Chapter 10

Alexis de Tocqueville

• French writer – 1830s grand tour of US

• 1833 Democracy in America – insights on American democracy

• “Habit of the Heart” - culture encouraging individual initiative, belief in equality, active public sphere populated by voluntary organizations/associations

The American System

• National bank no longer existed – charter expired in 1811

• No uniform US currency• US infant manufacturing sector

needed protection to grow – tariff placed on competitive foreign goods

• Infrastructure needed –roads and canals

• 1816 – 20 year charter given to second Bank of the United States

Banks and Money

• Bank was private and profit-making corporation

• Acted as US financial agent – collected taxes, payed government debts, and issued paper money

• Tasked w/ensuring paper money issued by local banks had worth

• Value based on banks’ reputations for stability – issued specie for paper

Banks and Money

• Panic of 1819 End of War of 1812 sparked huge

increase in trade based on cotton and grain

Demand stimulated loans to purchase land

Demand eventually stabilized – land values plummeted and speculators and farmers lost millions

Loans called in – bankrupted businesses and farmers who could not pay

Banks and Money

• Framers received some relief as states suspended debt collection or used state printed money to pay off debts

• Caused many to doubt reliability of Bank of the United States – blamed for Panic

• Several states retaliated against the bank by taxing it – lead to Supreme Court case

Assignment

• Students will research and complete the following chart – Use old textbook

Court Case Issue Ruling ImpactDartmouth College

v. Woodward

McCullough v. Maryland

Gibbons v.Ogden

The Missouri Question

• Election of James Monroe in 1816 and 1820 established one-party rule

• Era of Good Feelings – only one political party: Democratic Republicans

• Politics organized on sectional not party differences

• 1819 – Missouri Territory requested right to form constitution

• Slave population already over 10K • James Tallmadge (NY) moved that no

more slaves be introduced and children of slaves freed at age 25President James Monroe

The Missouri Compromise

• Republican unity shattered along sectional lines

• Proposed compromise Missouri could draft constitution Maine would be admitted as free state Slavery prohibited in remaining territory

north of latitude 36’30’

• Missouri’s new constitution protected slavery and prohibited free blacks

• Violated “comity” clause where each state had to recognize rights of citizens of other states

The Missouri Compromise

• Henry Clay’s Second Compromise Congress accepted constitution as written

but state could not deprive any citizen of rights under US Constitution

Missouri ignored the directive

• Northern states wary of undue influence of South (28 years of Virginian presidents)

• More slaves = more Southern representatives

• Issue of westward expansion of slavery seen by both Jefferson and Adams as potentially explosive

• Adams predicted eventual civil warHenry Clay

The Monroe Doctrine

• Between 1810-1822 the Spanish colonies in Latin America revolted and became independent nations

• Sec of State John Q. Adams feared Spain would try and regain its colonies or other European nations would attempt to lay claim

• 1823 – Adams drafted a section of President Monroe’s annual message to Congress dealing with this issue

• Came to be known as the Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine

• Monroe Doctrine expressed three principles

US would oppose any further efforts of Europeans to colonize the Americas

US would not involve itself in European wars

US warned European powers not to interfere w/newly independent Latin American states

• American diplomatic declaration of independence?

Monroe Presidency

The Election of 1824

• Monroe Doctrine reflected rising US nationalism but politics ruled by sectionalism

• Candidates – all members of the Democratic Republican Party

Andrew Jackson – hero of New Orleans

John Quincy Adams - Northerner William Crawford - Southerner Henry Clay - Westerner

Andrew Jackson

John Quincy Adams

William Crawford

Henry Clay

The Election of 1824

• Jackson received most votes but not majority – election went to the House

• Constitution eliminated Clay (4th place)• Clay gave support to Adams – Adams

elected – Clay became Sec of State• Sec of State – traditional jump off

point to presidency• Jackson charged “Corrupt Bargain”• New political parties emerged

Democrats Whigs

You get your supporters behind me

and…

And I’ll become Secretary of State

and future president

John Quincy Adams

• Believed in the American System – government sponsored economic development and infrastructure construction

• Wanted a national university, an astronomical observatory, and a naval academy

• Believed US would/should become a world power

• Little support in Congress for programs

What are you looking

at? You wanna

piece of me?

The Election of 1828

• Democratic Party organized under leadership of Martin Van Buren

• Adams clung to old views of presidency – did little to campaign for reelection

• Election was dirty with accusations flowing from both sides

• Democratic organization worked to Jackson’s advantage – won election handily

Adams Presidency

The Age of Jackson

• Andrew Jackson Common beginnings Strong nationalist Wanted Indians removed West Believed blacks should remain

enslaved or freed and sent back to Africa

Believed in the abilities of the common man

Supporter of political patronage (spoils system)

The Age of Jackson

• Politics permeated all levels and all facets of American life

• Numbers of newspapers increased – took sides on political issues

• Democrats tended to back common farmers, small entrepreneurs, urban laborers – distrusted banks, merchants, and speculators

• Whigs supported development of infrastructure such as roads and canals

• Democrats favored limited government and expanded power of states

The Age of Jackson

• The Nullification Crisis High tariffs opposed by South Tariff of 1828 called “Tariff of

Abominations” South Carolina threatened to

nullify the law – John C. Calhoun leading proponent of nullification

Calhoun (VP) wrote Exposition and Protest to justify nullification

Calhoun asserted right of state to secede from union

The Age of Jackson

Despite lowered new tariff, SC declared tax on imported goods null and void

Congress passed Force Bill Henry Clay persuaded Congress to

pass even lower tariff causing SC to rescind nullification

Jackson v. Calhoun (Eaton affair, nationalism)

Calhoun left Democratic Party – joined Whigs

The Great Triumvirate: Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun

Indian Removal

• US began policy of Indian removal to region west of Mississippi River as early as Jefferson

• Attempts by Indians to assimilate were rejected by state governments

• Indian Removal Act 1830 authorized funds for forced removal of Indian tribes

• Cherokee sued in Supreme Court

Indian Removal

• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia – SCOTUS ruled Cherokee deserved protection but lacked standing as citizens

• Worcester v. Georgia – SCOTUS ruled Cherokee were a distinct people and only federal government could deal w/Indians not states

• Jackson disregarded the ruling and continued removal process

Indian Removal

• Majority of Cherokee adopted policy of passive resistance but were forced West by gunpoint

• The Trail of Tears• Only Seminoles resisted• By 1840, few Indians east

of Mississippi

The Bank War

• Many distrusted Bank of the United States – too much power?

• Bank’s charter up in 1836 – Whigs pushed for extension of 20 years in 1832

• “The bank is trying to destroy me, but I will kill it”

• Jackson versus Clay• Clay wanted bank as issue against

Jackson in election – Jackson vetoed charter/killed bank

The Bank War

• Jackson’s veto empowered state banks wanting to issue paper currency and “hard money” supporters

• Jackson removed government funds from Bank of US and deposited them in several state banks (government officials with investments in banks chose the banks = “Pet Banks”)

• Increased printing of paper money caused inflation – Jackson demanded US land sales be paid in specie

Jackson Presidency

The Bank War

• Demand by Britain to be paid in specie and lowered demand for cotton helped cause economic collapse

• Panic of 1837 caused widespread bankruptcy, unemployment, and foreclosures

• President Martin Van Buren left holding the bag

Van Buren Presidency

Don’t hate me because

I’m beautiful!

The Election of 1840

• Democrats hurt by economic depression

• Whigs passed over Clay and Webster (their views were known) and nominated William Henry Harrison, “Hero of Tippecanoe,” and John Tyler

• Contrasted Harrison as man of the people versus Van Buren as elite

• Log cabin and cider barrel became symbols of campaign

The Election of 1840

• Harrison elected • Harrison did not believe in

powerful executive of Jackson – left much of administration up to congress

• Clay and Webster squabbled over power

• Harrison died a month after taking office

• Tyler became presidentHarrison Presidency

John Tyler Trivia

• John Tyler was the only President to serve as a Confederate Congressman and when he died his coffin was draped with the Confederate flag

• John Tyler’s grandsons are still alive (as of Feb 2015). Tyler was president 20 years before Lincoln! How is that possible?!!

• John Tyler was born in 1790 when Washington was President. Just 3 generations of Tylers span All of the US presidents