chapter 10 minerals, rocks and soils. explain how society’s needs led to developments in...
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Chapter 10 Minerals, Rocks and Soils
Unit 4 Earth’s Crust
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Explain how society’s needs led to developments in technologies designed to use rocks.
Classify and describe rocks based on their method of formation: sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic
Explain various ways in which rocks can be weathered: mechanical, chemical
Classify minerals based on their physical characteristics.
Learning Outcomes
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Minerals: naturally occurring inorganic solid materials,
composed of one or more elements
Rock: is a mixture of one or more minerals.
Minerals
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Most minerals are quite rare.Only a few are common (ex: quartz & mica)
Minerals
MicaQuartz
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A mineral can be an element (a pure substance) or a compound (two or more substances).
Some minerals are found in the earths crust (the outermost layer – this is where we live).
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Granite is a type of rock that is made up of 4 different minerals. It is made up of quartz, feldspar, mica and hornblende.
Granite is commonly found in the base of statues and in kitchen countertops (once it’s polished).
Granite
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1) Hardness (Mohs Hardness Scale)
2) Shape
3) Lustre
4) Colour
5) Streak
6) Cleavage & Fracture
Ways to Identify Minerals:
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Frederick Mohs developed a scale in 1812 of ten minerals with a “hardness” value of 1-10.
This scale is used to identify different minerals based on its “scratchability”.
The Mohs Hardness Scale
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Mineral Mineral Hardness Hardness of Common Objects
talc 1 (softest) Soft Pencil (1.5)
gypsum 2 Fingernail (2.5)
calcite 3 Piece of Copper (3.5)
fluorite 4 Iron Nail (4.5)
apatite 5 Glass (5.5)
feldspar 6 Steel File (6.5)
Quartz 7 Streak Plate (7)
Topaz 8 Sandpaper (7.5)
corundum 9 Emery Paper (9)
diamond 10
Mohs Hardness Scale:
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At times minerals appear as crystals. Crystals occur naturally and they have straight
edges, flat sides and regular angles.
Minerals
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All of the minerals (approx 3000) can be found in 1 of 6 crystal shapes.
Shapes of Minerals
Examples System Shape
Halite Cubic
Wulfenite Tetragonal
Corundum Hexagonal
Topaz Orthohombic
Gypsum Monoclinic
Albite Triclinic
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Halite - Cubic
Mineral Examples and Shapes
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Wulfenite – tetragonal
Mineral Examples and Shapes
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Corundum – hexagonal
Mineral Examples and Shapes
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Topaz – orthohombic
Mineral Examples and Shapes
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Gypsum – monoclinic
Mineral Examples and Shapes
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Albite – triclinic
Mineral Examples and Shapes
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Lustre or “shininess” of a mineral depends on how light is reflected from its surfaceExample: Gold is a mineral that appears
shiny while others such as talc appear dull
Lustre:
Talc is a soft mineral. You can scratch it with your fingernail. It comes in many colors such as white, green, pink, and gray.
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Color is one of the most attractive properties of minerals and offers clues into identifying them. Minerals are not always the same color all the
time. For example, the mineral Corundum is white/clear when it’s pure but when there is iron and/or titanium in it, the color is blue (and is called sapphire). When it contains chromium it’s red (and is called a ruby).
Colour:
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Streak is the color that is left behind when a mineral is rubbed across a piece of an unglazed porcelain tile.For example: Gold leaves a yellow streak while
pyrite (often called fools gold) leaves a greenish-black or brown-black streak. Minerals harder than 7 on Mohs Hardness Scale will not leave a streak
Streak:
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Cleavage and Fracture describe how the mineral breaks apart.
If a mineral breaks along smooth, flat surfaces or planes it is said to have cleavageMica is an example of a mineral with
cleavage
Cleavage & Fracture:
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Some minerals are so rare and beautiful that they are very valuable such as diamonds.
Some common usages of diamonds: To make jewelry (rings, earrings, necklaces)On drill bits to cut through hard substances
such as steel and rockSurgical scalpels, razor blades, dental drills
and diamond coated computer parts
Uses of Minerals
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Your body needs over 20 different elements found in minerals to survive. For example iron helps the blood carry oxygen.
Sodium (in small amounts) helps to regulate water in the body’s cells
Uses of Minerals
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When a mineral breaks apart with rough jagged edges it is said to have fracture
Quartz is an example of a mineral with fracture
Other Clues to Mineral Identification