chapter 1 the language of composition makes lou gehrig’s speech effective? gehrig has credibility...
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Rhetoric
The Language of CompositionChapter 1
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Chapter 1 Vocabulary
AUDIENCE:The person(s) receiving the messageCONTEXT:The time and place in which a message is givenPURPOSE:The goal of the writer or speakerTHESIS/CLAIM/ASSERTION:The main idea of a message
SUBJECT: The topic of a messageSPEAKER:The one delivering the messagePERSONA:The character created by the speakerASSUMPTION:Underlying beliefsINDUCTION:Drawing broad conclusions from specific details.
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Chapter 1 Vocabulary
COUNTERARGUMENT:Objections and opposing views to an argumentCONCEDE:To agree with a part of a counterargumentREFUTE:To deny the validity of a counterargument
CONNOTATIONS:Emotions associated with a wordPROPAGANDISTIC:Emotionally driven text meant to sway opinionsPOLEMIC: An argument against an ideaSATIRIC:The use of humor to point out flaws and bring change
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Rhetoric gets a bad rap.
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Rhetoric:
“The faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.”
-- Aristotle
Write your own definition.
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The Rhetorical Triangle
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The Rhetorical Triangle
Audience: The recipient(s) of the message
Speaker (Persona): The one delivering the message
Subject (Purpose): The message
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CONTEXTIs Key!
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The Rhetorical Triangle
Scenario #1: You are trying to convince your friend to go to a party.
Speaker: You (what persona do you create?)
Audience:Your friend
Subject: What is your message?
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The Rhetorical Triangle
Scenario #2: You are trying to convince your friend’s parents to let them go to a party.
Speaker: You (what persona do you create?)
Audience:Your friend’s parents
Subject: What is your message?
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Lou Gehrig’s Speech
Who is the speaker?
Who is the audience?
What is the message?
Is it effective? What makes it effective?
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Lou Gehrig’s Speech
Who is the speaker? Lou Gehrig
Who is the audience? Baseball Fans
What is the message? “I’ve had a bad break, but I have a lot to live for.”
Is it effective? What makes it effective?
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What makes Lou Gehrig’s Speech Effective?
● Gehrig has credibility as a player and American icon.
● Gehrig supports his message with facts and logic.
● Gehrig has an emotional connection with his audience.
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Rhetorical Appeals
Logos: logical ideas supported by facts
Ethos: credibility & trustworthiness coming from shared values
Pathos: emotional connection with the audience
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Examples of Logos
● Rational, logical ideas● Details, facts● Statistical data, case studies
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Examples of Ethos
● Speaker’s expertise● Credibility of other experts● Shared values with audience● Celebrity endorsements
Credibility ≠ Reliability
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Examples of Pathos
● Emotive language (connotation)● Figurative language● Personal anecdotes
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Rhetorical Appeals
Logos: logical ideas supported by facts
Ethos: credibility & trustworthiness coming from shared values
Pathos: emotional connection with the audience
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Rhetorical Appeals in
Practice Read the Lou Gehrig Speech again.
Highlight examples of Logos, Ethos, and Pathos in different colors.
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Any Questions?
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Rhetorical Appeals in
Practice
Read the Jody Heymann piece.
Highlight Appeals to Logos, Ethos, and Pathos in different colors.
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Rhetoric in Practice: Assignment
● Read the correspondence between Phyllis Wright & Albert Einstein.
● Identify the subject, speaker, audience, context, and purpose
● Highlight Appeals to Logos, Ethos, and Pathos
How rhetorically effective is Einstein’s response?
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Visual Rhetoric
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Visual Rhetoric
The same strategies apply to visual rhetoric as apply to written or spoken rhetoric.
Visual Rhetoric often relies on the use of satire as well.
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What rhetorical appeals are used in this ad?
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What rhetorical appeals are used in this ad?
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What rhetorical appeals are used in this ad?
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A Few Words about Satire…
“A sort of glass (mirror) wherein beholders do generally discover everyone’s face but their own.”
● Relies on humor, wit, irony, parody… shows how absurd something is.
● Points out flaws and absurdities in society and politics.
Example: A Modest Porpoisal
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Review…
1. Identify the Speaker, Audience, Message, & Context2. Evaluate the effectiveness by identifying appeals to
Logos, Ethos, & Pathos3. These apply to both written/spoken and visual texts
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Structuring an Argument
Aristotle-Style
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The Classical Model
1. Introduction: introduces the subject
2. Narration: provides context
3. Confirmation: makes the argument
4. Refutation: addresses counterarguments
5. Conclusion: answers the “so what?”
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Rhetoric in Practice
Read “Not by Math Alone” and identify the five parts of the Classical Model.
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Patterns of Development
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Narration
Tells a story to make a point
● Testimonial● Parable / Fable
Relies on the credibility of the speaker and the relatability of the story.
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The Tortoise and the Hare
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Description
Uses sensory details to illustrate a point.
● Narrative Essays
Used in conjunction with narration to make the narrative more relatable.
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Of Mice and Men
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Process Analysis
Explains how something works or how something should be done.
● Instruction Manuals● Scientific Process
Relies on clarity of explanation.
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Exemplification
Provides examples to make an abstract idea more concrete.
● Case studies● Narratives
Relies on relevant, credible examples to make the point.
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Comparison & Contrast
Uses similarities and differences between two things to make a point.
● Comparison of Wholes● Comparison of Parts
Relies on a strong connection between the things being compared.
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Classification & Division
Create categories, and then place objects/ideas into the appropriate categories.
Relies on clearly defined categories.
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Definition
Explaining exactly what is meant by a term or concept.
● Introduction to an Argument
It is crucial that arguing parties agree on the vocabulary being used in the argument.
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My Thesis on Singin’ in the Rain.
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Cause & Effect
Argues that A caused B; change A to get B
● Civil Rights Speeches● Environmental Reports
Relies on clear logic and chain of events.
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Rhetoric In Practice
Reread “We Can Afford to Give Parents a Break” and make note of the patterns of development the author uses.
Which of these patterns prevails in the overall essay?
Which ones does she use in specific sections or paragraphs?
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When Rhetoric Misses the Mark
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A breakdown in the rhetorical triangle
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An imbalance of logos, ethos, & pathos
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Know your audience. Know your purpose.
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Assignment:
Follow the directions on page 28 as you read the passages on pages 29 - 34.