Chapter 1 : Uncovering the Past

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• History – study of the past• A battle that happened 5,000 years ago and an

election that happened yesterday are both parts of history.

• Historians want to know how people lived and why they did the things they did.

• They wanted to know how and where they worked, fought, traded, farm and worship.

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• Culture – knowledge, beliefs, customs and values of a group

• Archaeology – study of the past based on what was left behind

• Archaeologist explore places where people once lived, worked or fought

• Things that people may have left behind include jewelry, dishes or weapons.

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• Famous saying – “Those who forget their past are doomed to repeat it.”

• People who ignore the results of past decisions often make the same mistakes over and over.

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• Benefits of Studying History • Helps us understand the world today and

make better decisions in the future• Helps us know ourselves, others and the

world.

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• Fossil – a part or imprint of something that once was alive

• Artifacts – objects created by and used by humans : ex. coins, arrowheads, toys and pottery

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• Primary sources – account of an event created by someone who took part in or witnessed the event

• A journal of a soldier in the Civil War.

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• Secondary sources – information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event

• History textbooks, magazine articles and encyclopedias

• They gather information about events from different sources.

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• Geography – study of the Earth’s physical and cultural features

• Physical Geography – study of the Earth’s land and features

• Landforms – mountains, valleys, plains, rivers, deserts and other features

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• Climate – pattern of weather conditions in a certain area for a long period of time

• Climate is not the same as weather.• Weather is the conditions at a specific time

and place

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• Environment – all living and nonliving things that affect life in an area

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• Human Geography – study different things about people and their cultures

• ex – work, food, religions, homes• Human geography also deals with how the

environment affects people• ex – people settle near rivers

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• Location – exact description of where something is

• Maps – People have been making maps for more than 4,000 years.

• Region – area with one or more features that make it different from surrounding areas

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• Resources – materials found in the Earth that people need and value

• Early times, essential resources included water, animals, fertile land and stones for tools.

• The world’s first societies formed along rivers.• Crops could be grown better on the fertile

land along the rivers.