chapter 10 chromosomes and cell reproductionbiozone.weebly.com › uploads › 2 › 7 › 4 ›...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 10Chromosomes andCell Reproduction
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Chromosomes
Organisms grow by dividing of cellsBinary Fission – form of asexual
reproduction that produces identicaloffspring (Bacteria)
Eukaryotes have two types of celldivision, Mitosis and Meiosis
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Somatic Cell – a cell other than asperm or egg cell (Mitosis)
Gamete – a sperm or egg cell(Meiosis)
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Before a cell divides, chromosomesare made
Chromosome – when the DNA andproteins associated with DNA coil
Gene – segment of DNA that codesfor a protein
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Before chromosomes are created,DNA is copied
The two exact copies are calledchromatids
Two chromatids are held togetherby a centromere
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Chromosome #
Diploid – somatic cell contains twosets of chromosomes (2n)
Haploid – when a gamete cellcontains one set of chromosomes(n)
Fusing two gametes creates adiploid zygote (fertilized egg cell)
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Homologous Chromosomes are likea pair of shoes
You get one “shoe” from yourmother and one “shoe” from yourfather
n + n = 2n
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Chromosomes determine the sex ofoffspring
X and Y chromosomes are the sexchromosomes
All others are called autosomesXX = Female (humans)XY = Male
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Some organisms have differenttypes of sex chromosomecombinations
XX = Male BirdX = Female Bird
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Changing Chromosome #
Each chromosome had thousandsof genes
Things go wrong if missing orhaving extra chromosomes
Example is trisomy (three copies ofa chromosme)
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Trisomy 21 causes Down syndrome
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Trisomy 13 causes Patau Syndrome
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A karyotype is a picture of thechromosome #
Used to detect abnormalities inchromosome #
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Change in Structure
Mutation – change in chromosomestructure
Four types of mutationsDeletion – Deletes informationDuplication – Adds extra
information
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Inversion – Changes order ofinformation
Translocation – moves informationto a different chromosome
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The Cell Cycle
Is a repeating sequence of cellulargrowth and division during the life ofan organism
Broken down into 3 main phases:Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
90% of the time, a cell is inInterphase
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Interphase
Can be broken down intosmaller phases: G1, S, G2
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G1 Phase
Cell grows rapidly andcarries out routine functions
Cell spends most of its life inthis phase
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S or Synthesis Phase
A cell copies its DNAEach chromosome consists
of two chromatids attachedat a centromere at the endof S Phase
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G2 Phase
Nucleus prepares to divideProteins called microtubules
form (used to movechromosomes duringmitosis)
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Mitosis
The process of cell divisionin which the nucleus of a celldivides into two nuclei
Produces exact copies
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Cytokinesis
The process during celldivision when the cytoplasmdivides
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Controlling the Cell Cycle
Controlled by many proteinsUse checkpoints to regulate the
cycle
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G1 Checkpoint
Decides whether a cell willdivide
If conditions are favorable,proteins will stimulate the cellinto starting the S Phase
Only when conditions arefavorable
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DNA Synthesis or G2 Checkpoint
DNA replication is checked by DNArepair enzymes
If checkpoint is passed, proteins helptrigger mitosis
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Mitosis Checkpoint
Triggers the exit from mitosisSignals the beginning of the G1
Phase
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http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations_S03.htm
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Cancer
Certain genes contain theinformation for makingcheckpoint proteins
If one of these genes getsmutated, the check points maynot function
Cancer is the uncontrolledgrowth of cells
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Some mutations cause cells togrow to rapidly byoverproducing growthmolecules
Some mutations causeinactivation of checkpointproteins
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Some mutations occurspontaneously
Others are caused byenvironmental influences
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Mitosis
Mitosis is the division of onenuclei into two
Each contains a completeset of the cell’schromosomes
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Structures called centrioles arereplicated during G2 Phase in animalcells
These centrioles migrate towards thepoles during mitosis
When they move, spindle fibers begin toform
Spindle fibers are made of microtubules
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Spindle fibers areresponsible for separatingchromatids during mitosis
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Prophase
Chromosomes coil up andbecome visible
The nuclear envelopedissolves and the spindleforms
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Metaphase
The chromosomes move to themiddle of the cell and line up onthe equator
Spindle fibers link to thechromatids of eachchromosome
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Anaphase
Centromeres divideTwo chromatids move towards
opposite polesThese chromatids are now
called chromosomes
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Telophase
A nuclear envelope formsaround the chromosomes ateach pole
Chromosomes at each poleuncoil and the spindle dissolves
Mitosis is now complete
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Cytokinesis
The cytoplasm of the cell divides inhalf
Cell membrane grows to encloseeach cell
End result is two identical cells In animal cells, a belt of proteins
threads pinches the cell in halfPlant cells use a cell plate to split a
cell into two
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http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter11/animations.html#