chapter 1 the science of biology
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CHAPTER 1 The Science of Biology. 1.1 What is Science?. What Science Is and Is Not. Scientific ideas are open to testing, discussion, and revision. Science as a Way of Knowing. Science is different from human endeavors because It deals only with the natural world - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 1 The Science of
Biology
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1.1 What is Science?
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What Science Is and Is Not
• Scientific ideas are open to testing, discussion, and revision.
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Science as a Way of Knowing• Science is different from human endeavors
because – It deals only with the natural world– Data is collected in an orderly way to look for
patterns and connections– Explanations are based on evidence, not belief
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The Goals of Science
• To provide natural explanations for events in the natural world.
• Use scientific explanations to understand patterns in nature and formulate predictions.
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Science, Change, and Uncertainty
• Nature is still a mystery because science is constantly changing.
• Science rarely proves anything in absolute terms, so scientists aim for the best understanding of the natural world.
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Scientific Methodology: The Heart of Science
• There isn’t any single “scientific method,” but a general
style of investigation called scientific methodology.• It involves observing,
making inferences and forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.
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Observing and Asking Questions
• Scientific investigations begin with observations.
• A good scientist should be able to “Think something that nobody has thought yet, while looking at something that everybody sees.” – Arthur Schopenhauer
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Inferring and Forming a Hypothesis
• After posing questions, scientists use observations to make inferences.• Inference combined with creative
imagination can help to form a hypothesis.
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Designing Controlled Experiments• Hypotheses should be
tested in controlled experiments.
• You need controlling variables to determine what is responsible for any changes that occur.
• Scientists use multiple control and experimental groups so they can replicate the experiment.
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Collecting and Analyzing Data
• Quantitative Data – numbers obtained by counting or measuring
• Qualitative Data – descriptions that can not be counted
• To avoid error use a larger sample size. The larger the sample size, the more reliable the data is.
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Drawing Conclusions• Use experimental data to support,
refute, or revise the hypothesis.• If the hypothesis is not fully
supported, you can reevaluate and design a new experiment.
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When Experiments Are Not Possible
• Some hypotheses can be tested by observation.
• Some experiments are not possible because of ethics.
Weather Patterns
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1.2 Science in Context
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Exploration and Discovery: Where Ideas Come From
• Observations may be inspired by scientific attitudes, practical problems, and new technology
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Scientific Attitudes• Curiosity, skepticism, open-
mindedness, and creativity help scientists generate new ideas• Skeptics question existing ideas and
hypotheses
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Practical Problems
• Practical questions and issues inspire scientific questions, hypotheses, and experiments
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The Role of Technology• Scientific discoveries may lead to new
technologies, which enable scientists to ask new questions or to gather data in different ways
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Communicating Results: Reviewing and Sharing Ideas
• Communication and sharing of ideas are vital to modern science
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Peer Review
• Scientists publish articles, which contain details about experimental conditions, controls, data, analysis, and conclusions
• These articles have been peer-reviewed by anonymous, independent experts, and allow researchers to share ideas and to test and evaluate each other’s work
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Sharing Knowledge and New Ideas
• New scientific finding spark new questions• Each new questions leads to new
hypotheses and new experiments
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Scientific Theories
• The word theory applies to a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses and that enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations
• No theory is considered absolute truth
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Science and Society• Certain questions can’t be answered by
science alone.
• They involve the society in which we live, our economy, and our laws and moral principles.
Testing Mussels for Toxins
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Science, Ethics, ad Morality• Pure science doesn’t include ethical
or moral viewpoints• Science can’t tell us why life exists or
what ways technology should be applied.
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Avoiding Bias• Bias can be personal taste,
preference for someone or something, and social standards of beauty• Scientific data can be misinterpreted
or misapplied by scientists who want to pave a particular point
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1.3 Studying Life
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Characteristics of Living Things• Living things are made up
of basic unites called cells, are based on a universal genetic code, obtain and use material and energy, grow and develop, reproduce, respond to their environment, maintain a stable internal environment, and change over time
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Big Ideas in Biology• All biological studies are tied
together by themes and methods of study that cut across disciplines.• The study of biology revolves around
several interlocking big ideas.
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1. Cellular Basis of Life
• There are unicellular and multicellular organisms
• Cells in mulitcellular organisms have many different shapes, sizes, and functions
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2. Information and Heredity
• Living things are based on universal genetic code
• The information coded in DNA can influence your future, like risks for developing illnesses, or hair color
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3. Matter and Energy
• Life requires matter that serves as nutrients to build body structures, and energy fuels life’s processes
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4. Growth, Development, and Reproduction
• All living things reproduce, and the young grow and develop as they mature
• During growth and development, generalized cells typically become more and more different and specialized for particular functions.
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5. Homeostasis
• Living things maintain a relatively stable internal environment
• The breakdown of homeostasis may have serious or even fatal consequences.
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6. Evolution• Evolutionary change links all forms of life to a
common origin• Evolutionary theory is the central organizing
principle of all biological and biomedical sciences
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7. Structure and Function• Each major group of organisms has evolved its
own collection of structures that make particular functions possible
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8. Unity and Diversity of Life
• All living things are fundamentally similar at the molecular level.
• All organisms are considered of a common set of carbon-based molecules, store information in a common genetic code, and use proteins to build their structures and carry out their functions
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9. Interdependence in Nature• All forms of life are connected into a
biosphere and are linked to one another and to the land, water, and
air around them
• The relationship depends on the cycling of matter and the flow of energy
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10. Science as a Way of Knowing• The job of science is to use
observations, questions, and experiments to explain the natural world in terms of natural forces and events
• Scientific research reveals rules and patterns that can explain and predict at least some events in nature
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Fields of Biology
• Biology includes many overlapping fields that use different tools to study life from the level of molecules to the entire planet
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Global Ecology
• Global ecological studies are enabling us to learn about our global impact
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Biotechnology
• This field is based on our ability to “edit” and rewrite the genetic code
• Biotechnology raises ethical, legal, and social questions
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Building the Tree of Life• Biologists have discovered and identified
roughly 1.8 million different kinds of living organisms
• They want to combine the latest genetic information with computer technology to organize all living things into a single universal “Tree of All Life”
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Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Diseases
• Relationships between hosts and pathogens are constantly changing
• Organisms that can cause human disease have their own ecology, which involve our bodies, medicines we take, and our interactions with each other and the environment
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Genomics and Molecular Biology
• These fields focus on studies of DNA and other molecules inside cells.
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Performing Biological Investigations
• Biologists like other scientists, rely on a common system of measurement and practice safety procedures when conducting studies
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Scientific Measurements• Most scientists use the
metric system when collecting data and performing experiments
• The metric system is a decimal system of measurement whose units are based on certain physical standards and are scaled on multiples of 10
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Safety• Careful preparation is the key to staying safe
during scientific activities