chapter 1 microbial world and you what is microbiology? micro - too small to be seen with the naked...
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Chapter 1
Microbial World and You
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What is Microbiology?Micro - too small to be seen with the naked
eyeBio - lifeology - study of
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Organisms included in the study of Microbiology1. Bacteria2. Protozoans3. Algae4. Parasites5. Yeasts and
MoldsFungi
6. Viruses
BacteriologyProtozoologyPhycologyParasitology
MycologyVirology
Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs
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Microbes Benefit Humans1.Bacteria are primary decomposers -
recycle nutrients back into the environment (sewage treatment plants)
2. Microbes produce various food products cheese, pickles, sauerkraut, green olivesyogurt, soy sauce, vinegar, breadBeer, Wine, Alcohol
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3. Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
Penicillin
Mold Penicillium notatum
1928 Alexander Fleming
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4. Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our body needs, but cannot synthesizeExample: E. coli
B vitamins - for metabolismVitamin K - blood clotting
Escherichia coliDr. EscherichColon (intestine)
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5. Biochemistry and MetabolismVery simple structurerapid rate of reproductionprovides “instant” data
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6. Microbial AntagonismOur normal microbial flora prevents
potential pathogens from gaining access to our body
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7. Insect Pest ControlUsing bacteria to control the growth of
insects
Bacillus thuringiensis caterpillarsbollwormscorn borers
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8. BioremediationUsing microbes to clean up pollutants and
toxic wastesExxon Valdez - 1989
2 GeneraPseudomonas sp.Bacillus sp.
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9. Recombinant DNA TechnologyGene TherapyGenetic Engineering
Bacteria can be manipulated to produce enzymes and proteins they normally would not produceInsulinHuman Growth HormoneInterferon
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10. Microbes form the basis of the food chainMarine and fresh water microorganisms
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Microbes do benefit us, but they are also capable of causing many diseases
Pneumonia Whooping CoughBotulism Typhoid Fever MeaslesCholera Scarlet Fever MumpsSyphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2Meningitis Tetanus RMSVStrep Throat Lyme Disease AIDSBlack Plague Diarrhea
Gangrene
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History of the Study of Microorganisms1665 Robert Hooke
“little boxes” - “cells”Cell Theory - all living things are made up of
cells
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
“wee animalcules”
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Germ Theory of DiseaseHard for people to believe that diseases
were caused by tiny invisible “wee animalcules”
Diseases, they thought, were caused by:demonswitchcraftbad luckthe wrath of Godcursesevil spirits
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Robert Koch - 1st to prove that bacteria actually caused diseases1876Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
etiology - the cause of a diseaseEstablished “scientific rules” to show a
cause and effect relationship between a microbe and a diseaseKoch’s Postulates
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Koch’s Postulates1. The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given disease.2. The organism must be isolated and
grown in pure culture.3. The isolated organism must reproduce
the same disease when inoculated into a healthy susceptible animal.
4. The original organism must again be isolated from the experimentally infected animal.
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Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates
1. Some organisms have never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
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Mycobacterium leprae Leprosy
Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media
Abdominal cavity of the Seven Banded Armadillo
Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates
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Exceptions to Koch’s PostulatesIn exclusively human diseases, it is not
morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly pathogen into a “human guinea pig”
HIV
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Koch established the Microbial Etiology of 3 important diseases of his day
1. Cholera (fecal-oral disease)Vibrio cholerae
2. Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection)Mycobacterium tuberculosis
3. Anthrax (sheep and cattle)Bacillus anthracis
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Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914Pasteur
PasteurizationFermentation
Joseph ListerPhenol to treat surgical wounds – 1st attempt to control
infections caused by microoganismsRobert Koch
Koch’s PostulatesEdward Jenner
vaccinationPaul Erlich
1st synthetic drug used to treat infectionsSalvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
“salvation” from Syphilis
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Naming of BacteriaGenus and species - Binomial System of
Taxonomic Classification
Information usually given:1. Describes an organism2. Identifies a habitat3. Honors a scientist or researcher
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Bacterial MorphologyBacilli
Cocci
Spiral
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ArrangementsStaphyloStreptoDiploSarcinaeTetrad
Vibrio comma shapedbacter bacillibacterium bacilli
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Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Vibrio cholerae
Rhodospirillium rubrum
Bacillus subtilis
Micrococcus luteus
Escherichia coliBacillus anthrasisSalmonella enteridisStreptococcus
pyogenesSteptococcus lactisStreptococcus
faecalisErlichia canisCampylobacter
jujuniHelicobacter pyloriEnterobacter
aerogenes