Chapter 1

The Physical World

Solar System________

• 109 times wider than the earth

• ________—Keeps the Earth and other objects in orbit around the sun

8 planets: Know them in order!!

Pluto…Why not?

• ________—small round bodies that orbit the sun but not enough __________ to clear the orbits of other orbiting bodies (it’s too small)

Terrestrial planets• 4 inner• ________• Solid rocky crusts

Gas giant planets• 4 outer• ________• More gaseous and less

dense

Other objects• Thousands• ________—irregularly shaped,

planet-like• ________—icy ________ particles

and ________ gases• ________—chunks of space rock and

________space debris– Usually ________ before Earth’s surface

• ________—Meteors that fall to the ________

The Earth• Diameter-- 7,930 miles• Circumference—24,900 miles

• ________—Oceans, lakes, rivers, underground water, and others

• ________– the crust; includes land beneath the oceans

• ________—layer of gases above the surface;78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen

• ________-people, animals, and plants that live on or in the atmosphere

The Continents• ________ largest landmasses• ________, ________, ________, ________,

________, ________, ________

Underwater landforms• Flat plains, mountain

ranges, cliffs, valleys, trenches

• ________—underwater extension of the coastal plain; slope out as far as 800 miles

• Descend gradually to about 660 ft until a sharp drop to the ocean floor

Parts of the Earth

_________• ________--Solid

iron and nickel• ________ -Band of

liquid iron and nickel

________• Hot, dense rock• Silicon, aluminum,

iron, magnesium, oxygen, and others

• Soft enough to be constantly rise/fall, cool/warm

• Releases 80% of the heat generated from the Earth’s interior

• Made up of dozens of slabs of rocks called plates

• ________• ________—drifted

apart

_________ • Shell forming the Earth’s

surface• Ranges from ________

miles thick to ________ miles think under mountains

Plate tectonics• Physical processes that create

many of the Earth’s physical features

• Mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes• ________—molten rock beneath

the surface• ________• Scientists, however, have not yet

determined exactly what causes ________. They theorize that ________ rising from the Earth’s core may create slow moving currents within the mantle

Major Types of Plate Movement

1. ____________—heavier oceanic plates goes beneath the lighter continental plates

2. ____________– allows magma to rise 3. ____________—collisions cause

bending/mountains– ____________—sliding creates underwater mountains– ____________—plates bend

4. ____________—crust cracks and bends from collision; rubbing– ____________—cracks created by plate movement

External Forces of Change• Wind and water movements• ________ –Physical and Chemical• Erosion• ________—bodies of ice that move

across the Earth’s surface• ________—deposits of rocks and

debris2 types of Glaciers1) ________2) ________—create U-shaped valleys

Soil Building• Weathering breaks down rocks into smaller pieces

5 Factors That Influence1. ________- determine the type of soil that can develop2. ________—the shape and position of Earth’s physical

features—affects surface runoff of water,3. ________ determines the parent material (original rock)4. ________-- living and dead plants and animals, adds

organic matter to the soil.5. ________ the other four factors have been interacting

also affects soil formation

Earth’s Water

• 97 of Earth’s water water consists of one huge continuous body of water that circles all the continents

• ________, ________, ________, ________, ________

The Water Cycle • ________—liquid water into vapor or gas• ________—liquid to vapor or gas from plants• ________—vapor to a liquid• ________—rain, snow, sleet, hail

• ________—saltwater to freshwater• Can cost up to 5x more than other sources of

freshwater• Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates can

afford

• Only _______% of Earth’s total water supply is freshwater

• ________—comes from ________ and ________ that filters through soil; wells and spring

• ________—underground porous rock layer saturated by very slow flows of water

TRIVIA ABOUT THE EARTH THAT YOU SHOULD KNOW• HIGHEST MOUNTAIN IN THE WORLD

– ______________________

• DRIEST PLACE ON EARTH– ______________________

• LARGEST SAND DESERT– ______________________

• LARGEST DESERT– ______________________

• LONGEST RIVER– ______________________

• LOWEST PLACE ON EARTH– ______________________

• LARGEST OCEAN– ______________________

• LARGEST CONTINENT– ______________________

THE END