Chapter 1The Human Body:

An Orientation

The Human Body – An The Human Body – An OrientationOrientation

Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study

Gross AnatomyLarge structuresEasily observable

Microscopic AnatomyVery small structures

Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

IntegumentaryForms the external body covering

Protects deeper tissue from injury

SkeletalProtects and supports body organs

Provides muscle attachment for movement

Muscular

Allows locomotionMaintains postureProduces heat

Nervous

Fast-acting control system

Responds to internal and external change

EndocrineSecretes regulatory hormonesGrowthReproductionMetabolism

Cardiovascular

Made of blood vessels and the heart.

Transports gasses, nutrients, waste products, hormones, etc through the body.

LymphaticReturns fluids to blood vessels

Disposes of debris Involved in immunity

Respiratory

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

Removes carbon dioxide

Digestive

Breaks down foodAllows for nutrient absorption into blood

Eliminates indigestible material

Urinary

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

Maintains acid – base balance

Regulation of materialsWater /Electrolytes

Reproductive

Production of offspring

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions

Movement Maintain

Boundaries Responsivene

ss Digestion

Metabolism Excretion Reproductio

n Growth

Survival NeedsSurvival Needsn Nutrients

n Oxygen

Water Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be

appropriate

Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis

The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems

Receptor Responds to changes in the

environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center

Control center

Determines set pointAnalyzes informationDetermines appropriate response

EffectornProvides a means for response to the stimulus

Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

Works like a household thermostat

Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby