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Chapter 1 Origins - c continued Daniel Mgling (1596-1635) alias Theophilus Schweighardt and Valentinus de Valentia descends from a Wrttemberg scholar family.55 His grandfather of the same name, born in 1546 in Tbingen, was a professor and a Doctor of Medicine. His eldest son Johann Rudolf, born on 11-15-1570 in Tbingen, who was also a Doctor of Medicine and town-physician in Bblingen, was the father of our Daniel Mgling,56 the third one with the same name. His father died on 1-3-1597 from an infection which he caught while he was fighting an epidemic in Bblingen. Daniels mother, Anna Maria, who within three years had lost two husbands, married shortly afterwards for the third time, on June 18, 1597, to Ludwig Bltz. Daniels maternal grandfather was appointed to be his tutor in the same year, but after his grandfathers passing his eldest son, Johann Ludwig the elder, who was also a professor and a Doctor of Medicine continued the instruction. Daniel enrolled at the University of Tbingen in April 1611 and in 1616 as a student of medicine in Altdorf. He was engaged in his pansophica studia, that is: medicine, mathematics, astronomy, the problem of the perpetual motion machine and alchemy. The publishing of the Fama Fraternitatis R.C. and the Confessio Fraternitatis R.C. in 1614 and 1615 had produced great commotion in the scientific world and Daniel felt called upon to respond in the literary debate. Mgling was well acquainted with Andreae and Besold. In 1617 under the pseudonym Theophilis Schweighardt he published Padora sextae aetatis, in which he remarks that for a long time he had the intention to publish an epistle to the Brotherhood, as raised in the Fama. As a reaction to the lampoon of F. G. Menapius, Friedrich Grick (alias Irenaeus Agnostus), an Altdorf fellow-student of Mgling, wrote in 1618 his Rosa Florescensens under the penname Florentinus de Valentia. As far as is known Grick descended from Wesel in the former county Kleve and he, among others, earned a living as a tutor for the Nuremberg patrician sons, Hieronymus and Christian Scheurl.57 In Rosa Florescensens, Mgling is the first one to use the word pansophy, earlier than

55 The biographical data are derived from Neumann, Ulrich. Olim, da die

RosenCreutzerij noch florirt, Theophilus Schweighardt genannt, Wilhelm Schickards Freund und Briefpartner Daniel Mgling (1596-1635). In Zum 400. Geburtstag von Wilhelm Schickard. Sigmaringen: publ. Friedrich Seckt, 1995, pp. 93-115. See also Neue Deutsche Biographie, Band 7, pp. 613-614.

56 Daniel was baptized on May 4, 1596, here also by the current Gregorian calendar. 57 Neumann, Daniel Mgling, pp. 103, 104.

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Comenius: And that is the Ergon Fratrum, the preliminary work Regnum Dei and the highest science, by them [the Rosicrucians] named pansophy.58 In addition to his Pandora, at the beginning of March 1617 and within half a day Mgling wrote for Caspar Tradel, Doctor of Laws, his Speculum Rhodostauroticum59 under his penname Theophilus Schweighardt. Three engravings had been depicted in this work, of which the second demonstrates the Temple of the Rose Cross. For the meaning of the symbolism in this illustration the reader is referred to addendum 10.60 Grick continued attacking Mgling, despite Mgling giving no reaction to his lampoons. Grick, therefore, thought cunningly on Easter 1619 to write himself an answer under the penname, F. G. Menapius.61 On January 1, 1619, Mgling registered again at the university and completed his doctoral degree of medicine. He was appointed Court Physician in Butzbach, Germany, on June 2 with the remark that he would be useful also as a mathematician, particularly in astronomical observations. A year later, on May 30, 1622, he married Susanna Peszler in Nuremberg, with whom he fathered at least three children. He died on August 29, 1635, in Butzbach as a victim of pestilence, only two months before his best friend, Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635) mathematician and orientalist in Tbingen passed on.

The English statesman Francis Bacon, who was appointed Baron of Verulam and Viscount of St. Albans at the end of his career, appeared to have studied well the Fama and Confessio. The impression that these works made upon him is evidenced in his New Atlantis, written between 1622 and 1624. The first sentence: We sailed from Peru can also be found in the Confessio.62 The first of the six rules in the Fama, the free healing of the sick, appears again in the house of the stranger in New Atlantis. The account that envoys were sent to Bensalem to wander around the world to obtain information about the state of science runs parallel to the Fama where the Brothers, after being sufficiently informed, part and disperse over several countries to come in contact with scholars. Bacons description of the learned of Solomons House is the elaboration of a

58 R. van Dlmen, Utopie, p. 227, note 21. 59 Neumann, Daniel Mgling, p. 104. 60 Addendum 10, Symbolism, see: a. The Collegium Fraternitatis. 61 [Pseudo] Theophilis Schweighartdt [Friedrich Grick] Menapius, Rosae Crucis, Das ist

Bedencken [...]. n. p. [Nurnberg]: 1619. See Neumann, Olim, da die RosenCreutzerij noch florirt, Theophilis Schweighartdt genannt, p. 107.

62 Confessio. Kassel: 1615, p. 80.

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short sketch about the study of the Brotherhood R. C. in the Fama. Where the Brotherhood is situated is not revealed. In the Confessio, in chapter V it says only: He has enveloped us so protectively with his cloud, that his servants cannot be done violence. For that reason we can no more be seen by human eyes, unless they have borrowed those of an eagle. At the end of the Fama is written: Also our building, even if a hundred thousand people have seen it from nearby, remains untouched, un-devastated, invisible and quite hidden from the irreligious in eternity. At the end of his work, Bacon also let the Tirsan of Solomons House say, because we are here in Gods bosom, an unknown country.63 20. Francis Bacon, 1561-1626. 21. Michael Maier, 1568-1622.

Michael Maier (1568-1622), was born in the summer of 1568 to a Lutheran family in Kiel in the state of Schleswich-Holstein, then Danish, now German, territory.64 His father, Peter, was a well-to-do gold embroiderer

63 Bacon, Francis. Het Nieuwe Atlantis..Translated, introduced and provided with

annotations by A.S.C.A. Muijen, Baarn: Ambo 1988. See Santing, De historische Rozenkruisers, p. 76 and Yates, The Rosicrucian Enlightenment, London, Boston 1972, pp. 125-129.

64 Figala, Karin and Neumann, Ulrich. Ein Frher Brief Michael Maiers (1568-1622) and Heinrich Rantzau (1526-1598), Einfhrung, lateinischer Originaltext und deutsche bersetzung. In Festschrift fr Helmut Gericke (Reihe Boethis Band 12) Stuttgart: 1985, pp. 327-357. See further, Neue Deutsche Biographie, volume 15, pp. 703-704 and Figala, Karin and Neumann, Ulrich, Author, cui nomen Hermes Malavici. New Light on the

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in the service of the knighted and royal Danish governor, Heinrich von Rantzau (1526-1598). As a bright young boy, Michael started school at age 5. His father died in about 1584 when Michael was 16 years of age, but financial help made it possible for him to continue his study. After two years in a high school in the neighborhood of Kiel, he enrolled at the University of Rostock in February 1587. He studied mainly physics, mathematics, astronomy, Greek and Latin. Michael returned home to his mother Anna and his sister in 1591, unqualified, probably from lack of money. For a year he occupied himself with alchemy. Probably with financial aid and by the suggestions of his friend Matthias Canaris and his family, he decided to study at the University of Frankfort on the Oder in the summer of 1592. By October 12 the 24-year-old student had gained his Masters Degree in physics.65 He remained for a year in Frankfort and upon returning home resumed his systematic study of alchemy. Later he embarked on an odyssey through Danzig, Riga and Dorpat and some islands in the Baltic Sea, finally arriving in Russia. Immediately after returning to Kiel he set out for Padua, Italy, where he enrolled as a medical student on December 4, 1595. There he was crowned poeta laureatus caesareus [Imperial Poet Laureate] and visited Bologna, Florence, Siena, and Rome. In Padua an unpleasant incident occurred in July 1596. Maier was involved in a conflict with a fellow student from Hamburg and had injured him severely. His case went to trial before the elders of the German Nation at Padua, the administrative body for German scholars, which found him guilty and ordered him to pay expenses and offer an apology - however, the very next day he fled in secret from Padua to Basel, Switzerland. There he continued his study and on November 4, 1596, obtained an M.D. degree with a thesis on epilepsy whereupon he returned home.

bibliography of Michael Maier (1569-1622). In Piyo Rattansi and Antonio Clericuzio, eds. Alchemy and Chemistry in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Dordrecht-Boston: 1994, pp. 121-147. Craven, J.B. Count Michael Maier, Doctor of Philosophy and of Medicine, Alchemist, Rosicrucian, Mystic, 1568-1622. Life and Writings. Kirkwall: 1910, reprinted 1968, London: Dawson of Pall Mall, pp. 65-67. See also, Leibenguth, Erik. Hermetische Poesie des Frhbarock. Die Cantilenae intellectualis Michael Maiers. Edition mit bersetzung, Kommentar und Bio-Biblographie. Tbigen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 2002. And Tilton, Hereward. The Quest for the Phoenix, Spiritual Alchemy and Rosicrucianism in the Work of Count Michael Maier (1569-1622). Berlin New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2003.

65 Maier was a Lutheran who lived in both Protestant and Roman Catholic communities. It is not certain what kind of Calendar was used; therefore, th