chapter 1 © south-western | cengage learning a discovery experience psychology slide 1 introduction...

Chapter 1

© South-Western | Cengage Learning

A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY

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Introductionto PsychologyIntroductionto Psychology

TopicsTopics• What Is Psychology?• Contemporary Perspectives and Areas

of Specialization• Research methods in psychology

TopicsTopics• What Is Psychology?• Contemporary Perspectives and Areas

of Specialization• Research methods in psychology

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Psychology DefinedPsychology Defined https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwhU6pciTt4

Psychology – The study of behavior and mental processes

Psychiatry – A branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of mental illnesses

Psychologist: PhDPsychiatrist: MD

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What are the goals of Psychology?What are the goals of Psychology?

Description of Behaviors

Understanding

Prediction

Control

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Early Pioneers and Schools of Early Pioneers and Schools of ThoughtThought

School of Thought Pioneer

Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt

Functionalism William James

Gestalt psychology Max Wertheimer

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StructuralismStructuralism

Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)Structuralism was an early approach

to psychology that tried to identify the basic parts, or structure, of the conscious mind.

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StructuralismStructuralism

Edward Titchener – brought Wundt’s ideas to the United States, came up with the term, “structuralism”

Structuralists uncovered the parts of the mind through introspection. Introspection was a research method where subjects free associated about whatever was on their mind.

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FunctionalismFunctionalism

William James (1842–1910) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWv3tQUY-9k

Functionalism was an early approach to psychology that tried to discover how the conscious mind functions to help humans survive in their environments.

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FunctionalismFunctionalism

James argued that consciousness cannot be broken down into parts (structuralism)

Known for “stream of consciousness”James is credited with writing the first

psychology textbook

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Gestalt PsychologyGestalt Psychology

Max Wertheimer (1880–1943)Gestalt psychology was an early

approach to psychology that studied how the mind actively organizes stimuli into meaningful wholes.

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BehaviorismBehaviorism

An approach to psychology developed in the early 20th century

Behaviorism concerned itself only with observable behavior

Notable behavioristsIvan PavlovJohn WatsonBF Skinner

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Ivan PavlovIvan PavlovPavlov was a Russian

physiologist studying the salivation and digestion of dogs

He learned that dogs would drool at the sound of a bell after it had been paired repeatedly with food

Classical conditioning

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John WatsonJohn WatsonAmerican psychologist who

based his experiments on Pavlov’s findings

Johns HopkinsBelieved all behavior was a

response to a stimulus in the environment

Known for Little Albert experiment

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BF SkinnerBF Skinner

Most influential behavioristHarvard psychologistAll human behavior is a

result of learningKnown for reinforcement,

punishment, and schedules of reinforcement

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PsychodynamicPsychodynamicSigmund Freud (late 19th, early

20th c.)Austrian neurologist who noticed

that many illnesses were psychological

Wrote Interpretation of Dreams (1900)

Used psychoanalysis to treat patients

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PsychodynamicPsychodynamicAsserted mental disorders arise from

conflicts in the unconscious mindHuman behavior primarily

determined by unconscious processes

Theory not based on experimental evidence;

Influential on American psychology

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Women and Culturally Diverse Women and Culturally Diverse PioneersPioneers

Mary Whiton Calkins – 1st woman APA president (1905)

Margaret Washburn – 1st woman to receive a PhD (1894)

Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark – provided scientific proof to Supreme Court to help end segregation

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Clark and Clark’s ExperimentClark and Clark’s Experiment

Children aged 3 to 7 were presented two dolls, one with light colored skin and the other with dark colored skin.

Four requests1.Give me the doll that you want to play with

2.Give me the doll that is a nice doll

3.Give me the doll that looks bad

4.Give me the doll that is a nice color

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“What was surprising was the degree to which the children suffered from selfrejection.. . . I don’t think we had quite realized the extent of the cruelty of racism and how hard it hit. . . .

Some of these children, particularly in the North, were reduced to crying when presented with the dolls and asked to identify with them. They looked at me as if I were the devil for putting them in this predicament. Let me tell you, it was a traumatic experience for me as well.”

(Kluger, 1976, p. 400)

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vo4pMVb0R6M&index=1&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6

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LESSON 1.2LESSON 1.2

Contemporary Perspectives and Contemporary Perspectives and Areas of SpecializationAreas of Specialization

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES Identify and describe the current perspectives

in psychology. Identify and describe the areas of

specialization in psychology.

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Contemporary PerspectivesContemporary Perspectives

PsychoanalysisBehaviorismHumanistic psychologyCognitive psychologyBiological psychologyEvolutionary/Sociocultural psychology

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PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)Psychoanalysis is an approach to

psychology that studies how human behavior is determined by hidden or unconscious motives and desires.

Other names: Karen Horney, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson

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FreudFreud

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BehaviorismBehaviorism

John Watson (1878–1958)Behaviorism is an approach to

psychology that studies observable behavior rather than hidden mental processes.

BF Skinner, Ivan Pavlov

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Humanistic PsychologyHumanistic PsychologyCarl Rogers (1902–1987)Abraham Maslow (1908–1970)Humanistic psychology is an approach to

psychology that emphasizes people’s inborn desire for personal growth and their ability to consciously make choices.

Positive psychology is a relatively new approach to psychology that studies how people find mental health and happiness in their everyday living.

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Cognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology

George A. MillerUlric NeisserCognitive psychology is an approach

to psychology that studies how the mind organizes and makes sense of information and experiences.

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PsychobiologyPsychobiology

Psychobiology is an approach to psychology that studies how the brain and other areas of our biology influence behavior.

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Sociocultural PsychologySociocultural PsychologySociocultural psychology is an approach to

psychology that studies how social surroundings and culture shape thinking and behavior.

Individualism is a philosophy of life stressing that the individual is more important than the group.

Collectivism is a philosophy of life stressing that group is more important than the individual.

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Table 1-1Table 1-1

Differences Between Collectivist and Differences Between Collectivist and Individualist CulturesIndividualist Cultures

Collectivist Cultures Individualist Cultures

Identity is given by one’s group. Identity is achieved by one’s own striving.

Individuals are socialized to be emotionally dependent on their social group, and conformity is valued.

Individuals are socialized to be emotionally independent of their social group, and independence is valued.

Personal and group goals are generally consistent; when inconsistent, group goals have priority.

Personal and group goals are often inconsistent; when inconsistent, personal goals have priority.

Trust is placed in group decisions.

Trust is placed in individual decisions.

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Area of Specialization in PsychologyArea of Specialization in Psychology

Research specialties1.1. Biopsychology

2.2. Developmental psychology

3.3. Experimental psychology

4.4. Cognitive psychology

5.5. Personality psychology

6.6. Social psychology

Applied specialties1.1. Clinical psychology

2.2. Counseling psychology

3.3. Industrial–organizational psychology

4.4. Educational and school psychology

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Figure 1-2Figure 1-2

Doctoral Awarded in PsychologyDoctoral Awarded in Psychology

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Clicker QuestionsClicker Questions

1.1. Who was the world’s first psychologist?

a.a. Wolfgang Köhler

b.b. George Sanchez

c.c. William James

d.d. Wilhelm Wundt

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2.2. Women and people of culturally diverse heritages were readily accepted in the field of psychology in its early days.

a.a. True

b.b. False

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3.3. Which is an approach to psychology that studies observable behavior rather than hidden mental processes?

a.a. psychoanalysis

b.b. humanistic psychology

c.c. behaviorism

d.d. cognitive psychology

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4.4. Which attempts to understand behavior by studying how the mind organizes and makes sense of information and experiences?

a.a. psychoanalysis

b.b. positive psychology

c.c. cognitive psychology

d.d. sociocultural psychology

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5.5. Behaviorism is closely associated with Sigmund Freud.

a.a. True

b.b. False

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