chapter 10 a new civilization emerges in western europe
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I. Stages of Postclassical Development 6th to 10th centuries –Fragmentation prevails Catholic church strong Iberia –Arab Muslims Core: France, Low Countries, Germany –Later, England Scandinavian Vikings –Raids from 8th to 10th centuries Literacy declines –except among churchmenTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 10
A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe
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I. Stages of Postclassical Development• 6th to 10th centuries– Fragmentation prevails
• Catholic church strong• Iberia– Arab Muslims
• Core: France, Low Countries, Germany– Later, England
• Scandinavian Vikings– Raids from 8th to 10th
centuries• Literacy declines– except among churchmen
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(Video)
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Europe, ca. 750 CE
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I. Stages of Postclassical Development• A. The Manorial System:
Obligations and Allegiances– Local, personal political
organization– Manorialism
• Agricultural economy• Reciprocal obligations
– In-kind labor for produce
• Serfdom– 800s
• Agricultural innovation– Moldboard– Crop rotation
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I. Stages of Postclassical Development• B. The Church: Political and Spiritual
Power– Popes follow Roman organization
• Appoint bishops• Sponsor missionaries
– Monasticism• Benedict of Nursia
– Benedictine rule• Spiritual functions
– Holiness– Network– Pilgrimage centers
• Secular functions– Education– Large estates– Shelter travelers
• Universities, from 13th century
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Spread ofChristianityIn WesternEurope
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I. Stages of Postclassical Development• C. Charlemagne and His
Successors– Frankish Carolingian dynasty
• Charles Martel– 732, Tours
• Charles the Great (Charlemagne)– 800, crowned emperor– Copied Roman central
administration– 814, death
» Empire fragments• 843, Treaty of Verdun
– Three kingdoms• Holy Roman emperors
– Ruling Germany, Italy
Charlemagne’s Empire and Successor States
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Charlemagne’s Empire and Successor States
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Carolingian Empire
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I. Stages of Postclassical Development• D. New Economic and Urban
Vigor– Agricultural improvements• Increased production• Surplus, wealth,
population growth– Towns grow• Literacy expands
– Education• Cathedral schools, from
11th century• Universities, from 13th
century
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I. Stages of Postclassical Development• E. Feudal Monarchies and
Political Advances– Personal relationship• Military service for land
– Some lords emerge more powerful• e.g. Capetian kings of
France• Develop bureaucracies,
states– William the Conqueror• 1066, Norman conquest
of England• Centralized government– Sheriffs, courts
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I. Stages of Postclassical Development• F. Limited Government
– Political fragmentation continues• Monarchs limited by
church, nobles, towns– 1215, Magna Carta
• King John recognizes supremacy of written laws
– Representative bodies• Catalonia, from 1000• England, from 1265
– Monarchs continue to increase in power• Large conflicts• e.g. Hundred Years War
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I. Stages of Postclassical Development• G. The West's Expansionist
Impulse– Germanic knights
• From 11th century, into eastern Germany, Poland
– Iberia• Northern Christian states
begin reconquista– Vikings
• Cross Atlantic– Crusades
• Called by Urban II, 1095• Initial success• New contact with Islam
Western Europe towards the End of the Middle Ages
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Christian ReconquestOf Spain
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The Crusades
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The Major Crusades
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I. Stages of Postclassical Development• H. Religious Reform and
Evolution– Gregorian reform, 11th
century• Based in monasteries• Gregory VII
– Separation of secular and religious spheres
– Mendicants, 13th century• St. France, St. Clare,
St. Dominic
• I. The High Middle Ages
Western Europe towards the End of the Middle Ages
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II. Western Culture in the Postclassical Era• A. Theology: Assimilating Faith and
Reason– Exploration of Greek philosophy– Peter Abelard, 12th century
• Rational examination of doctrine
– Bernard of Clairvaux• Opposed to Abelard's
approach• Mysticism
– Debate in universities– Thomas Aquinas
• Summas – Faith primary, reason
leads to understanding• Scholasticism
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II. Western Culture in the Postclassical Era• B. Popular Religion
– Survival of pagan practice
• C. Religious Themes in Art and Literature– Romanesque architecture
• Especially monastic buildings
– Gothic• From 11th century
– 12th century• Vernacular, secular
literature• e.g. Song of Roland• Geoffrey Chaucer,
Canterbury Tales• Troubadours
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III. Changing Economic and Social Forms in the Postclassical Centuries
• A. New Strains in Rural Life– Peasants v. landlords
• Peasants slowly gain
• B. Growth of Trade and Banking– Commerce expands
• Mediterranean zone joined with North Sea, Baltic
– Money replaces barter– Banking, insurance merge– Hanseatic League
• Northern Germany, southern Scandinavia
– Merchants relatively free• But relatively low status
– Guilds• Craft associations• Protect markets• Ensure standards• Social role
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III. Changing Economic and Social Forms in the Postclassical Centuries
• C. Limited Sphere for Women– Women generally lose
ground– Some opportunities as
nuns
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IV. The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis• Widespread warfare from 1300 to
1500– Hundred Years War– Weakens feudal order
• Population outstrips agriculture– Famines
• Bubonic Plague (Black Death)– from 1348
• A. Signs of Strain– Aristocracy lose military purpose
• Foot soldiers more important• Increasingly decorative
– Church increasingly rigid
• B. The Postclassical West and Its Heritage– Formative period
• Dynamic change
Western Europe towards the End of the Middle Ages
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Spread of the Black Death