chapter 1 ip n safety =)

8/12/2019 CHAPTER 1 IP n safety =)

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 NATURE OF METHANOL

Methanol or methyl alcohol (CH3OH) also no!n as methyl alcohol" methyl hy#rate" car$%nol" !oo# alcohol or

!oo# s&%r%ts. Methanol %s a colo'rless l%'%# !%th a $o%l%n &o%nt o* +,.+ C" melt%n &o%nt -/.+C an# has a

#ens%ty o* /1 0m3. t %s &olar" ac%#-$ase ne'tral" an# normally cons%#ere# non-corros%2e. Methanol !%ll m%

!%th a !%#e 2ar%ety o* oran%c l%'%#s as !ell as !%th !ater an# there*ore %t %s o*ten 'se# as a sol2ent *or

#omest%c an# %n#'str%al a&&l%cat%ons. t %s most *am%l%ar %n the home as one o* the const%t'ents o* methylate#

s&%r%ts.

Methanol can $e &ro#'ce# *rom a 2ar%ety o* so'rces %ncl'#%n nat'ral as" coal" $%omass an#

&etrole'm. 4ome &ro&ert%es o* methanol are sho!n %n ta$le 1.1

Ta$le 1.15 Pro&ert%es o* methanol


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Ta$le 1.6 4'mmar%7es the &rocesses" *ee#stocs an# catalysts *or the &ro#'ct%on o* methanol

an# %ts &rec'rsor synas. 4ynthes%s o* methanol taes &lace %n#'str%ally 2%a synas.


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1.6 HISTORY

Methanol %s a l%'%# chem%cal !%th the *orm'la CH3OH (o*ten a$$re2%ate# MeOH). t %s

colorless" 2olat%le" *lamma$le" an# &o%sono's. Methanol %s ma#e *rom the #estr'ct%2e

#%st%llat%on o* !oo# an# %s ch%e*ly synthes%7e# *rom car$on mono%#e an# hy#roen. ts

&r%nc%&al 'ses are %n oran%c synthes%s" as a *'el" sol2ent" an# ant%*ree7e.

Methanol %s to%c. 8r%n%n 19 ml o* the s'$stance !%ll ca'se $l%n#ness: cons'm%n as l%ttle

as 199 ml !%ll res'lt %n #eath. t %s the s%m&lest *orm o* alcohol an# has a #%st%nct%2e o#or that

%s s%m%lar to ethanol (#r%n%n alcohol)" $'t sl%htly s!eeter.

Methanol %s a &olar l%'%# at room tem&erat're. t %s 'se# as ant%*ree7e" sol2ent" *'el" an# as a

#enat'rant *or ethanol. The chem%cal %s also 'se# to &ro#'ce $%o#%esel 2%a transester%*%cat%on

react%on.

;eca'se methanol has to%c &ro&ert%es" %t %s *re'ently 'se# as a #enat'rant a##%t%2e *or

ethanol man'*act're# *or %n#'str%al &'r&oses. Methanol %s *re'ently calle# !oo# alcohol

$eca'se %t !as once &ro#'ce# &r%mar%ly as a $y&ro#'ct o* the #estr'ct%2e #%st%llat%on o* !oo#.

No!a#ays" three metho#s are commonly 'se# to &ro#'ce synthes%s as *rom the methane

com&onent %n nat'ral as. The metho#s are steam-methane or 4MR" !h%ch %s en#otherm%c"

&art%al o%#at%on !%th molec'lar oyen" !h%ch %s eotherm%c" an# the com$%nat%on o* the

t!o" !h%ch %s re*erre# to as a'tothermal re*orm%n.

Anc%ent Ey&t%ans 'se# a m%t're o* s'$stances that %ncl'#e# methanol %n the%r em$alm%n

&rocess. They o$ta%ne# the methanol *rom &yrolys%s o* !oo#. Pyrolys%s %s the chem%cal

#ecom&os%t%on o* con#ense# oran%c s'$stances $y heat%n.

Ho!e2er" &'re methanol !asn


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chem%cal thro'h the #%st%llat%on o* $o!oo#. The chem%cal later $ecame no!n as &yroyl%c

s&%r%t. The French chem%sts =ean-;a&t%ste 8'mas an# E'ene Pel%ot #eterm%ne# %ts elemental

com&os%t%on %n 1>3,.

The term ?methyl@ !as #er%2e# *rom the !or# ?methylene"@ !h%ch !as co%ne# $y 8'mas an#

Pel%ot %n 1>,9. t !as then a&&l%e# to #escr%$e ?methyl alcohol.@ The nternat%onal

Con*erence on Chem%cal Nomenclat're shortene# th%s to ?methanol@ %n 1>6. hen Berman

chem%sts Al!%n M%ttasch an# Math%as P%er #e2elo&e# a means to con2ert synthes%s as %nto

methanol" a &atent !as *%le# on =an. 16" 16+.

n 699+ astronomers at =o#rell ;an O$ser2atory 's%n the Merl%n array o* ra#%o telesco&es"

#%sco2ere# a lare clo'# o* methanol %n s&ace" 399 $%ll%on m%les across.

1.3 USES OF METHANOL

1.3.1 Methanol as a Chem%cal nterme#%ate F'el

The &r%mary 'se *or methanol %s the &ro#'ct%on o* chem%cal &ro#'cts an# 'se as a *'el.

Ro'hly three-'arters o* all methanols %s 'se# %n the &ro#'ct%on o* *ormal#ehy#e" acet%c ac%#

an# a rane o* other chem%cal %nterme#%ates !h%ch *orm the *o'n#at%on o* a lare n'm$er o*

secon#ary #er%2at%2es. These secon#ary #er%2at%2es !h%ch are 'se# %n the man'*act're o* a

!%#e rane o* &ro#'cts toether !%th &ly!oo#" &art%cle$oar#" *oams" res%ns an# &last%cs.

1.3.6 Methanol as a F'el *or F'el Cell A&&l%cat%ons

Methanol has &ro$a$le to &o!er *'el cells" an alternat%2e reso'rces o* enerat%n electr%cal

enery %n an en2%ronmentally *r%en#ly manner that #oes not 'se tra#%t%onal com$'st%on.

Methanol %s !%#ely meas're# to $e one o* the most &rom%s%n *'els *or *'el cell a&&l%cat%ons.

4e2eral #%st%nct attr%$'tes o* methanol mae %t an %#eal hy#roen carr%er *or hy#roen $ase#

*'el cell system.

1., PROCESS DESCRIPTION

1.,.1 Pro#'ct%on o* methanol 's%n car$on #%o%#e" CO6

4%nce the %n#'str%al re2ol't%on that occ'rre# 6D9 years ao" the cons'm&t%on o* *oss%l *'el has

%ncrease ra&%#ly #'e to #eman# *rom the %n#'str%al an# trans&ortat%on sector an# toether !%ththe #e*orestat%on %t has $ecome a ma%n contr%$'tor to the lo$al concentrat%on o* maor


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%nterest%n.

Un*ort'nately" there are se2eral #%sa#2antaes an# challenes that nee# to $e cons%#er

an# o2ercome. One o* the $%est challenes %s the %n2ent%on o* the #e2%ce that can $e

%m&lemente# to ca&t're a lare scale o* CO6. Another challene %s the synthes%s o* methanol

*rom CO6 %s !%#ely st'#%e# %n aca#em%cs $'t the %m&lementat%on to the real !orl# %s not '%te

enco'ra%n an# %t %s rarely a&&l%es on the lare scale. There are also econom%cal challenes

!hether %t %s re'%re# h'e $'#et %n or#er to set '& the &lant that $ase# on the CO 6

con2ers%on an# also !hether %t %s rel%a$le *or lon term.

1.,.6 Methanol from biomass

Production process

n nat're MeOH %s &ro#'ce# 2%a anaero$%c meta$ol%sm $y many $acter%a. t %s also *orme# as

a $y-&ro#'ct #'r%n the ethanol *ermentat%on &rocess. MeOH also occ'rs nat'rally %n many

&lants" es&ec%ally %n *r'%ts. MeOH %s ma%nly synthes%7e# *rom nat'ral as" $'t also *rom coal"

ma%nly %n Ch%na an# 4o'th A*r%ca. ;%omass can $e con2erte# to MeOH 2%a thermochem%calan# $%otechnolo%cal &ath!ays as sho!n %n the *ollo!%n #%aram.

Methanol

production

process

pathways

Biochemical

pathways

One $%ochem%cal

ro'te %s 2%a

methane

*ormat%on $y

anaero$%c

#%est%on. Th%s

&rocess %s !ell


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#e2elo&e# #'e to the r%se o* $%oas &ro#'ct%on *rom m'n%c%&al !aste or lan#*%ll s%tes. The

$%oas has to $e cleane# to o$ta%n a as !%th h%h methane content an# MeOH %s then

&ro#'ce# *rom the methane as #escr%$e# a$o2e.

Recently a en'%ne $%ochem%cal ro'te 's%n methanothro&h%c $acter%a has $een %n2est%ate#.

For eam&le" $acter%a s'ch as Methylococcus capsulatus !%ll con2ert methane to MeOH %*

methane %s the only a2a%la$le reso'rce.

Thermochemical pathways

The thermochem%cal con2ers%on &aths to MeOH are $as%cally the same as *or *oss%l

*ee#stocs" s'ch as coal or nat'ral as.The $%omass %s as%*%e# an# the res'lt%n synthes%s

as" a m%t're o* CO" H6 an# CO6" %s a#a&te# to the 'al%ty re'%rements o* MeOH synthes%s.

8'r%n synthes%s the *ollo!%n react%ons occ'r5

CO 6H6 CH3OH

CO6 3H6 CH3OH H69

CO6 H6 CO H69

Process character%st%cs

The *ormat%on o* MeOH %s eotherm%c an# %s *a2o're# $y h%h &ress'res an# lo!

tem&erat'res. For reasons o* &rocess s%m&l%*%cat%on" %n2estment cost re#'ct%on an# enery

cons'm&t%on re#'ct%on.

1.,.3 Pro#'ct%on o* Methanol *rom Methane.

The Methanol n#'stry %n Tr%n%#a# $ean !%th the constr'ct%on o* a 1"699 MT &er #ay state-

o!ne# methanol &lant %n 1>3 (Tr%n%#a# an# To$ao Methanol Com&any


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Feed purification

The t!o ma%n *ee#stocs" nat'ral as an# !ater" $oth re'%re &'r%*%cat%on $e*ore 'se. Nat'ral

Bas conta%ns lo! le2els o* s'l&h'r com&o'n#s an# 'n#ero a #es'l&h'r%7at%on &rocess to

re#'ce the s'l&h'r to le2els o* less than one &art &er m%ll%on. m&'r%t%es %n the !ater are

re#'ce# to 'n#etecta$le or &arts &er $%ll%on le2els $e*ore $e%n con2erte# to steam an# a##e#

to the &rocess. * not remo2e#" these %m&'r%t%es can res'lt %n re#'ce# heat e**%c%ency an#s%n%*%cant #amae to maor &%eces o* e'%&ment.

Reformin

Re*orm%n %s the &rocess !h%ch trans*orms the methane (CH,) an# the steam (H6O) to

%nterme#%ate reactants o* hy#roen (H6)" car$on #%o%#e (CO6)" an# car$on mono%#e (CO).

Car$on #%o%#e %s also a##e# to the *ee# as stream at th%s stae to &ro#'ce a m%t're o*

com&onents %n the %#eal rat%o to e**%c%ently &ro#'ce methanol. Th%s &rocess %s carr%e# o't %n a

Re*ormer *'rnace !h%ch %s heate# $y $'rn%n nat'ral as as *'el.


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Met!ano" #$nt!e#i#

A*ter remo2%n ecess heat *rom the ?re*orme# as@ %t %s com&resse# $e*ore $e%n sent to the

methanol &ro#'ct%on stae %n the synthes%s reactor. Here the reactants are con2erte# to

methanol an# se&arate# o't as cr'#e &ro#'ct !%th a com&os%t%on o* methanol (+>I) an# !ater

(31I). Traces o* $y&ro#'cts are also *orme#. Methanol con2ers%on %s at a rate o* DI &er &ass

hence there %s a cont%n'al recycl%n o* the 'nreacte# ases %n the synthes%s loo&.

Th%s cont%n'al

recycl%n o* the

synthes%s as

ho!e2er res'lts

%n a $'%l#-'& o* %nert ases %n the system an# th%s %s cont%n'o'sly &'re# an# sent to the

re*ormer !here %t %s $'rnt as *'el. The cr'#e methanol *orme# %s con#ense# an# sent to the

methanol &'r%*%cat%on ste& !h%ch %s the *%nal ste& %n the &rocess.

1.,., P'r%*%cat%on o* methanol

n 2%e! o* the *act that commerc%al methanol %s no! s'**%c%ently &'re *or most a&&l%cat%ons.

A*ter the react%on &rocess cr'#e Methanol normally conta%ns a&&ro%mately 1>I o* !ater.

Th%s amo'nt o* !ater %s not e&ecte# to ha2e a &ro*o'n# e**ect on #%l'te sol't%ons o* sol'tes

%n methanol" %n 2%e! o* the hy#royl%c nat're o* th%s sol2ent %tsel* an# %ts lo! molar 2ol'me"

hence h%h concentrat%on o* hy#royl ro'&s. P'r%*%cat%on o* cr'#e methanol to the re'%re#

&ro#'ct 'al%ty %s ach%e2e# %n t!o se&arate #%st%llat%on col'mns.

Proce#'re

4te& 1. 8%st%ll the methanol !%th a oo# *ract%onat%n col'mn 'n#er the ecl's%on o*

mo%st're. The !ater content %s re#'ce# to 199 &&m. From th%s ste& &rocee# to e%ther ste&

6 or ste& 3" accor#%n to re'%rements.

4te& 6 . Pass the methanol slo!ly thro'h a col'mn o* #ry molec'lar s%e2es store the

methanol o2er a l'm& o* calc%'m hy#r%#e. As lon as the calc%'m hy#r%#e reta%ns %ts l'm&*orm" the !ater content %s J/ &&m.


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" Ca6" Cl" N9" an# 4O %s re#'ce# *rom 6-19 &&m to J9.96 &&m each Many hea2y metal %ons

!%ll also $e reta%ne# on these col'mns. 4&ec%*%c remo2al o* Fe3" C'6" Co6 " P$6 " etc."

on &olymers !%th anchore# chelat%n aents" s'ch as t%ron" %s #escr%$e# %n re*. 39 an# 31.

Other %m&'r%t%es are e%ther not o$no%o's an# can $e tolerate# at the le2els at !h%ch they are

&resent %n h%h ra#e commerc%al methanol" or" l%e car$on #%o%#e an# other ac%#%c %m-

&'r%t%es" are remo2e# $y &roce#'res or . For the remo2al o* other %m&'r%t%es" s'ch as

acetone or *ormal#ehy#e.P'r%*%e# methanol sho'l# $e &re2ente# *rom $e%n o%#%7e# to

*ormal#ehy#e $y ecl's%on o* a%r.

CHAPTER 6

%&' MAR(ET ANALYSIS

O2erall" !orl# #eman# *or methanol %s &roecte# to ro! at an a2erae ann'al rate o* .>I

*rom 6919 to 691D" !%th lo!er ro!th e&ecte# %n the %n#'str%al%7e# areas o* the !orl# !here

the marets are mat're. Ch%na has $een the larest methanol cons'm%n co'ntry" an# !%ll

%ncrease %ts share o* !orl# cons'm&t%on *rom almost ,1I %n 6919 to a$o't D,I %n 691D. As a

re*lect%on o* %ts ro!th &otent%al" #es&%te %ts &roecte# ro!th %n methanol ca&ac%ty" Ch%na !%llnot only rema%n a net %m&orter" $'t %ts net %m&orts !%ll %ncrease cons%#era$ly *rom 6919 to

691D. The *ollo!%n &%e chart sho!s !orl# cons'm&t%on o* methanol5

F%'re 1 orl# Cons'm&t%on

o* methanol on 6919

orl#!%#e"

*ormal#ehy#e &ro#'ct%on %s

the larest cons'mer o*

methanol" acco'nt%n *or

almost 6/I o* !orl#

methanol #eman# %n 6919.

8eman# %s #r%2en $y the

constr'ct%on %n#'stry s%nce *ormal#ehy#e %s 'se# &r%mar%ly to &ro#'ce a#hes%2es *or the

man'*act're o* 2ar%o's constr'ct%on $oar# &ro#'cts. H%stor%cally" the maor en# &ro#'ct has

$een &ly!oo#" $'t %n #e2elo&e# co'ntr%es" #eman# %s also #r%2en $y the e&an#%n 'se o*

en%neer%n $oar# &ro#'cts s'ch as O4; (or%ente# stran#$oar#). These !oo# com&os%te

&ro#'cts re'%re more *ormal#ehy#e-$ase# res%n &er s'are *oot o* $oar# than &ly!oo#.8eman# *or *ormal#ehy#e %s h%hly #e&en#ent on eneral econom%c con#%t%ons" an#" as an


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eam&le" a slo!#o!n %n constr'ct%on can cons%#era$ly re#'ce *ormal#ehy#e #eman#.

n 6919" cons'm&t%on o* methanol %nto #%rect *'el a&&l%cat%ons s'r&asse# methyl

tert%ary-$'tyl ether (MT;E) as the secon#-larest maret *or methanol" !%th almost 11I o*

lo$al methanol #eman#: $y 691D" %t %s e&ecte# to acco'nt *or 1/I" %ncreas%n at an a2erae

ann'al rate o* 'st o2er 69I. Th%s ro!th !%ll $e larely #e&en#ent '&on #e2elo&ment o* ne!

a&&l%cat%ons as !ell as eneral econom%c ro!th" s%nce most o* these a&&l%cat%ons (s'ch as

*'el cells) o %nto #'ra$le oo#s 'ses (s'ch as cars)" !h%ch are #%rectly l%ne# to eneral

econom%c con#%t%ons. A##%t%onally" ro!th !%ll #e&en# on the &r%ce tren#s *or con2ent%onal

enery 'ses: !%th the cons%#era$le %ncrease %n (con2ent%onal) enery &r%ces (s%nce the tro'h

%n early 699)" %nterest %n #e2elo&%n methanol as an alternat%2e *'el has once aa%n %ncrease#.

Acet%c ac%#0anhy#r%#e %s the th%r#-larest methanol en# 'se" !%th 'st o2er 19I o* the

!orl# methanol maret %n 6919. A maor &ort%on o* acet%c ac%# %s cons'me# *or the

&ro#'ct%on o* 2%nyl acetate monomer (GAM) an# th's #eman# *or acet%c ac%# tracs #eman#

*or GAM. Acet%c ac%# %s also 'se# as a sol2ent *or tere&hthal%c ac%# &ro#'ct%on. From 6919 to

691D" total lo$al acet%c ac%# #eman# !%ll ro! at ,.DI &er year" !h%le acet%c ac%# #eman# %n

the Un%te# 4tates %s e&ecte# to ro! at only 1.3I &er year #'r%n the same &er%o#. Methanol

cons'm&t%on %n the Un%te# 4tates *or acet%c ac%# &ro#'ct%on !%ll act'ally #ecl%ne. Blo$ally"

methanol cons'm&t%on *or acet%c ac%# &ro#'ct%on sho'l# ro! *aster (,.>I &er year ro!th)

than total acet%c ac%# &ro#'ct%on (,.DI &er year ro!th) s%nce methanol-$ase# &ro#'ct%on

sho'l# ro! *aster than other (maor) &ro#'ct%on ro'tes.

The *o'rth-larest maret *or methanol !orl#!%#e %s methyl tert%ary-$'tyl ether(MT;E)" !%th almost 19I o* !orl# methanol #eman# %n 6919. n the Un%te# 4tates" #omest%c

cons'm&t%on o* MT;E %ncrease# s'$stant%ally !hen the Clean A%r Act Amen#ments (CAAA)

o* 19 man#ate# that oyenate# com&o'n#s $e a##e# to asol%ne as one as&ect o* a

&roram to alle2%ate a%r &oll't%on. The maor e**ect o* the CAAA !as real%7e# %n 1D" !hen

RFB (re*orm'late# asol%ne) !as re'%re# %n a$o't one-th%r# o* U.4. motor *'els. n the

Un%te# 4tates" MT;E !as the &r%mary oyenate# com&o'n# *or 'se %n RFB. n recent years"

MT;E %tsel* has come 'n#er en2%ronmental attac" &r%mar%ly $eca'se %t has $een *o'n# %n

ro'n#!ater $eca'se o* lea%n 'n#erro'n# asol%ne tans. Cal%*orn%a*ormerly the lea#%n

cons'mer o* MT;E$anne# the 'se o* MT;E at the en# o* 6993 an# se2eral states *ollo!e#

s'%t. Methanol cons'm&t%on *or MT;E has $een on the #ecl%ne %n the Un%te# 4tates s%nce

1" an# s%nce 699+" U.4. cons'm&t%on o* MT;E has $een only *or e&ort marets or *or the

e&ort-#%recte# asol%ne &ool. n other re%ons o* the !orl#" es&ec%ally !here lea# com&o'n#s

are c'rrently 'se# to ma%nta%n octane le2els" some ro!th *or MT;E %s st%ll &oss%$le.

The lo$al methanol maret has seen a n'm$er o* s%n%*%cant chanes %n recent years"

an# the *'t're !%ll $e etremely #ynam%c as *actors aro'n# the !orl# come toether.

E&los%2e ro!th %n #eman# an# ca&ac%ty has taen &lace %n Ch%na" an# !%ll cont%n'e as the

economy e&an#s *'rther an# Ch%na #e2elo&s %ts methanol %n#'stry. An %m&ortant *actor *or

methanol #eman# !%ll $e the %m&act o* non-%nterate# methanol to ole*%ns &roects. 8omest%cmethanol &ro#'ct%on %n North Amer%ca !as all $'t et%nct 'nt%l shale as #e2elo&ments


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s%n%*%cantly lo!ere# nat'ral as &r%ces. No! North Amer%ca %s $ac %n the ame !%th

ca&ac%ty restarts" &lant relocat%ons an# reen*%el# &roects. The North Amer%can re2%2al !%ll

chane the lo$al %m&ort-e&ort &%ct're" as the &otent%al a##%t%onal ca&ac%ty %n North Amer%ca

!%ll l%ely trans*orm the re%on *rom a s%n%*%cant %m&orter to an e&orter $y 691/: some o*

the %m&ort 2ol'mes c'rrently com%n %nto the U4 *rom Tr%n%#a# !%ll l%ely en# '& %n E'ro&e

or As%a %nstea#. Pol%t%cal %ss'es ha2e chane# the tra#e *lo!s *or methanol as !ell !%th

sanct%ons le2%e# aa%nst ran" !h%ch has l%m%te# 2%rt'ally all ran%an e&orts to the n#%an an#

Ch%nese marets. Ne! marets are #e2elo&%n *or methanol" %ncl'#%n methanol to ole*%ns"

#%rect methanol $len#%n %nto asol%ne an# con2ert%n methanol %nto asol%ne.

CHAPTER )

)&' SAFETY

Methanol %s a &ro#'ct !%th many 'se*'l *eat'res that let %t to ser2e as a *'el or *'el a##%t%2e" a

chem%cal *ee# stoc" a sol2ent" a re*r%erant" an# a com&onent or %nterme#%ate %n many

cons'mer oo#s. Methanol %s also a ha7ar#o's chem%cal !%th s%n%*%cant to%c" *lamma$le"

an# react%2e &ro&ert%es that can also &ro#'ce harm*'l %m&acts to h'man health an# the

en2%ronment !hen not &ro&erly han#le#. ts o#o'r threshol# 2ar%es !%#ely" so o#o'r cannot $e

rel%e# '&on as a !arn%n &ro&erty. Ta$le 1.1 sho!s that the la$el element" ha7ar# an#

&reca't%onary statement o* methanol accor#%n to mater%al sa*ety #ata sheets (M484).

Methanol %s 2ery *lamma$le an# the *lash&o%nt %s rear#%n 16C. t m%es !ell !%th

a%r" th's the e&los%2e m%t'res can eas%ly $e *orme#. Ga&o'rs can acc'm'late %n con*%ne# or

lo! areas" or tra2el a cons%#era$le #%stance to a so'rce o* %n%t%on an# *lash $ac. At h%h

tem&erat'res" %t &reser2e #ecom&ose to *orm car$on mono%#e an# *ormal#ehy#e.

Formal#ehy#e an# other %rr%tat%n s'$stances are %2en o** !hen %t $'rns. Methanol reacts

2%olently !%th stron o%#%7ers !h%ch are &erchlorates" chrom%'m tr%o%#e" $rom%ne" so#%'m

hy&ochlor%te" chlor%ne an# hy#roen &ero%#e" res'lt%n %n a *%re or e&los%on.

Ta$le 1.15 The la$el element" ha7ar# an# &reca't%onary statement o* methanol accor#%n to

mater%al sa*ety #ata sheets (M484).

LA;EL HAAR8 4TATEMENT4 PRECAUTONAR

4TATEMENT


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FLAMMA;LE4

ACCUTE TOQCT

CARCNOBEN4

H66D - H%hly *lamma$le

l%'%# an# 2a&o'r.

H391 - To%c %* s!allo!e#.

H311 - To%c %n contact !%th

s%n.

H331 - To%c %* %nhale#

H3/9 - Ca'ses #amae to

orans

P6/9 - 8o no eat" #r%n or

smoe !hen 's%n th%s

&ro#'ct

P6>9 - ear &rotect%2e

lo2es0&rotect%2e

cloth%n0eye &rotect%on0*ace

&rotect%on.

P391 an# P319 - *

s!allo!e#" %mme#%ately call

a #octor.

P396P3D6 * on 4N5

ash !%th &lenty o* soa& an#

!ater

P39/P311 - * e&ose#5 Call

a PO4ON CENTER or

#octor0&hys%c%an

P,9D - 4tore loce# '&

3.1 E**ects o* E&os're

Methanol %s a &o%son. At th%s &er%o#" there %s no recon%7e# metho# o* m%t%at%n %ts to%c

e**ects. The &r%nc%&al concern %s !%th ac'te e&os're #'r%n any &r%mary ro'tes o* entry.

Health e**ects o* methanol e&os're #o not occ'r %nstantaneo'sly. The t%me la $et!een

e&os're an# onset o* sym&toms may ca'se m%s#%anos%s o* the ca'se" ma%nly %n &ersons !ho

are 'na!are they ha2e $een e&ose# or !ho are 'na!are o* the &o%sono's nat're o* methanol

an# the #%**erence $et!een methanol" ethanol" an# %so&ro&yl alcohol.

3.1.6 Beneral 4ym&toms


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The to%c%ty o* methanol %s same" #es&%te o* the ro'te o* e&os're. Methanol %s %rr%tat%n to the

eyes" s%n" an# the res&%ratory area. t also str%&s the nat'ral o%ls an# *at *rom the s%n" ca'se

s%n to $ecome #ry an# crace#. 4%ns o* system%c &o%son%n may $e #e*erre# to > 'nt%l 3+

ho'rs a*ter %n%t%al e&os're. t can ca'se &ermanent #amae to the o&t%c ner2e an# central an#

&er%&heral ner2o's system !%th 'st a s%nle ac'te e&os're. Other s%ns an# sym&toms o*

methanol &o%son%n %ncl'#e hea#ache" #%77%ness" 2om%t%n" se2ere a$#om%nal &a%n" $ac &a%n"

#%**%c'lty $reath%n" col# etrem%t%es" lethary" an# %n-coor#%nat%on. Eye e&os're can also

ca'se a $'rn%n sensat%on accom&an%e# $y tear%n" re#ness" an# s!ell%n. 8%rect contact !%th

the l%'%# may ca'se con'nct%2%t%s an# corneal $'rns. H%h e&os'res may res'lt %n $l%n#ness

an# #eath.

3.1.3 Ac'te E**ects

The e**ect o* ac'te !h%ch %s h%h-#ose methanol e&os're has $een !ell-character%7e# %n

h'man &o%son%n an# %n an%mal st'#%es. Normally" the a**ecte# %n#%2%#'al e&er%ences a short

&er%o# o* %nto%cat%on !%th a m%l# #e&ress%on o* the central ner2o's system" *ollo!e# $y a

&er%o# %n !h%ch no sym&toms o* %nto%cat%on or to%c%ty commonly 16 to 1, ho'rs. Th%s %s

*ollo!e# $y &hys%cal sym&toms o* &o%son%n" s'ch as hea#ache" na'sea" 2om%t%n" loss o*

e'%l%$r%'m" se2ere a$#om%nal &a%n" an# #%**%c'lty %n $reath%n. These sym&toms can $e

*ollo!e# $y coma an# #eath. Methanol e&os're res'lts %n 2%s%on e**ects that rane *rom

ecess%2e sens%t%2%ty to l%ht" m%sty or $l'rre# 2%s%on" to #ramat%cally re#'ce# 2%s'al ac'%ty

an# total $l%n#ness.

3.1., Chron%c E**ects

For h%h-le2el e&os're can relat%2ely l%ttle %s recon%7e# rear#%n the e**ects o* chron%c

!h%ch %s lo!-le2el methanol e&os're. ;ase# on the l%m%te# n'm$er o* case re&orts an#

e&%#em%olo%c st'#%es" the e**ects o* &rolone# e&os'res to methanol are relate# to those o*

ac'te e&os're !h%ch %s 2%s'al an# central ner2o's system #%sor#ers. Re&eate# #%rect s%n

contact !%th methanol can ca'se #ermat%t%s !%th #ryness an# crac%n. Other sym&toms o*

chron%c e&os're %ncl'#e eye %rr%tat%on" hea#ache" %##%ness" %nsomn%a" astro%ntest%nal

&ro$lems" an# es&ec%ally 2%s'al #%**%c'lt%es.

3.6 E&os're Control

3.6.1 Pre2entat%2e meas'res

Pre2ent%n e&os're to methanol %s the $est !ay to &rotect health. The o&t%ons that sho'l# $e cons%#ere# %ncl'#e

o* less ha7ar#o's s'$st%t'tes" en%neer%n controls" chanes %n !or &ract%ces to re#'ce e&os're (a#m%n%strat%2e

controls) an# &ersonal &rotect%2e e'%&ment

4'$st%t't%on

* &oss%$le *or other less ha7ar#o's or less *lamma$le sol2ents sho'l# $e s'$st%t'te# *or


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methanol. n *'els" ethanol may $e 'se# as a s'$st%t'te *or methanol. n some cases" methanol

can $e #%l'te# !%th !ater to re#'ce the ha7ar#.

En%neer%n controls

En%neer%n controls are &rocesses 'se# to el%m%nate e&os're to a s'$stance. En%neer%n controls conta%n the

s'$stance" remo2e the s'$stance *rom the a%r or &ro2%#e a $arr%er $et!een the !orer an# the s'$stance.

Eam&les o* en%neer%n controls that can $e 'se# to &re2ent e&os're to methanol are %nstallat%on o* local

2ent%lat%on hoo#s" 2ent%late# enclos'res aro'n# !or &rocesses (*'me hoo#s" lo2e $oes)" Use o* close# &%&%n

an# storae systems an# Use o* a'tomat%c systems to &'m& methanol *rom storae conta%ners to &rocess systems

or conta%ners

For 2ent%lat%on systems are 'se# at the !or s%te" they m'st $e #es%ne# &ro&erly %n accor#ance !%th

esta$l%she# en%neer%n &r%nc%&les an# not 2ent $ac %nto the !or area.

* en%neer%n controls are !or%n &ro&erly" they !%ll el%m%nate or reatly re#'ce the&otent%al ha7ar#. They only nee# to $e %nstalle# once an# #o not &lace a &hys%cal $'r#en on

!orers. The $'%l#%n 2ent%lat%on system sho'l# &ro2%#e *resh a%r *or normal o&erat%on an#

sho'l# tae %nto cons%#erat%on the &oss%$%l%ty o* a lea. n some cases" nat'ral 2ent%lat%on may

$e a#e'ate or else" mechan%cal 2ent%lat%on systems sho'l# $e &ro2%#e#. Gent%lat%on

re'%rements sho'l# $e #eterm%ne# on a s%te-s&ec%*%c $as%s" $'t the 'lt%mate taret %s to ens're

that methanol concentrat%ons %n a%r #o not reach or ecee# 699 &&m.

A#m%n%strat%2e controls

or &ract%ces that can $e 'se# to re#'ce e&os're to methanol !h%ch are the !orers m'st &art%c%&ate %n

tra%n%n an# mon%tor%n &rorams %n the !or&lace" 's%n oo# hy%ene &ract%ces" &ro&erly 's%n an#

ma%nta%n%n en%neer%n controls an# other e'%&ment 'se# to re#'ce e&os're" la$ell%n an# stor%n methanol

&ro&erly an# many on.

Methanol &resents a *%re ha7ar# as !ell as a health ha7ar# to !orers. Then" &art%c'lar attent%on m'st $e

&a%# to *%re sa*ety an# &otent%al so'rces o* %n%t%on %n areas !here methanol %s 'se# an# store#. Methanol sho'l#

$e store# %n a cool" #ry" !ell-2ent%late# area" o't o* #%rect s'nl%ht an# %n a &art o* the !or s%te that %s se&arate

*rom the &ro#'ct%on area. 4torae conta%ners m'st $e com&at%$le !%th the chem%cal (methanol !%ll #era#e some

&last%cs an# react !%th some metals). Methanol sho'l# ne2er $e store# !%th o%#%7ers or other %ncom&at%$lechem%cals. The &ro#'ct mater%al sa*ety #ata sheet an# man'*act'rer sho'l# $e cons'lt%n *or more %n*ormat%on

on &ro&er storae an# han#l%n.

Personal Protect%2e E'%&ment

E&os're to methanol can occ'r 2%a %nhalat%on" s%n a$sor&t%on" contact !%th the eyes" or

%nest%on" !hene2er methanol %s 'se# or han#le#. The le2el o* r%s o* e&os're to methanol

!%ll #%ctate the a&&ro&r%ate le2el o* &ersonal &rotect%2e e'%&ment re'%re#. At a m%n%m'm"

sa*ety lasses !%th s%#e sh%el#s or sa*ety oles an# tas a&&ro&r%ate lo2es are

recommen#e#. t %s #e&en#%n on the con#%t%on" the a##%t%onal &ersonal &rotect%2e e'%&mentmay $e re'%re#.


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REFERENCES


19/21

http://www.extraordinaryroadtrip.org/research-library/technology/methanol/history.asp

https://www.thechemco.com/chemical/methanol/

http://www.cmaiglobal.com/marketing/samples/wmr_supplement.pdf

http://www.ihs.com/products/chemical/planning/world-petro-analysis/methanol.aspx

http://www.ihs.com/products/chemical/planning/ceh/methanol.aspx

http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2013/12/2/!"3#0#/outlook-1-asia-methanol-demand-

to-strengthen-on-new-uses/

http://www.cmaiglobal.com/marketing/samples/wmr_weekly.pdf

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol/

$ecommended &ethods 'or (he )urification *f +ol,ents nd (ests 'or mpurities &ethanol

nd thanol .marcus 2000
http://www.extraordinaryroadtrip.org/research-library/technology/methanol/history.asphttps://www.thechemco.com/chemical/methanol/http://www.cmaiglobal.com/marketing/samples/wmr_supplement.pdfhttp://www.ihs.com/products/chemical/planning/world-petro-analysis/methanol.aspxhttp://www.ihs.com/products/chemical/planning/ceh/methanol.aspxhttp://www.icis.com/resources/news/2013/12/24/9738408/outlook-14-asia-methanol-demand-to-strengthen-on-new-uses/http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2013/12/24/9738408/outlook-14-asia-methanol-demand-to-strengthen-on-new-uses/http://www.cmaiglobal.com/marketing/samples/wmr_weekly.pdfhttp://www.extraordinaryroadtrip.org/research-library/technology/methanol/history.asphttps://www.thechemco.com/chemical/methanol/http://www.cmaiglobal.com/marketing/samples/wmr_supplement.pdfhttp://www.ihs.com/products/chemical/planning/world-petro-analysis/methanol.aspxhttp://www.ihs.com/products/chemical/planning/ceh/methanol.aspxhttp://www.icis.com/resources/news/2013/12/24/9738408/outlook-14-asia-methanol-demand-to-strengthen-on-new-uses/http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2013/12/24/9738408/outlook-14-asia-methanol-demand-to-strengthen-on-new-uses/http://www.cmaiglobal.com/marketing/samples/wmr_weekly.pdf


20/21

INTER*RATED PRO+ECT

PRELIMINARY REPORT

PRODUCTION %,,-,,, METRIC TAN OF

METHANOL

MUHAMAD AIMAN .IN HASSAN/%,'%%001102

MUHAMAD TALMI3I .IN SAUFI/%,'%1)4,102

MUHAMMAD SYAFI5 .IN MOHD RO3ALI/%,'%1607462


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MUHD SHU(REE .IN HAM3AH/%,'%64181%2

MOHD 3HARIFF .IN MOHD (AMAL/%,'%1,48602

NOOR A3IMAH .INTI RA3ALI/%,'%0'8%,62

chapter 1 ip n safety =)

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