chapter 1 – the science of biology!. what words do we associate with science?
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1 – The Science of Biology!
Section 1-1: What in the world is
Science?!?!?!
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What words do we associate with science?
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The goal of science is to investigate and understand the ______________, to explain events, and to use those explanations to make ___________________
To simplify, science is
natural world
useful predictions
an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world
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Science can also just refer to theknowledge scientists have complied
Scientific thinking usually starts with ________________an observation
An observation is just gathering info in an orderly way
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_______= the information gathered through observations
There are 2 main types of data:
Data
qualitative and quantitative
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Qualitative =____________________—written descriptions of what scientists observe.
Quantitative = results from experiments that use __________________________— numerical data can be used to make graphs, tables, or charts.counts or measurements
observational data
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Qualitative Quantitative
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____________ = a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experienceInference
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So we have made our observation, now what?
Scientists come up with a ______________ – a proposed explanation for a set of observations
Hypothesis’ must be able to be tested – some through ________________________ and some through further collection of data
hypothesis
controlled experiments
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new medical treatments, new sources of fuel, different uses for waste
Biology can be considered a way of knowing – it is an ongoing process because things continue to change (we don’t leave things alone!!!)
Biological research can lead to all sorts of different things;
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Section 1-2: How Scientists
Work
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Observations lead to questions – we need a way to test those questions. That’s where an experiment comes in.
The basic steps in designing an experiment:
1. Ask the question
5. Draw a conclusion
2. Form a hypothesis from the question3. Set up a controlled experiment
4. Record and analyze results
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Aristotle had the idea that living things could come from nonliving things –there were special “vital” forces that brought this about – this became known as
To help understand each step, let’s look at some well-known experiments from history
This idea persisted for a while – it was only challenged some 400 years agospontaneous generation
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These ideas were questioned because of simple observations: maggots on meat, mice on grain, beetles in poo
Redi, an Italian physician, came up with a different hypothesis as to why maggots appear on meat __________ they laid eggs
(step 1)
(step 2)
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Controlled experiment = an experiment in which only _______________ is changed at a time all others are kept unchanged
Redi came up with a controlled experiment(step 3)
one variable
(controlled)
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The independent variable (IV) is what you are changing/controlling/know
The dependent variable (DV) is what you are observing/counting/watching
What is the IV?What is the DV?
What is the IV?What is the DV?
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We like pictures, but hate numbers, so why do we hate graphs? Its just a picture of our numbers!
What is the IV?What is the DV?
Dependent
Reactive
Y-axis
Manipulated
Independent
X-axis
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Line Graph: shows change over time
Bar Graph: compares similar but separate categories
Circle/pie Graph: part of a whole thing (%)
Types of Graphs
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In Redi’s experiment, he predicted that keeping flies away from meat would prevent maggots, so the variable he changed (IV) was the flies access to the meat
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Redi thought that if flies couldn't get to the meat there would be no maggots, so he set up meat in 2 sets of jars – most factors were the same: the jar, type of meat, location, temp, time – the only thing that changed was
the gauze over the jar
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Redi recorded his data in notebooks for future generations of scientists
Redi’s finding ___________ his hypothesis – if the flies couldn’t get to the meat, there were no maggots
(step 4)
(step 5)
supported
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Experiments are often repeated to make sure that results are
A key assumption in science is that experimental results can bereproduced
valid
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Sometimes it’s not always possible to do an experiment to test a hypothesis
_______________ are used as a way to make observations and gather further information to help support a hypothesis
Field studies
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When there is enough evidence from several investigations and a hypothesis is very well supported it is considered
Some people might try to criticize something because it is “just a theory”, but in science, a theory is
a theory
a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
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Section 1-3: Studying Life!
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We ask questions all the time; how, what, when, where, why?This is exactly what biologists do – they ask questions about living things
Biology is just the study of life
Bio =Logy =
lifethe study of
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So how do we classify living things; what characteristics do they have?
All living things (___________) share the following characteristics, they are:
organisms
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_______ = a collection of living matter enclosed by a _____________ that separates the cell from its surroundings
1. Are made up of units called cells
Cellbarrier
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_____________________ = cells from 2 parents unite to produce the first cell of the new organism
______________________= the new organism has a single parent it divides in half to form 2 new organisms
2. Reproduce
Sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction
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Organisms inherit traits from their parents through
This code determines the inherited traits of every organism on Earth
3. Based on a universal genetic code
DNA – the genetic code
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For some single-celled organisms, _________ is just an increase in size
All of the changes that take place during the life of an organism =
4. Grow and develop
growth
development
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Organisms need material and energy just to stay alive!
_____________= the combo of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials during life processes
5. Obtain and use materials and energy
Metabolism
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_________= a signal to which an organism responds
Organisms can react to both _____________________ stimuli
6. Respond to their environment
Stimulus
internal and external
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_______________ = the process by which organisms keep internal conditions constant for survival
Organisms go to great lengths to maintain conditions (temp and water content)
7. Maintain a stable internal environment
Homeostasis
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It can take ________________ of years for these changes to really be apparent
Ex. Desert plants have evolved and adapted to living in very hot, dry climates
8. As a group, change over time
100s or 1000s
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Since there is a very large range of living things, there are many branches of Biology
Some of the levels that biology can study are…
BiospheresMolecules
Cells
Groups of cells
Organisms
PopulationsCommunities
Ecosystems
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Section 1-4: Tools and Procedures
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Scientists use all sorts of tools to help make observations and _____________________
We need a _________________ _________________ so that scientists all over the world can understand it
take measurements
common systemof measurement
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The ________________ is a decimal system of measurement whose units are scaled on multiples of
A revised version of the metric system is the
metric system
10
International System of Measurement (SI)
Measurement
Unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance
mole mol
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_______________= devices that produce magnified images of structures that
are too small to see with the naked eye
Microscopes
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Compound light microscopes use ______ lenses to form an image
They can magnify an object by about
____________________ produce an image by focusing visible light raysLight microscopes
two
1000 times
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______________________ produce an image by focusing beams of electronsImages can get 1000 times more detailed than that of a light microscope
There are 2 main types of electron microscopes:
Electron microscopes
transmission electron (TEM) and scanning electron (SEM)
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TEM SEM•Shines light through thin specimen•Specimen is NOT living•Used to view details in the specimen
•Scans surface of specimen•Specimen is NOT living•Creates a 3D image of the specimen
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__________ should always be practiced as biologists work with a variety of materials, living and dead
P.1066-1076 – reference page for safety procedures P.1068 in book – reference page for safety symbols
Lab safety
Sharp Object Safety
Clothing Protection Safety
Eye Safety
Chemical Safety