chapter 1: the first americans and the land they found · 2016. 10. 26. · nwh c1 p1 chapter 1:...
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CHAPTER 1: The First Americans and the Land They Found
I. INTRODUCTION A. History is the record of what has happened to
humanity. It is the true story of what mankind has done
with the time God has given him and how God has
sovereignly intervened with (involved himself with) and
guided it.
B. Geography is the study of the earth, including the
continents, oceans, rivers, mountains, plains, and other
features of the earth.
C. In this class we
will be learning about
the New World or Western Hemisphere, which includes North and South America.
This is called the “New World” because it was settled much later by the first Native
Americans and then by colonists from the Old World and its human history is
“younger”.
D. The Western Hemisphere is the half of the world where most of the New World
lands are. This includes North America, South America, and the Islands of the
Caribbean Sea
E. The Old World or Eastern Hemisphere is the part of the world where history
began and where history has lasted for the oldest and longest time. That is why we
call it the “Old” world.
MAP ACTIVITY: Look at your Old World/New World map in your notebook. Find the continents in the New World section? Do you notice anything?
DISCUSSION QUESTION: What is the difference between history and geography? Why is it important to study both?
Figure 1: The Western Hemisphere, or western half of the world, where the "New World" countries and regions reside. (Add Copyright)
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Continents & Oceans Map Mnemonics:
Directions: Practice reading and saying these mnemonics, a device to help you remember something, while looking at our chapter map and touching the places we are talking
about. Eventually try to say and remember the mnemonics while only looking at the map without looking at the words.
CONTINENTS: 1. “Never Stop Eating Apples, Apples, Apples, Apples!” Never – North America,
Stop – South America, Eating – Europe, Apples – Africa, Apples – Asia, Apples – Australia, Apples – Antarctica.
OCEANS: 2. “I Ate Some Apple Pie!” I – Indian Ocean, Ate – Atlantic Ocean, Some –
Southern Ocean, Apple – Arctic Ocean, Pie – Pacific Ocean
CARDINAL DIRECTIONS: 3. “Never Eat Slimy Worms!” Never – North, Eat – East, Slimy – South, Worms
– West
(Other Variations: Naughty Elephants Spray Water, Never Eat Shredded Wheat, Never Eat Soggy Waffles, Never Ever Smoke Weed)
NWH C1 P4 II. (1.1) THE GREATEST MIGRATION IN HISTORY
A. Thousands of years ago, some humans began one of the greatest migrations in
history. A migration is the movement of a group of people or animals from one part of
the world to another. People from Asia eventually came to North America and South
America. These first Native Americans (sometimes called “Indians”) became probably
the first people to discover and live in the New World.
B. How the first people got to the Americas is surprising! They walked from Asia! In
the far north of Asia, the lands of modern day country of Russia and the U.S. state of
Alaska are separated by only about 50 miles.
MAPPING ACTIVITY: 1. Label the six continents and five oceans pictured. 2. Look at the maps in your notebook and talk with your partner about how people
could get from Asia to the Americas. Write and sketch your ideas below.
NWH C1 P5 C. This narrow body of water that links the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific’s Bering Sea is
called the Bering Strait. A strait is a narrow body of water that connects two larger
bodies of water. Many think that at one time the Bering Strait was dry land which
made a land bridge that people could cross over. Also, the water between the two
lands regularly freezes with ice. People could also have possibly crossed the ice or
used boats. Some animals may also have crossed the land bridge to the Americas.
MAPPING ACTIVITY: 1. Working with a partner, use the maps in your notebook, textbook, or
classroom to label the following. 1. North America 2. South America 3. Asia 4. Australia
5. The Pacific Ocean 6. The Atlantic Ocean 7. The Arctic Ocean 8. Russia
9. China 10. The United States 11. Alaska 12. The Bering Strait
2. Now draw a clear line/arrow leading from China to the United States, crossing the Bering Strait.
NWH C1 P6 D. Many scientists also believe that the earth at one time was made up of one
supercontinent named Pangaea. Either over a long time because of the natural
processes of the earth called plate tectonics or in a short time because of the flood of
Noah, the continents moved away from each other to the positions they are today.
Many animals may have gotten to the Americans that way as well.
E. The idea of Pangea is why many of the continents look like they could fit together
like a giant puzzle. This is even more true when you look at the underwater
continental shelf, the parts of the continents that we can’t see because of the ocean.
F. Today South America has the widest variety of animals on any continent. It has
every type of climate and habitat, which means the setting in which certain types of
plants and animals thrive. South America is known for its large, lush rainforests.
COMPREHENSION CHECK 1A: DIRECTIONS: Use your notes and textbook if necessary to answer the following questions.
1. The movement of a group of people or animals from one part of the world to another is called a (n) ___________? Migration
2. What narrow body of water links the Arctic Ocean to the Bering Sea?
The Bering Strait
3. A ________ is a setting in which certain types of plants and animals thrive.
Habitat
4. Which continents make up the Old World?
Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, Antarctica
5. Which continents make up the New World? North America, South America
6. What are the five oceans? Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Southern Ocean, Indian Ocean
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PANGEA PUZZLE ACTIVITY:
DIRECTIONS: Can you see how the continents fit together? Cut and paste your continent puzzle pieces and see if you can find a way they fit together. Start with North and South America and Africa. Remember that the continents had to go from where they started to where they are today. Also use the fossils and rock types to match where the continents might have connected.
NWH C1 P8 III. (1.2) THE LAND THE AMERICANS SETTLED
A. TWO VAST CONTINENTS
1. North and South America are
two huge continents. By spreading
out, the Native Americans of
different family and language
groups filled up the entire space
from the Arctic Ocean in the north
to the southern tip of South
America and from the Pacific Ocean
in the west to the Atlantic Ocean in
the East. Each tribe created its own
unique culture or way of life. Their
lifestyle of hunting, fishing, farming,
or raising animals was shaped a lot
by the land they lived in.
B. NORTH AMERICA: LAND
OF PLENTY
1. North America is the third largest continent and covers over 9 million square
miles and extends 5,000 miles from north to south. It is connected to South America
by a narrow strip of land called the Isthmus of Panama. This is the narrowest part of
the Americas and only 30 miles wide at one point.
2. North America has high Rocky Mountains in the west, low Appalachian Mountains
in the east, and great plains that lie between. Alaska’s Mt. McKinley, recently changed
to its Native American name Denali is the highest peak in north America with an
altitude of 20,320 feet above sea level.
MAPPING ACTIVITY:
Label North & South America as well as the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, and Southern Oceans
NWH C1 P9 3. The plains area is very flat and they slope down the lowland areas of the
Hudson Bay, the world’s largest bay, and the Gulf of Mexico, the world’s largest
gulf. The Mississippi River is North America’s largest river with hundreds of
miles of waterway.
4. Greenland is the world’s largest island, lying northeast of the continent. It is
about 1/3rd the size of Australia and is almost completely covered by ice.
5. Farther south one travels in North America the warmer the weather is.
Mexico is south of the Rio Grande river and has mountains, canyons, a high
central plateau, and two large peninsulas, Baja California, and the Yucatan
Peninsula. Mexico also has deserts, tropical rain forests, and cold mountains.
The most famous Indians to live in Mexico were the Aztecs.
C. CENTRAL AMERICA: A NARROW BRIDGE
1. Central America is actually a part of
North America. It is a narrow bridge of
land that connects North America to South
America and divides the Atlantic Ocean and
Caribbean Sea from the Pacific Ocean.
2. The weather is cool high in the
mountains and the area often has volcanic
eruptions and earthquakes. The coastal areas are hot and steamy jungles. The
Maya Indians were an advanced early civilization that lived here.
D. WEST INDIES: ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN
1. Some Indians moved to the West Indies, a 2,000 mile long chain of mountainous
islands in the Caribbean Sea. There are thousands of Islands here, including the
Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The weather is very
pleasant and many islands have tropical forests.
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NORTH AMERICA MAPPING ACTIVITY: Label the following as you discuss them in your notes. Color as directed.
1. United States (Red) 2. Canada (Blue) 3. Pacific Ocean 4. Atlantic Ocean 5. Arctic Ocean 6. Isthmus of Panama 7. Rocky Mountains 8. Appalachian Mountains
9. Alaska (Red) 10. Mount Denali 11. Hudson Bay 12. Gulf of Mexico 13. Mississippi River 14. Greenland 15. Mexico (Orange) 16. Rio Grande
17. Baja California 18. Yucatan Peninsula 19. Central America (Green) 20. Caribbean (Purple) 21. Bahamas 22. Cuba 23. Jamaica 24. Puerto Rico
NWH C1 P11 2. Christopher Columbus landed in the West Indies in 1492 and claimed them for
Spain. He called this land the “Indies” because he thought it was part of the Indies
islands in Asia. He also called the Native Americans “Indians” because he thought they
lived there as well. His discovery led to a lasting connection between the Old World
and the New World.
E. SOUTH AMERICA: LAND OF THE AMAZON
1. South America is the fourth largest continent. There are many high mountains,
such as the Andes Mountains in the west, low mountains in the east, and plains in the
middle. The climate is much warmer than North America because the equator, where
the sun’s rays are the strongest, passes over South America. Most of the land lies in
the tropics. The great Amazon River, runs from the Andes Mountains in the west to
the Atlantic Ocean in the east and is the second longest river in the world and also the
largest river in the world for amount of water in it. South America’s Atacama Desert is
one of the driest places on earth.
COMPREHENSION CHECK 1B: DIRECTIONS: Use your notes and textbook if necessary to answer the following questions.
1. A ____?____ is a people’s unique way of life. Culture
2. Name three important Indian groups that lived south of what is now the
United States. Aztec, Maya, Inca
3. ____?____ America is the narrow bridge of land that connects North America to South America Isthmus of Panama
4. Why Did Columbus call the Native Americans “Indians”?
Columbus thought he had found Asia and that the people there were part of
the Asian “Indies” Islands (Modern Indonesia near India) so he called them wrongly “Indians”. The name has stuck every since.
5. Name one important mountain range and one important river in South America. Andes Mountains, Amazon River
6.
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SOUTH AMERICA MAPPING ACTIVITY: Label the following as you discuss them in your notes. Color as directed.
1. Pacific Ocean 2. Atlantic Ocean 3. Central America (Red) 4. Isthmus of Panama 5. Andes Mountains 6. Amazon River (Blue)
7. Equator 8. Atacama Desert (Yellow) 9. Tierra del Fuego 10. Strait of Magellan 11. Cape Horn
BONUS: Label these countries 12. Brazil (Green) 13. Columbia (Purple) 14. Peru (Orange) 15. Argentina (Brown) 16. Venezuela (Grey)
NWH C1 P13 2. Many tribes settled in the Andes, including the Incas, the most famous South
American Indians who made a great empire. Some even settled in Tierra del Fuego,
the southern tip of South America. Much of the tip is separated by the Strait of
Magellan. The Southernmost point in the Americas is Cape Horn on Hornos Island.
IV. (1.3) HOW THE NATIVE AMERICANS LIVED
A. The Native Americans
made lives for themselves all
across the new world, from the
frozen north, to the deserts, to
the mountains, to the plains, to
the forests, using the resources
God provided.
B. EDUCATION:
1. Most native Americans did
not go to school. Girls were
taught to be good
housekeepers, food gatherers,
and mothers. Boys were
taught to be brave warriors as
well as how to hunt animals
using weapons like the bow
and arrow and tomahawk (a
type of light ax). The bravery
of boys was tested at about thirteen or fourteen when they were finally considered an
adult.
2. Some Indians, such as the Maya and Aztecs did have schools where priests taught
mathematics, history, astronomy, language, and religion.
Figure 2: Different Native American groups inhabited every piece of the Americans. This map depicts different cultural regions for Native Americans in North America.
NWH C1 P14 C. FOOD, CLOTHING, AND SHELTER
1. Because Indians were excellent hunters, meat was
their main food. They ate deer, buffalo, antelope,
turkeys, rabbits and guinea pigs, as well as fish and
clams.
2. They also gathered many edible plants like berries,
nuts, roots, and seeds. Many tribes also raised crops
like maize (corn), beans, and squash.
3. There were no horses, cattle, hogs, chickens, or
metal tools in the Americas until the Europeans
introduced these things in the 1500s.
4. The Indians taught the Europeans to make
snowshoes, toboggans (sleds), canoes, and to grow
crops like corn, peanuts, potatoes, squash, tomatoes, and peppers.
5. Indians used the skins of animals for clothing. This included deerskins, buffalo
hides, and rabbit furs which were made into shirts, leggings, robes, sandals, and
moccasins. Sometimes they even used tree bark and woven grasses for clothing.
6. Indians lived in different kinds
of homes. Some lived in tepees
which were made by sewing
together animal hides and stretching
them around a frame of poles.
Others lived in wigwams, dome
shaped buildings covered with
leaves and bark, lodges, hogans
(circular homes made with logs and
mud, adobe/mud huts, stone
houses, and other kinds of homes.
Figure 3: Maize (or corn) was an important Native American crop.
Figure 4: Tipis or Tepees are one well known kind of Native American home.
NWH C1 P15 D. RECREATION:
1. Indians enjoyed playing games and competing in
sports. They ran footraces, tested their skill in archery,
and played different kinds of ball games. In winter
months people rode toboggans and probably had
snowball fights. Guessing games were also very
popular.
E. RELIGION:
1. Many Indians believed in a Great Spirit who ruled
over many other gods or spirits. Like most peoples
they worshipped idols and did not believe in the one
true God. Certain groups like the Aztecs, Mayas, and
Incas built impressive civilizations but their false
religions and fallen natures caused them to turn to great wickedness.
F. NATIVE AMERICANS TODAY:
1. Most Native Americans are proud to be descendants of the first settlers of the
New World as well as citizens of their countries. Many have served in the armed
forces or in positions of government. Jim Thorpe was a great American athlete and
Will Rogers was a famous American storyteller.
Figure 5: Jim Thorpe, a famous Native American athlete.
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COMPREHENSION CHECK 1C: DIRECTIONS: Use your notes and textbook if necessary to answer the following questions.
1. What kind of animals did the American Indians hunt and eat? Deer, Buffalo, antelope, turkeys, rabbits, guinea pigs, fish, and clams.
2. Name four kinds of shelters the Indians made. Tepees, wigwams, lodges, hogans, mud or adobe huts, stone houses
3. What was life like for a Native American girl or boy? They did not go to school. Girls were taught how to be good housekeepers,
food gatherers, and mothers. Boys were trained to be warriors as well as
how to fish and hunt for food. They were tested for strength and bravery at
13 or 14 when they became an adult.
4. Why do you think many are proud to be Native Americans? Because they are descendants of the first settlers who came to America
5. Name one famous Native American. Jim Thorpe, Will Rogers, Others