chapter 1 review. what are the 7 characteristics of life? metabolism reproduction sense and respond...
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Chapter 1 Review
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What are the 7 characteristics of life?
• Metabolism• Reproduction• Sense and respond to change• Change through time (evolution)• Homeostasis• Organization and cells• Growth and development
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Define organization.
• Order within an organism• Can be internal or external
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List the levels of organization beginning with atoms.
• Atoms• Biological molecules• Cellular organelles• Cells ***• Tissues• Organs• Organ systems• Organism (multicellular)
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What is a cell? Is the “stuff” inside of a cell living? Why or why not?
• Smallest unit that can perform all life processes
• NO! The cell is the smallest unit of life!
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Define stimulus.
• Change• Can be internal or external
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Explain what is meant by “response to stimuli.”
• Organisms can react to changes in their environments
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What is homeostasis? Give an example.
• stability• All living organisms have ways to maintain a
stable internal environment in changing external conditions
• Exp. Sweating to maintain body temperature
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In the following situation, identify the stimulus and the response.
• A paramedic shines a pen light into a patient’s eyes. The patient’s pupils get smaller.
• stimulus = light• response = pupils constrict
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What is metabolism?
• The sum of all chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment
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What are the two types of metabolism? What’s the difference between the two?
• Anabolism – building larger products• Catabolism – breaking down larger molecules
into smaller ones for raw materials
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Condensation and hydrolysis: which reaction is anabolic and which is catabolic?
• Condensation joins small subunits called monomers to form large molecules called polymers so it’s __________!
• Hydrolysis uses water to break polymers into monomers so it’s ___________!
anabolic
catabolic
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How does growth occur in organisms?
• Cell division • Cell enlargement
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Multicellular organisms also develop. What is development? How do organisms develop?
• Development = process by which organisms become mature adults
• Cell differentiation – act of cells becoming different from one another
• Cell specialization – cells perform special and specific jobs
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What is reproduction?
• to produce new organisms• essential for survival of the species but not of
an individual• Important for transmitting hereditary info.
encoded in DNA to next generation
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Segments of DNA with instructions for a single protein/trait are called _____.
• Genes!
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Differentiate asexual and sexual reproduction.
• Sexual– Two parents– Offspring are similar to
parents but not identical; they’re a combination of both parents’ traits
• Asexual– One parent– Offspring are genetically
identical to parent
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What is evolution and how does it occur?
• Descent with modification i.e. populations change through time
• Occurs by natural selection– Organisms within a population with more
favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce thus passing those traits on
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What are three recurring themes in biology?
• Unity and diversity of life• Interdependences• Evolution
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What is the scientific method?
• Organized approach to science
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On what two principles is this method based?
• Events in the natural world have natural causes
• Uniformity
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What is the first step of the scientific method?
• Observation• How are observations made?– All 5 senses
• Observations lead to _______________– questions!
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The next step is hypothesize. What is a hypothesis?
• A probably explanation/solution to your question
• Should it be testable?– Yes!
• Can we prove a hypothesis?– No! We can only accept (or reject) it.
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Once we have a hypothesis we can make a prediction. What’s a prediction?
• A forecast of what we think will happen if the hypothesis is true.
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Scientists will then conduct an experiment. What is a controlled experiment?
• An experiment that compares groups with only one variable changing between them
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List and explain the parts of a controlled experiment.
• Control = standard group for comparison purposes
• Experimental groups = identical to control except for one factor or variable
• Independent variable = manipulated variable• Dependent variable = responding variable
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Determine the control, experimental groups, the I.V. and the D.V.
• A shopping mall wanted to determine whether the more expensive “Tough Stuff” floor wax was better then the cheaper “Steel Seal” floor wax at protecting its floor tiles against scratches. One liter of each brand of floor wax was applied to each of 5 test sections of the main hall of the mall. The test sections were all the same size and were covered with the same kind of tiles. Five (5) other test sections received no wax. After 3 weeks, the number of scratches in each of the test sections was counted.
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What are two ways scientists can eliminate bias?
• Blind experiments• Repeat experiments
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Scientists can collect two types of data. What are they? What’s the difference? Give an example of each.
Qualitative
descriptions; data is observed not
measured
colors, textures, smells, tastes,
appearances, beauty, etc.
Quantitative
deals with numbers; data can be measured
length, height, area, volume, width, speed, time,
temperature, humidity, sound levels, cost, members,
ages, etc.
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After data collection and analysis, what step comes next?
• Draw a conclusion/make inferences
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The last step is communication. What are some ways scientists communicate
research and results?• Research teams• Joint meetings and symposiums• Publish research in journals• Peer reviews