road repair, schools, and agriculture.

Radicals of the West demanded much more revolutionary changes.

When Alexander III came to the throne, pogroms increased in Russia.

Pogroms were violent mob attacks on Jewish people

Crimean Peninsula

•Crimean War fought between Russia, British, French, and the Turks

Alexander II

• Took the throne in 1855 during the time of the Crimean War

Alexander III

• Persecution of Jewish people increased rapidly in Russia. Pogroms were a major issue.

____________________________________________________________________

Section 5: Russia Reform

and Reaction This section is done by Dan

Cannon

The Drive to Industrialize

1890’s Tsar Nicholas II encouraged economic development Encouraged building of railroads

Connected mines to factories to cities Secured foreign capital to invest in

industry and transportation system Trans-Siberian Railroad was created

Connected Pacific Ocean to European Russia

The Drive to Industrialize

Political and Social problems increased as a result of the industrialization

Government officials supported industry Nobles and Peasants feared the change it would

create Radicals arose such as the Socialists (Karl Marx) Industrialization has the same effect in Russia as

it did in England People living in slums High amounts of pollution Rapid urbanization

Nicholas II and Trans-Siberian Railroad

Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution

Bloody Sunday News of military disasters opened the flood

gates for aggression Protests started arising more often Sunday January 22, 1905

Marchers went towards the Winter Palace, holding religious symbols and singing hymns.

They also had a petition for freedom Nicholas became frightened by the people and fled

the castle The soldiers took over and started firing into the

crowd killing many

Bloody Sunday

Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution

The Revolution of 1905 The events of Bloody Sunday caused

mass unrest in Russia Workers rioted in the streets; Peasants

revolted against Nobles in the country side

Nicholas could not take it anymore and put out the October Manifesto

Said he Would call the Duma to meet Duma is an elected national legislature No law would be passed without the Duma’s

approval

The Duma

Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution

Nicholas’s pledge won over the moderates but not the Socialists

Duma met in 1906 but quickly dissolved after the way it was run was criticized

Nicholas appointed Peter Stolypin as Prime Minister Stolypin wanted mass reforms and to

solve the unrest

Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution

Peter Stolypin Stolypin made or attempted to make many

reforms Believed that all Peasants were conservatives

at heart Strengthened zentovs Improved education Couldn’t reach all with reforms Wanted to make Peasants owners of land but

could not do so Assassinated by Dmitri Bogrov on September

14, 1911

Peter Stolypin

Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution

Many believed that Stolypin was the last hope of the Romanov dynasty and that his assassination was the beginning of the end

Duma met again but their power was changed into conservative

1914 Russia was an autocracy