chapter 10 agriculture. quick review primary economic activities: closest to the ground, for...

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Chapter 10 Agriculture

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Page 1: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

Chapter 10

Agriculture

Page 2: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 3: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

Quick ReviewPrimary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc.

Secondary Economic Activities: take a primary product and manufacture it…change it into something else such as toys, ships, processed food, buildings…etc.

Tertiary Economic Activities: Part of the service industry. Bankers, lawyers, teachers, doctors, salespeople etc.

Page 4: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

First Agricultural Revolution

•The planned cultivation of seed crops.

•Sowing, watering, harvesting

•Fertile Crescent

Page 5: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

Subsistence Agriculture in the Modern World

Page 6: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

What does subsistence farming mean?

• In the strictest sense—only grow enough to survive

• Today we use it to describe societies where farmers, with small plots sometimes sell a few pounds of grain on the market, but where poverty is a way of life

Page 7: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 8: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

Second Agricultural Revolution

• Similar to the Industrial Revolution in that this was composed of a series of innovations, improvements, and techniques that would generate the kinds of surpluses needed to feed thousands of people who worked the factories instead of the fields.

Page 9: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

Von Thünen's Model of Land Use

• Early in the 19th century Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1783-1850) developed a model of land use that showed how market processes could determine how land in different locations would be used.

• Von Thünen was a skilled farmer who was knowledgeable in economics.

Page 10: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

Think of a bulls eye!

• Nearest the town, farmers produced commodities that were perishable and commanded high prices, such as dairy products and strawberries.

• At this level, Von Thunen believed agriculture would be produced with a high level of intensity.

Page 11: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 12: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

It is simplest to explain von Thünen's model in terms of agricultural land use but it is not limited to that land use.

Suppose the land surrounding a city market can be used for:

•truck farms for growing tomatoes

•orchards for growing apples

•wheat farms

Page 13: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

The costs for transporting the crops from these uses differ. Let bx be the cost for transporting the product of one acre of land use x a distance of one mile. Furthermore, suppose

b tomatoes> bapples > bwheat

Page 14: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

Let us now plot a graph in which the horizontal axis is the distance from the city and the vertical axis is the land rent that a user can pay.

Consider first the land rent tomato growers can pay at various distances from the city.

Farmers at greater distances can pay only a lower rent because of the higher transportation costs for hauling their product to the city.

Page 15: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 16: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 17: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 18: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 19: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

Intensive or Extensive?

• Tomatoes

• Corn

• Dairy products

• Wheat

• Strawberries

• Potatoes

Page 20: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 21: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 22: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Food

genetically-modified foods: food plants that have been genetically altered by the addition of foreign genes to enhance a desired trait.

Page 23: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

Benefits

•Crops

•Enhanced taste and quality

•Reduced maturation time

•Increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance

•Improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides

•New products and growing techniques

Page 24: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 25: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

• Animals

• Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency

• Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk

• Improved animal health and diagnostic methods

Page 26: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

•Environment

•"Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides

•Conservation of soil, water, and energy

•Bioprocessing for forestry products

•Better natural waste management

•More efficient processing

Page 27: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 28: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

•Society

•Increased food security for growing populations

Page 29: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 30: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

Controversies

•Safety

•Potential human health impacts, including allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance markers, unknown effects

•Potential environmental impacts, including: unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown effects on other organisms (e.g., soil microbes), and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity

Page 31: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 32: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

•Access and Intellectual Property

•Domination of world food production by a few companies

•Increasing dependence on industrialized nations by developing countries

•Biopiracy, or foreign exploitation of natural resources

Page 33: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 34: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

•Ethics

•Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values

•Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species

•Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa

•Stress for animal

Page 35: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 36: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 37: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

•Labeling

•Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., United States)

•Mixing GM crops with non-GM products confounds labeling attempts

Page 38: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 39: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

•Society

•New advances may be skewed to interests of rich countries

Page 40: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 41: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

Agribusiness: a company that exists to make money off of

Agriculture

Page 42: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 43: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 44: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 45: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 46: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 47: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 48: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary
Page 49: Chapter 10 Agriculture. Quick Review Primary Economic Activities: Closest to the ground, for example—agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining etc. Secondary

                      

The End……or is it?

Definitely watch the Bill Nye Video, and for fun watch “Store Wars” and “The Meatrix”