chapter 1: the science of life objectives 1. recognize some possible benefits from studying biology...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1: The Science of Life
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Objectives
• 1. Recognize some possible benefits from studying biology
• 2. Summarize the characteristics of living things
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Ch. 1 Biology I. What is biology?= the study of lifeA. Diversity of life• 1. Biology = study of all living
things and how they interact• 2. Organism: anything that
posses all of the characteristics of a living thing
• 3. No species live alone, they all effect one another
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B. Seven Characteristics of Living Things:
1. Living things are organized and made of cells biological molecules -organelles - cells
– tissues – organs – organ systems – organism
Cells are the basic unit of life
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• 2. Living things have the ability to reproduce and make fertile offspring – Species= group of organisms
that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature
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• 3. Living things grow (cell division) and develop (mature) throughout their life
• 4. Living things respond to their environment– Stimulus: a condition that requires an
organism to adjust– Response: reaction to the changed
condition (stimulus)
• 5. Living things maintain homeostasis – Maintain stable internal conditions
(temp, blood pressure. breathing etc…)
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• 6. Living things use energy to do work (metabolism)
• 7. Living things adapt to their environment = EVOLUTION– The strong will survive and
populate the area (evolution)
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Objectives sec 2• Identify three important themes that help
explain the living world.
• Summarize why evolution is an important theme in biology.
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II. Themes in BiologyA. Diversity= Variety
• 1. All living things have unique characteristics that make them different
• 2. All living things also have similarities that can “tie” them together – Ex: genetic code
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• B. Domains & Kingdoms of Life– The three domains of life are:
• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukarya.
– The six kingdoms
• Archaea
• Bacteria
• Protista
• Fungi,
• Plantae
• Animalia.
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Phylogenetic Diagram of Living Organisms
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C. Interdependence of Organisms
• 1. Organisms live in interdependent communities and interact with both organisms and the environment.– Ecology = study organisms interactions with
environment
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Evolution of Life
• 1. Evolution= descent with modification– The process in which the inherited
characteristics within populations change over generations.
• 2. natural selection: nature “chooses” who survives (fits in best)
• 3. adaptations = qualities that allow you to survive and reproduce
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Objectives sec 3• Outline the main steps in the scientific method.
• Summarize how observations are used to form hypotheses.
• List the elements of a controlled experiment.
• Describe how scientists use data to draw conclusions.
• Compare a scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory.
• State how communication in science helps prevent dishonesty and bias.
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The scientific method•1. State the problem: pose
a question• 2. Make observations &
inferences– Observation: using your senses
to gather information– Data: facts, figures, gathered
through observations– Inferences: interpretation of an
observation
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1. Observe: Is there ever a year in high school when all students areenrolled in physical education?Explain your answer.
2. Infer: Is there a relationshipbetween the number of studentsenrolled in physical education and their
year of high school?Explain your answer.
3. Observe: Can you tell which states in the country have the largest number of students enrolled in physical education?
4. Infer: Based on the graph, can you explain why so few students take physical education in their senior year?
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•3. Develop a hypothesisa. Possible explanation or
educated guess based on your observations
4. Test hypothesis/experimenta. variables: factors that can change an experimentb. independent variable; variable that is changed
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– C. dependent variable: factor that changes because of the independent variable
– D. controlled experiment: all of the variables remain the same •Use this as a comparison
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Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Controlled Experiment and Variable
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•5. Measuring, collecting and interpreting data– Charts and graphs keep the
information well organized
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•6. Drawing conclusions– Summing up what you have
learned– State evidence that either
supports or refutes the hypothesis
– Easy to write as an “if then” statement
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•7. Communicate = report your results to others!–Others must be able to reproduce your work and get the same results
–Share information (especially with health care) to educate others
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Scientific Theory vs. Law (principle)
• 1. Well-tested concept that explains observations
• 2. Based on many years of experimentation
• 3. Nothing is 100% correct, but theories have not been proved wrong yet
• 4. Laws or principles are known to be true (law of gravity)
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Objectives sec 4
• List the function of each of the major parts of a compound microscope.
• Compare two kinds of electron microscopes.
• Describe the importance of having the SI system of measurement.
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Section 4. Microscopes
A. 2 functions – magnify (make bigger) resolution (focus in)
B. Compound microscopes have more than one lens and allow you to view living things
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C. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) – allows the surface of an object to be seen up to 100,000x
D. Transmission Electron Microscope – allows the internal parts of an object to be seen up to 200,000x
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Units of Measurement• Base and Other Units
– Scientists use a single, standard system of measurement, called the metric system.
• The official name of the metric system is Système International d’Unités or SI.
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Units of Measurement• Base and Other Units
– The metric system has seven base units.