Chapter 10 America Claims an Empire

IMPERIALISM

Imperialism in America

Main Idea• Beginning in 1867

and continuing through the century, global competition caused the United States to expand.

Why It Matters Now• During this time period,

the U.S. acquired Hawaii and Alaska, both of which became states in 1959.

QUESTION: How would we expand our empire??? What would we need to do in order to grow?

What is Imperialism?? #1

• This idea was called imperialism —the policy in which stronger nations extend economic, political or military control over weaker territories.

Europe was already doing this….where was U.S. in this game??

Supplemental Videos• John Green Imperialism• Imperialism for Dummies

Three Factors that Fueled Imperialism ??#2

• Three factors fueled American imperialism: #3

• The desire for military strength

• Admiral Alfred T. Mahan urges U.S. to build up navy to compete

• U.S. builds modern battleships, becomes third largest naval power

Three Factors that Fueled Imperialism ??#2

• Three factors fueled American imperialism:

• New economic markets (trade)• U.S. farms, factories produce

more than Americans can consume

• U.S. needs raw materials, new markets for goods

• Foreign trade: solution to overproduction, unemployment, depression

Three Factors that Fueled Imperialism ??#2

• Three factors fueled American imperialism: #4

• Belief that American culture was superior to others.(ethnocentrism)

• Some combine Social Darwinism, belief in superiority of Anglo-Saxons

• Argue U.S. has duty to Christianize, civilize “inferior peoples” #5

“Well, I hardly know which to take first!”

What did William Seward, Sec of State Acquire from the Russians? #6• William Seward was Secretary of

State for presidents Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.

• In 1867 he purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million.

• Some opponents in Congress made fun of the deal calling it “Seward’s Icebox” or “Seward’s Folly.”

Why did the U.S. have an interest in Hawaii? #7• The Hawaiian Islands = IMPORTANT to

U.S. financially (due to sugar plantations).

• ¾ of Hawaii’s wealth due to American-owned sugar plantations.

It’s all about the taxes…..#7• In 1875, the U.S. agreed to import Hawaiian

sugar duty-free (tax-free).• McKinley Tariff (1890) passed requiring

American plantation owners to PAY TAXES….Reaction????• Called for the U.S. to annex Hawaii. (didn’t

want to pay taxes)

The End of a Monarchy #8• Queen Liliuokalani (1891) wanted to give

more power back to the Hawaiians NOT the American business owners.

• American business owners organized revolt against queen and took control of island.

The End of a Monarchy #8• Sandford Dole becomes head of Government. #9• President Cleveland directed Dole to restore the queen in

1893• Dole refuses.• McKinley and Congress annex Hawaii in 1898

Why did the U.S. eventually get involved with events surrounding Cuba? #10

• 1868-1878 Cubans fought for their independence from Spain.

• Sugar was important investment for the U.S.

1. Treatment of cuban prisoners2. De Lome Letter criticizing the U.S.

President3. Battleship U.S.S. Maine exploded

(killed 260 Americans died) = blamed Spain for explosion…go to war???

De Lome

What is yellow journalism? #12

• Exaggerated news to make events more exciting

• Example: Treatment of Cubans by the Spanish to upset Americans.

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the and I’ll furnish the war!war!

What is significance of U.S.S. Maine? #13• U.S. battleship was

stationed in Cuba to protect American citizens.

• February 15, 1898 the ship exploded.

• 260 Americans killed (officers/crew)

• Blamed Spain for attack.

#14 What did Commodore George Dewey accomplish in the war in the Philippines?

• May 1, 1898 American naval commander George Dewey sailed into the Philippines to destroy Spanish fleet.

• 2 months later, Spanish surrendered to the U.S. (VICTORY)

#15 Who were the Rough Riders and what did they accomplish?

• American troops landed on the island of Cuba in June 1898.

• One unit of volunteer soldiers, led by T. Roosevelt helped win the important battle of San Juan Hill.

• RESULT= T.Roosevelt becomes hero, will help him win presidency later.

What did the Treaty of Paris of 1898 determine?

• Spain quickly signed a peace treaty.

• Treaty of Paris did the following:1. Granted Cuba its independence2. U.S. was given Puerto Rico &

Guam3. Purchased Philippines for $20

million• Created problems• Imperialists vs. non-imperialists

= violated Spirit of Dec of Independence for U.S. to colonize

Puerto Rico• Military Rule• During Spanish-

American War, General Nelson A. Miles occupies island

• Puerto Rico under military control

• People split on independence, statehood, self-government under U.S.

Ruling Puerto Rico

• Return to Civil Government

• PR strategic as post in Caribbean, for protection of future canal

• 1900, Foraker Act sets up civil government

• - president appoints governor, upper house

• 1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens; elect both houses

Cuba• U.S. didn't grant Cuba independence immediately

- Cuba had to agree to the Platt Amendment- It gave the U.S. the right interfere in Cuban affairs when there was a threat to life, property, and individual liberty - Cuba had to allow an American naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Philippines• President McKinley decided that the Philippines should

become an American Colony- Philippines wanted independence- Revolted against the U.S. - 1902 - U.S. troops finally restored order

• July 4, 1946, Philippines became independent

Power in the Pacific • U.S. always had interest in

Pacific- 1853 - U.S. navy landed in Tokyo Bay - Led by Commodore Matthew Perry

• He carried a letter from President Millard Fillmore

• U.S. wanted Japan to open ports to American trade- Carried gifts- Made it clear that Japan should not refuse president's request

Interest in China• U.S. joined other

countries in competing for control of China- Saw China as vast potential market for investment & opportunity

• France, Britain, Japan, Russia had settlements, & spheres of influence

• U.S. came up with trade policy

• U.S. Secretary of State John Hay issued Open Door notes

Interest in China• Open Door Policy -

no single country had a monopoly on trade with China- Notes ask imperialist nations to share trading rights with U.S.- Other powers reluctantly agree

The Boxer Rebellion in China• Europeans dominate

most large Chinese cities• Chinese formed secret

societies, including Boxers, to expel foreigners

• Boxers killed hundreds of foreigners & Chinese converts to Christianity

• U.S., Britain, France, Germany, Japan put down Boxer Rebellion

Protecting American Rights• Hay issued new Open Door notes saying U. S. would keep

trade open• Open Door policy reflected beliefs about U.S. economy:

- Growth depended on exports- U.S. had right to keep markets open- Closing of area threatens U.S. survival

The Anti-Imperialist League

• Several; well known Americans opposed overseas expansion- Andrew Carnegie- Mark Twain

• They believed that the U.S. should not deny other the right to govern themselves

• Their argument lost as everyone celebrated the war victory

• 1902 - McKinley’s reelection confirmed most Americans favored imperialism

Section 4America as a World Power

The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Canal, and the Mexican Revolution add to America’s military and economic power.

Teddy Roosevelt and the World• Roosevelt didn’t not want

Europeans to control world economy & politics

• 1904 - Japan & Russia disputed control of Korea (Japanese-Russo War)

• Roosevelt negotiated Treaty of Portsmouth: - Japan received Manchuria & Korea- Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize

• U.S. & Japan continued diplomatic talks - Pledged to respect each other’s possessions

The Panama Canal• U.S. wanted canal to cut

travel time of commercial & military ships

• Colombia controlled the isthmus of Panama (Best Spot)

• U.S. bought French company’s route through Panama

• Negotiated with Colombia to build Panama Canal - Talks broke down

The Panama Canal• French company agent

helped organize Panamanian rebellion - U.S. gave military aid

• Panama gained independence

• U.S., Panama sign treaty

• U.S. paid $10 million for Canal zone

Constructing the Canal• Construction of canal is

one of world’s greatest engineering feats- fought diseases & geographic obstacles- at height, 43,400 workers employed

• 5000 workers died• Finished in 1914• Canal cost $352 million

dollars

Policing the Hemisphere• Roosevelt wanted it made clear

that the U.S was the leading power in the Americas- Speak softly and carry a big stick"

• Roosevelt reminded Europe about the Monroe Doctrine

- It said that the U.S would police the western hemisphere

• Added the Roosevelt Corollary - added to the Monroe Doctrine- Said that if a situation arose that required international police power the U.S. would do the job

Policing the Hemisphere• Later presidents

expanded Roosevelt's" Big Stick Diplomacy"- Encouraged U.S. companies to invest in Latin America- Promised military support

Policing the Hemisphere• Dollar diplomacy—

U.S. guarantees foreign loans by U.S. business

• Latin Americans saw U.S. as bullies- Created distrust between U.S. and it Latin American neighbors

U.S. involvement in Latin America• Business leaders realized they could by products cheaply in

Latin America and sell them in the U.S. (coffee, bananas, and copper)

• Bought large tracts of land- Many people lost their land and were forced to take low paying jobs

Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy• Missionary diplomacy - U.S.

had moral responsibility:- would not recognize regimes that are oppressive, undemocratic

• A lot of U.S. investment in Mexico under dictator Porfirio Díaz,

• 1911, peasants & workers led by Francisco Madero overthrew Díaz (Mexican Revolution)

• General Victoriano Huerta took over government & Madero was murdered

• Wilson refused to recognize Huerta’s government

Intervention in Mexico• Huerta’s officers

arrested U.S. sailors & quickly release them

• Wilson ordered Marines to occupy Veracruz

• Argentina, Brazil, & Chile mediated to avoid war

• Huerta regime falls & nationalist Venustiano Carranza became new president

Rebellion in Mexico• Francisco “Pancho” &

Villa, Emiliano Zapata opposed Carranza- Zapata wanted land reform- Villa was a fierce nationalist

• Wilson recognizes Carranza’s government

• Villa threatened reprisals- Villa’s men killed Americans

Chasing Villa• Brig. Gen. John J. Pershing led

forces to capture Villa• Carranza demanded

withdrawal of U.S. troops- Wilson refuses at first

• U.S. faced war in Europe & wants peace on southern border (WWI)- Wilson ordered Pershing home

• Mexico adopted new constitution: - Government controls oil, minerals - restricted foreign investors