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CHAPTER 10: GEOLOGIC RESOURCES

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The Crust The crust contains metals, building stone, minerals, and sources of energy Giant mining machines at a coal mine in Wyoming Look around you and identify at least five things produced with geologic resources.

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Geologic Resources are nonliving materials mined to maintain our system of industry and quality of life Geologic Resources

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Nonrenewable Resources Oil, Coal, Natural Gas, and Uranium account for 76% of energy consumption in Canada (The rest is Hydro: 21%, Other renewables: 3%) Most of our Energy comes from Nonrenewable Resources Where are oil and gas found in Canada? What about uranium?

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Nonmetallic Mineral Resources Mineral Resources Include Nonmetallic and Metallic Types

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Metallic Mineral Resources ~40 different metals are produced by mining and smelting Mineral deposits are profitable assemblages of ore minerals plus gangue (non- ore minerals) A typical ore mineral is chalcopyrite: CuFeS2. Copper is recovered in a smelter by separating it from the iron and sulphur

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Ores Are Formed by Several Processes This diagram shows a number of processes that take place within a magma chamber, and many other processes that take place within the rocks surrounding the magma. Consider how the presence of the magma is critical to these other processes.

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Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits The diagram to the left shows a black smoker close to a sea-floor spreading centre. Hot water, circulating through cracks in relatively new sea-floor basalt is flowing from a sea floor vent into cold ocean water. The resulting tiny sulphide mineral crystals look like black smoke. Why might the sudden change in conditions (at the sea-floor vent) lead to the dramatic precipitation of these minerals?

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Residual Mineral Deposits

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What is the importance of the water table to this process?

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Sedimentary Mineral Deposits Most iron formation formed on the deep ocean floor during the period in Earths history when the atmosphere and oceans were evolving from oxygen-poor to oxygen-rich. Why do iron minerals form from dissolved iron when the water becomes more oxidized? Deposits of relatively heavy and insoluble minerals, such as gold or diamonds, are concentrated in streams or on beaches at locations where currents slow.

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Formation of Ore Minerals Summary

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Identify the tectonic conditions that may be responsible for the overall environment depicted in this figure.

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Energy Only three Fundamental Types Available Solar Energy Electromagnetic radiation that originates with nuclear fusion inside the Suns core Geothermal Energy Heat that originates, in large part, from the nuclear energy stored in the Earth (e.g., in uranium) Tidal Energy Kinetic energy related to the gravitational effects of the rotation of the Earth and Moon around the Sun Revelstoke Dam, BC How is hydro energy a type of solar energy? What is the ultimate source of the nuclear energy stored within the Earth?

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Usage Fossil Fuels, principally petroleum and natural gas, provide energy that powers society, but Hydro is also very important in Canada What are some of the environmental implications of fossil fuel use?

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Oil Oil is composed of carbon that is primarily derived from buried plankton.

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Source Beds, Reservoir Beds, and Oil Traps: Why is shale a good cap rock while sandstone is a good reservoir rock?

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The Worlds Oil About 77% of the worlds oil has already been discovered. Most petroleum is found in a few large fields, and most fields are small. As exploration progresses, the average size of discoveries decreases. What does the term peak oil actually mean?

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Consumption Vs. Discovery Discoveries of oil (blue) have been dropping since the 1960s. The red part of the graph indicates predicted future discoveries. The orange line indicates annual consumption of oil. The trend of these data (running in opposite directions) indicates that eventually we will run out of affordable oil.

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30% already produced and used.

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Coal Coal is a fossil fuel that is found in stratified sedimentary deposits The largest coal reserves are in the United States, Russia and China. There is a lot of coal in the world, but its use causes smog, acid rain and air toxicity and, most significantly, it is the major contributor of the carbon dioxide that causes climate change.

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Canadas Coal Most of Canadas coal resources are in the west, although the first coal mines were in the Maritimes

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Anthracite (hard coal) (noncrystalline metamorphic rock) Bituminous (soft coal) (biogenic sedimentary rock) Peat (dense layers of warm, humid wetlands vegetation converted by microorganisms) What has to happen to coal-bearing rock to convert bituminous coal into anthracite? Types of Coal Lignite (brown coal) (plant remains still visible )

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Nuclear Power Nuclear power plants provide about 17% of the worlds electricity ~15% of total energy consumption in Canada (~ 8% in the US, ~80% in France) >400 nuclear power plants around the world (22 in the Canada)

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Debate Construction of nuclear power plants in North America has been at a virtual stand-still for the past 20 years. Why is this the case?

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Renewable Energy Renewable energy (mostly hydro) accounts for 24% of Canadas energy supplies Solar Power Wind Power Bioenergy Geothermal Energy Hydroelectric Power Ocean Energy

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Renewable Energy Consumption Describe and explain some of the differences between Canadian and US energy consumption figures?

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Solar hot-water panels at the Drakes Landing housing complex in Okotoks,Alberta. The panels provide hot water but also much of the space-heating needs of the residents. Thermal energy is stored in an underground storage system. Steven Earle Visit http://www.dlsc.ca/ to find out more about this project.http://www.dlsc.ca/

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