chapter 1 principles of government chapter 1 notes
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Chapter 1Chapter 1
Principles of GovernmentPrinciples of Government
Chapter 1 Notes
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US citizenship examUS citizenship exam
Are you sure you know what you think you know about our own government?
How has this exam changed the way you feel about our government?
Are you more open-minded to understanding better the government that is designed to serve you?
Are you sure you know what you think you know about our own government?
How has this exam changed the way you feel about our government?
Are you more open-minded to understanding better the government that is designed to serve you?
Chapter 1 Notes
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IntroductionIntroduction
What is government? Why is government needed? How does it affect you personally? (Lord of the Flies clip) What would our country look like without
government? Who would protect, educate, provide
healthcare, solve environmental issues, control traffic, assist with natural disaster areas?
Who would regulate business and owners?
What is government? Why is government needed? How does it affect you personally? (Lord of the Flies clip) What would our country look like without
government? Who would protect, educate, provide
healthcare, solve environmental issues, control traffic, assist with natural disaster areas?
Who would regulate business and owners?
Chapter 1 Notes
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Power and AuthorityPower and Authority
What is the difference? Power - involves the use of coercive force to make
others yield to one’s wishes even against their own will Authority - achieved by virtue of character that others
are motivated to follow willingly
In order for government to exist, they must have authority or power, which allows the ability to produce effects on others or potential to influence others
What is the difference? Power - involves the use of coercive force to make
others yield to one’s wishes even against their own will Authority - achieved by virtue of character that others
are motivated to follow willingly
In order for government to exist, they must have authority or power, which allows the ability to produce effects on others or potential to influence others
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VocabularyVocabulary
Government - institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies; includes those who have authority and control over people of society
Public policies - endless list of things government decides to do
Government - institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies; includes those who have authority and control over people of society
Public policies - endless list of things government decides to do
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Government has 3 powers: Legislative - make law / frame policies Executive - execute, enforce, administer law Judicial - interpret law / settle disputes
Constitution - body of fundamental laws setting out principles, structures, and procedures of a government
Politics - the process by which a society decides how power and resources will be distributed within the society, including who benefits and deciding costs
Government has 3 powers: Legislative - make law / frame policies Executive - execute, enforce, administer law Judicial - interpret law / settle disputes
Constitution - body of fundamental laws setting out principles, structures, and procedures of a government
Politics - the process by which a society decides how power and resources will be distributed within the society, including who benefits and deciding costs
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Territory termsTerritory terms
Territory - place that has recognized boundaries
State - legal entity; body of people(population) living in a (territory), organized politically (government) with power to make and enforce law without any consent (sovereign)
Nation - ethnic term; races or large groups of people
Country - geographic term; place, region, or area of land
Territory - place that has recognized boundaries
State - legal entity; body of people(population) living in a (territory), organized politically (government) with power to make and enforce law without any consent (sovereign)
Nation - ethnic term; races or large groups of people
Country - geographic term; place, region, or area of land
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Major political ideas(on how governments are formed)
Major political ideas(on how governments are formed)
Force theory - one or small group claim control and forced those within to submit to their rule
Evolutionary theory - develop naturally out of an early family, head then to a network of families, tied to the land, a state forms
Force theory - one or small group claim control and forced those within to submit to their rule
Evolutionary theory - develop naturally out of an early family, head then to a network of families, tied to the land, a state forms
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Divine theory - (15th to 18th century) God gave right to those of royal birth to rule people bound to obey ruler as they would God
Social Contract theory - state arises out of voluntary act of free people, state exists to serve will of the people, people are source of power and can give that power to whom they choose Major contributors include Hobbes, Locke,
Rousseau
Divine theory - (15th to 18th century) God gave right to those of royal birth to rule people bound to obey ruler as they would God
Social Contract theory - state arises out of voluntary act of free people, state exists to serve will of the people, people are source of power and can give that power to whom they choose Major contributors include Hobbes, Locke,
Rousseau
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Purpose of Government: (American Version)
Purpose of Government: (American Version)
“form a more perfect union” Took a couple of tries (rivalry, jealousy, power) 1787 - Constitution was meant to bind and strengthen
“establish justice” Concept that all law is reasonable, fair, impartial
“insure domestic tranquility” Order at home James Madison “if men were angels no government
would be necessary
“form a more perfect union” Took a couple of tries (rivalry, jealousy, power) 1787 - Constitution was meant to bind and strengthen
“establish justice” Concept that all law is reasonable, fair, impartial
“insure domestic tranquility” Order at home James Madison “if men were angels no government
would be necessary
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Purpose of Government: (American Version)
Purpose of Government: (American Version)
“provide a common defense” Foreign enemies, majority of document
(constitution) is about defense Defense / foreign policy - 2 sides of same coin
“promote general welfare” Promote your benefit or benefit of all Things private / individual can’t take care of
Education, environment, food, etc.
“provide a common defense” Foreign enemies, majority of document
(constitution) is about defense Defense / foreign policy - 2 sides of same coin
“promote general welfare” Promote your benefit or benefit of all Things private / individual can’t take care of
Education, environment, food, etc.
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Purpose of Government: (American Version)
Purpose of Government: (American Version)
“secure liberties” Thomas Jefferson “God gave us life and liberty
at the same time” Cannot separate freedom and reality of living
“secure liberties” Thomas Jefferson “God gave us life and liberty
at the same time” Cannot separate freedom and reality of living
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Forms of GovernmentForms of Government
Totalitarian - (dictator) one person or small group controls every aspect of society
Authoritarian - one person or small group only controls aspects of government
Aristocracy - rule by the best, which is wealthy Theocracy - rule by self-appointed religious
leader Oligarchy - rule by a few Democracy - rule by the people
Totalitarian - (dictator) one person or small group controls every aspect of society
Authoritarian - one person or small group only controls aspects of government
Aristocracy - rule by the best, which is wealthy Theocracy - rule by self-appointed religious
leader Oligarchy - rule by a few Democracy - rule by the people
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Classifying GovernmentsClassifying Governments
Democracy - supreme political authority rests with the people, government only conducted with consent of the people Direct (aka Pure) - will of people translated to law
directly by the people in mass meetings, ie: small communities
Indirect (aka Representative) - small group of people who are chosen by the masses to represent them and express popular will
Republic - sovereign power to those eligible to vote, political power exercised by representatives chosen and held responsible by citizens
Democracy - supreme political authority rests with the people, government only conducted with consent of the people Direct (aka Pure) - will of people translated to law
directly by the people in mass meetings, ie: small communities
Indirect (aka Representative) - small group of people who are chosen by the masses to represent them and express popular will
Republic - sovereign power to those eligible to vote, political power exercised by representatives chosen and held responsible by citizens
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Classifying GovernmentsClassifying Governments
Dictatorship - those who rule are not accountable to will of people, government is not accountable for policies or how they are carried out to the people, often militaristic Autocracy - one person has unlimited political
power Oligarchy - power is held by small group or
self-appointed elite
Dictatorship - those who rule are not accountable to will of people, government is not accountable for policies or how they are carried out to the people, often militaristic Autocracy - one person has unlimited political
power Oligarchy - power is held by small group or
self-appointed elite
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Classifying GovernmentsClassifying Governments
Unitary government - all powers held by single, central agency; create local agencies simply for convenience (no real power) Ie: Great Britain and parliament
Federal Government - powers are divided between a central government and several local governments; geographic basis for division Ie: United States
Confederation - alliance of independent states, central government only handles matters assigned to it (ie: trade or defense)
Unitary government - all powers held by single, central agency; create local agencies simply for convenience (no real power) Ie: Great Britain and parliament
Federal Government - powers are divided between a central government and several local governments; geographic basis for division Ie: United States
Confederation - alliance of independent states, central government only handles matters assigned to it (ie: trade or defense)
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Classifying GovernmentsClassifying Governments
Presidential Government - the executive and legislative branches are separate, independent of one another and coequal, both sides have powers to block each other, chief executive chosen separate of legislative and has broad powers not subject to control of legislative branch
Presidential Government - the executive and legislative branches are separate, independent of one another and coequal, both sides have powers to block each other, chief executive chosen separate of legislative and has broad powers not subject to control of legislative branch
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Classifying GovernmentsClassifying Governments
Parliamentary Government - executive made up of prime minister or premier and their cabinet; they are part of legislative branch (parliament); PM is leader of majority party and is chosen by that body; cabinet is also chosen by that body and stays in office as long as they have support of majority
Parliamentary Government - executive made up of prime minister or premier and their cabinet; they are part of legislative branch (parliament); PM is leader of majority party and is chosen by that body; cabinet is also chosen by that body and stays in office as long as they have support of majority
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DemocracyDemocracy
James Bryce
“No government demands so much from the citizen as democracy and none give so much back”
James Bryce
“No government demands so much from the citizen as democracy and none give so much back”
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DemocracyDemocracy
Winston Churchill
“No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.”
Winston Churchill
“No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.”
Chapter 1 Notes
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DemocracyDemocracy
American concept of Democracy is based on the following notions: Recognition of fundamental worth and dignity of
every person Respect for equality of all persons Faith in majority rule and insistence on minority
rights Acceptance of necessity to compromise Insistence upon widest possible degree of
independent freedom
American concept of Democracy is based on the following notions: Recognition of fundamental worth and dignity of
every person Respect for equality of all persons Faith in majority rule and insistence on minority
rights Acceptance of necessity to compromise Insistence upon widest possible degree of
independent freedom
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Political ideologiesPolitical ideologies
Ideology - comprehensive set of beliefs about the nature of people and role of government
No matter what form of government is used, each individual has an ideology that influences the way they view government
Common ideologies follow:
Ideology - comprehensive set of beliefs about the nature of people and role of government
No matter what form of government is used, each individual has an ideology that influences the way they view government
Common ideologies follow:
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ConservatismConservatism
Dominates Republican party Places high value on order, liberty, and
traditional values Limited government role in helping individuals Freedom from government interference in
business Lower value on economic equality, believing
that individuals and families are responsible for their own well-being
Dominates Republican party Places high value on order, liberty, and
traditional values Limited government role in helping individuals Freedom from government interference in
business Lower value on economic equality, believing
that individuals and families are responsible for their own well-being
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LiberalismLiberalism
Dominates Democratic party Advocates government action to improve
welfare of individuals Support civil rights, tolerance, and social /
political change Favor government regulation of economy to
benefit all (ie: address poverty and health insurance
Freedom to live according to individual values
Dominates Democratic party Advocates government action to improve
welfare of individuals Support civil rights, tolerance, and social /
political change Favor government regulation of economy to
benefit all (ie: address poverty and health insurance
Freedom to live according to individual values
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SocialismSocialism
Favors strong support for social and economic equality
Envision a society where major business is run by government only
Favors strong support for social and economic equality
Envision a society where major business is run by government only
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LibertarianismLibertarianism
Skepticism towards most government activities Strongly support property rights Oppose regulation of economy and
redistribution of wealth
Skepticism towards most government activities Strongly support property rights Oppose regulation of economy and
redistribution of wealth
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Where do you fit?Where do you fit?
Political spectrum test Political spectrum test
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Democracy and the Free Enterprise SystemDemocracy and the Free Enterprise System
Democracy: political system
Free Enterprise: economic system
Democracy: political system
Free Enterprise: economic system
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There is a strong correlation between political freedom and economic freedom.
Where one is suppressed, the other is suppressed.
There is evidence that the less economic freedom a country has, the lower the standard of living (how well you live).
There is a strong correlation between political freedom and economic freedom.
Where one is suppressed, the other is suppressed.
There is evidence that the less economic freedom a country has, the lower the standard of living (how well you live).
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Index of Economic FreedomIndex of Economic Freedom
Compare where various countries are located on the index. The higher the rank, the more economic freedom you have…
http://www.heritage.org/index/Ranking
Compare where various countries are located on the index. The higher the rank, the more economic freedom you have…
http://www.heritage.org/index/Ranking
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Free Enterprise SystemFree Enterprise System America’s economic system (aka CAPITALISM) Characterized by private ownership of capital
goods, investments made by private decisions (not by a government group), and SUCCESS/FAILURE DETERMINED BY COMPETITION IN THE MARKET PLACE!!!!
Does not rely on government to decide WHAT items to produce, WHO will receive good/service, and HOW it should be produced…decisions made by supply/demand.
America’s economic system (aka CAPITALISM) Characterized by private ownership of capital
goods, investments made by private decisions (not by a government group), and SUCCESS/FAILURE DETERMINED BY COMPETITION IN THE MARKET PLACE!!!!
Does not rely on government to decide WHAT items to produce, WHO will receive good/service, and HOW it should be produced…decisions made by supply/demand.
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Supply/DemandSupply/Demand
PRICES serve as a signal for businesses and consumers
Example: when prices increase, how much consumers buy will decrease (vice versa)…if we continue to decrease how much we buy, this serves as a signal to producers to not produce as much (or quit altogether if the “trend” is past)
PRICES serve as a signal for businesses and consumers
Example: when prices increase, how much consumers buy will decrease (vice versa)…if we continue to decrease how much we buy, this serves as a signal to producers to not produce as much (or quit altogether if the “trend” is past)
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Three Economic SystemsThree Economic Systems
Market, Command, and Traditional Market – free enterprise Command – government controlled (what you
find in communist countries) Traditional – tradition drives market
In reality, all economies are mixed but will lean more as market or command. Example: US is a mixed economy. We are more
market but we do have some government regulations
Market, Command, and Traditional Market – free enterprise Command – government controlled (what you
find in communist countries) Traditional – tradition drives market
In reality, all economies are mixed but will lean more as market or command. Example: US is a mixed economy. We are more
market but we do have some government regulations
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Economic system of DemocracyEconomic system of Democracy
4 Factors that make a Free Enterprise Private ownership Individual initiative Profit Competition
4 Factors that make a Free Enterprise Private ownership Individual initiative Profit Competition
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