chapter 1 power generation

8/17/2019 Chapter 1 Power Generation

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Chapter 1

Power Generation


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Malaysia’s energy generation and usage


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Installed capacity and maximum demand of electricity in Peninsular Malaysia by TNB

Installed capacity and maximum demand of electricity in Sabah by the Sabah Energy Board (SEB

Installed capacity and maximum demand of electricity in Sara!a" by the Sara!a" Energy Supply Board (SESB


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64% of electricity usage in the Malaysian household is for refrigeration & air-conditioner

In Malaysia, not less than 90% of the energy mix for power generation comes

from fossil fuels

!" otal #ower installed capacity of 904$ M '$(0M hermal #lant and

$9$$ )idro #lant * with re+enue growth of $$% $0.% peninsular and //"

$.'% *

In the field of #ower 1eneration, !" are implementing +ery important coal

energy technologies in a new plant 2eing de+eloped in Man3ung, #era, which

will increase the efficiency to 40%, compared with the a+erage ('% power

efficiency at con+entional coal-fired plants


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Power and Energy are buzz words in today’s world.

Electricity is emerged as basic necessity with Food,Shelter and Clothing or human being.

!ie without electricity has become highly unimaginable.

Electric locomoti"es, #eating, Cooling, Fans, $lowers,

%otors, &llumination are some applications that con"ertselectrical energy into useul wor'.


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(easons o Popularity o electricity)*Clean en"ironment or user

#igher eiciency

$etter controllability

+uic' transer o power rom source to load

Energy conser"ation is simple


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.Con"entional Sources-hermal Coal/

0uclear Gasater

$.0on con"entional SourcesindSolar* P2$iomass


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3isad"antages 4 Con"entional Sources

Fossil uels shall be depleted, orcing us toconser"e them and ind alternati"e resources.

-o5ic, #azardous gases, (esidues polluteen"ironment.

4"erall con"ersion eiciency is "ery poor.Sources are located at remote places with

reerence to load, increasing transmission cost.%aintenance cost is high.


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Chemical energy stored in coal is transormed toelectrical energy.

Coal powder is ired in boiler that con"erts water into

steam at high temp. and pressure.

-his steam is in6ected o"er the blades o steam turbineprime mo"er/ in controlled way and hence, rotor o 7 P#

a.c. generator rotates.


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%echanical energy is con"erted into electrical energy atrated "oltage18*7892/.

:sed steam is cooled down to water using cooling towersand condensers.

-his preheated water is again in6ected in boiler tubes to

con"ert bac' to steam.

Flue gases are passed into atmosphere and ine particleso ash are collected through electrostatic precipitator ESP/.

sh;8< o coal weight/ is collected and transported to #P.


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%erits o Coal -hermal Plant

Coal is cheap and a"ailable in abundance at present.

&t is a time tested process, so no e5perimentation isre=uired.

!ess space re=uired as compared to #ydro based

station and less hazardous than 0uclear power plant.

!ess initial cost as compared to other con"entional

process o power generation.


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3emerits o Coal -hermal plant

Caloriic "alue 9cal>9g/ o coal is "ery low and large ashcontent.

#uge "olume o ash is produced daily and it’s disposal is

burning issue today.

tmospheric pollution is "ery high.

-ransportation o coal to plant and transmission ogenerated power to load centre in"ol"es large e5penses.


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#sing diesel engine as prime mo$er is one of thepopular methods of generating po!er%

&hen prime mo$er of the alternators is dieselengine' the po!er station is called diesel powerstation%

)or generating electrical po!er' it is essential torotate the rotor of an alternator by means of aprime mo$er% The prime mo$er can be dri$en bydi*erent methods%


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1. Diesel engine : Diesel engine is a compression

ignition(CI) engine.The two –stroke cycle engine is more

favoured for diesel power plants.The air required for the diesel engine is

drawn through the air filter from theatmosphere and compressed inside the

cylinder.The fuel(diesel) from the diesel engine

is drawn through a filter from the all

day tank and inected into the cylinderthrough fuel inectors.

!ecause of the high temperature and

pressure of the compressed air" the fuel

ignites.


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1. Diesel engine… The fuel #urns and the #urnt gases

e$pand to do work on the moving

part inside the cylinder called piston. This movement of the piston rotates a

flywheel and the engine is directly

coupled to electric generator. The gases after e$pansion inside the

cylinder is e$hausted into the

atmosphere and passes through a

silencer in order to reduce the noise.

2. Starting system: Diesel engine used in diesel power

plants is not self starting. The engine

is started from cold condition with

the help of an air compressor.


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3. Fuel supply system: %uel from the storage tank is pumped

through a filter into a smaller tank

called all day tank. This tank supplies

the daily requirements of the diesel

engine.

The all day tank is placed high sothat the fuel flows to the engine

under gravity with sufficient

pressure.

4. Air intake system :

The air required for the com#ustionof fuel inside the diesel engine

cylinder is drawn through the air

filter. The purpose of the filter is to

remove dust from the incoming air.

The dry filter may #e made of

felt" wood or cloth.In wet filter" oil #ath is used.

In this the air passes over a

#ath of oil where the dust

particles get coated on the oil.


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5. Exhaust system:

The e$haust gases coming out of the

engine is very noisy. In order to

reduce the noise a silencer(muffler) is

used.

6. !!ling system:

The temperature of the #urning fuelinside the engine cylinder is in the

order of &'C to C. In order

to lower this temperature water is

circulated around the engine.

The water envelopes(water acket)the engine. The heat from the

cylinder" piston" com#ustion cham#er

etc." is carried #y the circulating

water.

The hot water leaving the acket is

passed through the heat e$changer The heat from the heat e$changer

is carried away #y the raw water

circulated through the heat

e$changer and is cooled in the

cooling tower.


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". #u$ri%ating system: This circuit includes lu#ricating oil

tank" oil pump and oil cooler. The purpose of the lu#rication system

is to reduce the wear of the engine

moving parts. *art of the cylinder

such as piston" shafts" valves must #e

lu#ricated. +u#rication also helps to cool the

engine. In the lu#rication system the oil is

pumped from the lu#ricating oil tank

through the oil cooler where the oil iscooled #y the cold water entering the

engine. The hot oil after cooling the moving

parts return to the lu#ricating oil

tank.


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+pplication,-% small scale production of electric po!er. produce power in

the range of to ' ,-

/% no other easily a$ailable alternati$es of producingelectric po!er.suita#le for mo#ile power generation and widelyused in railways and ships.

0% standby supply of di*erent industries' commercialcomplexes' hospitals' etc% 1uring po!er cut' thesediesel po!er generators are run to ful2l re3uireddemand.continuity of supply such as hospitals" telephonee$changes" radio stations" cinema theatres and industries.


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+d$antages,◦ This is simple in design point of $ie!%

◦ 4e3uired $ery small space%

◦ It can also be designed for portable use%

◦

It has 3uic" starting facility' the small diesel generatorset can be started !ithin fe! seconds%

◦ It can also be stopped as !hen re3uired stopping smallsi5e diesel power station' e$en easier than it’sstarting

◦

+s these machines can easily be started and stopped as!hen re3uired' there may not be any standby loss in thesystem%

◦ 6ooling is easy and re3uired smaller 3uantity of !ater inthis type po!er station%


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1isad$antages,-% 7ery high cost compared to coal% This is the

main reason for !hich a diesel po!er plant isnot getting popularity o$er other means of

generating po!er% In other !ords the runningcost of this plant is higher compared to steamand hydro po!er plants%

/% The plant generally used to produce small po!erre3uirement%

0% 6ost of lubricants is high%

8% Maintenance is 3uite complex and costs high


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#ydro*electric power is generated by the low o water through

turbine, turning the blades o the turbine.

generator shat connected to this turbine also rotates andhence generates electricity.

-he main components o a hydel power plant are)? 1. 3am>(eser"oir>!arge buer tan'

? @. Penstoc'

? 7. Power #ouse

? a. -urbines

? b. Generators

? c. Step*up -ransormers


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$loc' Schematic or #ydroelectric Power Plant


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)lo!ing !ater isdirected at a turbine(remember turbines are

9ust ad$anced

!ater!heels% The:o!ing !ater causesthe turbine to rotate'con$erting the !ater’s

"inetic energy intomechanical energy%


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Hydroelectric Power System Operation


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The amount of electricity that can #e generated #y a hydropower plant depends on two

factors

a& 'l!( rate / the quantity of water flowing in a given time0 and $& hea) / the height from which the water falls.

The greater the flow and head" the more electricity produced.

mount o Electricity generated by a hydroelectric power

plant


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-hen more water flows through a tur#ine" more electricity can #e produced.

The flow rate depends on the si1e of the river and the amount of water flowing in it.

*ower production is considered to #e )ire%tly pr!p!rti!nal to river flow. That is" twice

as much water flowing will produce twice as much electricity.

a) Flow Rate = the quantity of water flowing


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The farther the water falls" the more power it has. The higher the dam" the farther thewater falls" producing more hydroelectric power.

*ower production is also )ire%tly pr!p!rti!nal to head. That is" water falling twice as

far will produce twice as much electricity.

b) Head = the height from which water falls


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It is important to note that when

determining head" hydrologists

take into account the pressure

#ehind the water. -ater #ehind

the dam puts pressure on the

falling water.


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*!(er 2 the electric power in kilowatts or k-

+ea) 2 the distance the water falls (measured in feet)

Fl!( 2 the amount of water flowing (measured in cu#ic feet per second or %'s)

E''i%ien%y 2 3ow well the tur#ine and generator convert the power of

falling water into electric power. This can range from 45

(.4) for older" poorly maintained hydroplants to 65(.6) for newer" well maintained plants.

11., 2 Inde$ that converts units of feet and seconds into kilowatts

A standard equation for calculating energy production

Power = !Head) " !Flow) " !#fficiency)

$$%&


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7s an e$ample" let8s see how much power can #e generated #y the power plant at

9oosevelt Dam" the uppermost dam on the :alt 9iver in 7ri1ona.

7lthough the dam itself is ;'< feet high" the hea) (distance the water falls) is ;' feet.

The typical 'l!( rate is cfs. +et8s say the tur#ine and generator are =5 efficient.

Power = !Head) " !Flow) " !#fficiency)

$$%&

Power = '(ft% " ''** cfs " %&*

$$%&


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Power = $+,*** " %&*

$$%&

Power = -$(,.**

$$%&

Power = (,*$ /ilowatts !/0)

9oosevelt8s generator is actually rated at a capacity of

;4" k-.


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3epending on the capacity, hydro power plantsare di"ided into the ollowing categories)


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#ydro plants are normally not in a continuous operation mode andused or pea' periods during the day li'e the wee hours and in thee"ening.

lso, they are used when the continuously operating thermal plants gointo o"erhauling.

-his is possible due to the less start up time re=uired by hydro powerstations which is normally in ew minutes as compared to thermalpower plant which is more than A hours.

-he command or starting or shutting is issued by rom the related!oad 3ispatch Center !3C/ o that particular region

d"antages o #ydro Power Generation


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4nce a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced

at a constant rate & electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut,

stopping electricity generation -he build up o water in the la'e means that energy can

be stored until needed, when the water is released toproduce electricity.

-he la'eBs water can be used or irrigation purposes. #ydropower is ueled by water, so itBs a clean uel

source. #ydropower doesnBt pollute the air li'e power

plants that burn ossil uels, such as coal, oil or naturalgas.

d"antages o #ydro Power Generation


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3ams are e5tremely e5pensi"e to build and must be built to a "ery high

standard.

People li"ing in "illages and towns that are in the "alley to be looded,

must mo"e out.

#ydro power plants can be impacted by drought. hen water is not

a"ailable, the hydro power plants canBt produce electricity.

3isad"antages o #ydro Power Plant


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Solar power plant or Solar photovoltaic system is oneof renewable energy system

used P7 modules to con$ert sunlight into electricity% The electricity generated can be either stored or used

directly' fed bac" into grid line or combined !ith one or

more other electricity generators or more rene!ableenergy source%

$ery reliable and clean source of electricity that can suit a!ide range of applications such as residence' industry'agriculture' li$estoc"' etc%


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PV module ; con$erts sunlight into 16electricity%

Solar charge controller ; regulates the$oltage and current coming from the P7 panels

going to battery and pre$ents batteryo$ercharging and prolongs the battery life%

Inverter ; con$erts 16 output of P7 panels or!ind turbine into a clean +6 current for +6

appliances or fed bac" into grid line%


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Battery; stores energy for supplying toelectrical appliances !hen there is ademand%

Load; is electrical appliances that

connected to solar P7 system such as lights'radio' T7' computer' refrigerator' etc%

Auxiliary energy sources. is dieselgenerator or other rene!able energysources%

chapter 1 power generation

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