chapter 1: introduction to materials selection

CASE

STUDY

1. Vacuum Cleaner

2. Cell Phone

3. Passenger

Car

4. Body Armour

CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS SELECTION

CASE STUDY 1: VACUUM CLEANER

1860: Daniel Hess - “Carpet Sweeper”•Rotating brush and bellows that generated suction

1869: Ives W. McGaffe -“Whirlwind”

• A belt driven fan powered by hand

1898: John S. Thurman -Gasoline powered cleaner

• Too big, horse-drawn

• No vacuum, but blew air and cleaned like that

1901: Hubert Cecil Booth –“Puffing Billy”

• internal combustion engine to power a piston pump to pull air through cloth filter; Horse-drawn, too big, Next model was electric powered but still too big

1905: Walter Griffith

“Portable Vacuum Cleaner”

• First cleaning machine that used a vacuum and portable

• It used bellows to suck up dust and a flexible pipe

More and more inventions in the future models of electric & portable vacuum cleaner.

• First successful vacuum

cleaner - Hubert Cecil Booth,

1901, England.

• The machine worked well and

was popular with rich people,

eg. places such as Windsor

Castle, Westminster Abbey,

and Buckingam Palace.

• Booth's cleaner was so large

that it had to be horse-drawn,

and six people were needed to

operate it.

• The machines were only hired

out, never sold



C. H. Sparklin,

“Suction Cleaner”,

US Pat. 2,063,061,

8 Dec 1936

J. M. Spangler,

“Carpet Sweeper And

Cleaner”, US Pat.

889,823, 2 June 1908

It may look like a complicated

machine, but the conventional

vacuum cleaner is actually made up

of only six (6) essential components:

1. An intake port, which may include

a variety of cleaning accessories

2. An exhaust port

3. An electric motor

4. A fan

5. A porous bag

6. A housing that contains all the

other components


CASE STUDY 1:

VACUUM CLEANER

CASE STUDY 1:

VACUUM CLEANER: 1905-1920

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/71/Vacuum_cleaner_1910.JPG

CASE STUDY 1:


1947CASE STUDY 1:


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Hoover_1960_Vacuum_cleaner_img_1403.jpg

CASE STUDY 1:


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Vacuum_cleaner.jpg

CASE STUDY 1:

VACUUM CLEANER: BEYOND 2000

A robot vacuum cleaner is

smart enough to know if the

given place has been

cleaned by it or not by using

a camera to map rooms

which it had already cleaned.

CASE STUDY 1:

21ST CENTURY – ROBOTIC VACUUM CLEANER

CASE STUDY 1:

21ST CENTURY – ROBOTIC VACUUM CLEANER

CENTRAL-VACUUM-HOUSEThe whole house as a vacuum

cleaner

RIDEABLE VACUUM CLEANERKid-friendly vacuum cleaner

CASE STUDY 1:

VACUUM CLEANER: OTHER CONCEPTS

CASE STUDY 1:

VACUUM CLEANER: FUTURE CONCEPT

CASE STUDY 2 : CELL PHONE

1956: SRA/Ericsson MTA (Mobile Telephone System A)

Notable qualities: The first automaticmobile telephone system (no humanoperator to manually connect the userto an outside phone line). Heavy (~40kgs) and power-hungry - requiredpermanent installation in a vehicle.

1983: Motorola DynaTAC 8000X

Notable qualities: Small size, light weight; the first handheld mobile phone. engineers squeezed more capability into less space, and Motorola built much-needed infrastructure--the towers necessary for cell phone service. The beginning of cell phone revolution.

CASE STUDY 2 : CELL PHONEhttp://www.pcworld.com/article/173033/evolution_of_the_cell_phone.html

Nokia Mobira Talkman

(Year: 1984)

Notable qualities: Early luggable

mobile phone; relatively long talk

time

Motorola MicroTAC

Year: 1989

Notable qualities: First flip phone,

first pocket phone; smallest and

lightest cellular phone at the time of its

debut


1994: Motorola 2900 Bag Phone

Notable qualities: Long talk times, plus greater battery life and signal range. Bag phones could transmit a cell signal with greater power, allowing the phone to be used farther away from a receiving tower. This was vital in the days when cellular coverage wasn't nearly as widespread as it is now.

Motorola StarTAC(Year: 1996)

Notable qualities: First fully "clamshell" mobile phone design; smallest and lightest mobile phone at its release


1997: Nokia 9000i Communicator

Notable qualities: First Nokia smart

phone; first modern PDA/cell phone

combo; mobile Internet connectivity,

with Intel 386 CPU, 8MB RAM and

QWERTY keyboard. It could send and

receive faxes, text messages, and e-

mail, and it also had limited Web

access, and PDA-like organizer

capabilities.

1998: Nokia 8810

Notable qualities: First cell phone

without an external whip or stub

antenna; first "candy bar" phone.

Nokia engineers found a way around

that problem by designing a flat,

plate-like antenna that could hide

inside the body of a cell phone.


Nokia 7110

(Year: 1999)

Notable qualities: World's first

WAP (Wireless Application

Protocol) - capable mobile phone;

nifty sliding keypad cover

2002: RIM BlackBerry 5810

Notable qualities: First

BlackBerry with an integrated

voice cell phone; push e-mail

support. Became indispensable

tools for entrepreneurs and other

professionals.


2002: Sanyo SCP-5300

Notable qualities: First U.S.

mobile phone with an integrated

camera; color screen, clamshell

camera phone design

2002: T-Mobile Sidekick / Danger

Hiptop

Notable qualities: Large, flippable

screen; relatively uncramped and

full-featured QWERTY keyboard


Motorola Razor V3

Year: 2004

Notable qualities: Stylish design,

slim form, and a full set of features

(i.e flat keyboard, a built-in camera,

and multimedia capabilities)

Apple iPhone

Year: 2007

Notable qualities: Everything – but

particularly the excellent software, the

large and sharp screen, the multi-touch

interface, visual voicemail, the App

Store, etc.


CASE STUDY 3: PASSENGER CAR

The SAGA begins…

A QUICK FLASHBACK…

1769 : Nicolas Cugnot’s Steam Car (the 1st car)

1936 : Toyota AA

(1st Toyota Model)

1972 : Maserati Boomerang (composite prototype car)

2013 : BMW i-FD



Business Insider (2019) The Rise And Fall Of The Volkswagen Beetle, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wnz_o0Tt77U

The history of the “People's Car”, Volkswagen,

begins on 28 May 1937 when the “Geselschaft

zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagen mbH”

company is created. A year later it is renamed

into “Volkswagenwerk GmbH” has its

headquarters established in Wolfsburg, a city

especially created for the workers on the

Volkswagen plant that are going to mass produce

Hitler's dream car for the average German,

designed by Ferdinand Porsche.

M o r e s t o r y a t : h t t p : / / w w w . a u t o e v o l u t i o n . c o m / v o l k s w a g e n / h i s t o r y /


1932 VW Beetle Prototype 1935 VW Beetle Prototype

1944 VW Beetle

CASE STUDY 3: PASSENGER CARhttp://www.squidoo.com/vwbeetlehistory#module12250758

Volkswagen's "Theory of

evolution" ad, showing

models from 1949 to 1963,

without much change.

http://www.cartype.com/pics/3

814/full/evolution-ad.jpg



July 2019: Final Volkswagen Beetle roll off the assembly plant, Puebla, Mexico,


Klaus Bischoff, chief designer of the Volkswagen brand, and his team designed the

Beetle and the New Beetle.

Bye-Bye Beelte…

CASE STUDY 4: BODY ARMOUR

oBody Armor is protective defensive covering worn to protect the body against weapons.

oBullet proof body armor does not deflect bullets.

oBullet proof body armor instead absorbs the impact and spreads its force over a larger portion of the body.

2500 BC

oFirst historical evidence

of helmets, shields and

leather body armor – used

by Sumerian soldiers

oHelmets were made of

copper.

oShields and body armor

were made of leather.


1550-1500 BC

oFirst full body armor made of bronze plates.

o First chainmail body

armor invented by the

Celtic people

500-400 BC


300-200 BC

oFirst chainmail body

armor discovered in

Horný Jatov, Slovakia

and a Celtic chieftain’s

burial site located in

Ciumesti, Romania

(dated to 300-200 BC).


1400

oFirst full body

armor made of

steel plates.


1966

oKevlar was invented by

Stephanie Kwolek and

patented in 1966. Used in

the 1970’s for bulletproof

body armor in vests.


1967

oBulletproof body armor

vests were designed to

hold hard ceramic plates.



1975: First mass production of Kevlar bulletproof body armor vests

oSpider silk bulletproof body armor vests R&D.

Spider silk after MPI treatment, lifting

a weight of 27.5 g on a hook.

Credit: Max-Planck-Institute of

Microstructure Physics

BODY ARMOUR: 1999

2006

• Liquid bulletproof body armor vests nanotechnology research and development – shear thickening fluid (STF).

BODY ARMOUR – 2006

Traditional Vest

o Contains 31

layers of

Kevlar.

o When bullet

hits, impact is

concentrated

on a small

area and

causes a deep

indentation

Liquid Armour

o Contains 10

layers of Kevlar.

With thick fluid

between each

layer.

o When bullet

hits, the fluid

solidifies and

absorbs the

impact over a

wider area

2006 - LIQUID ARMOUR

ARMOUR – THEN AND NOW

ARMOUR – INTO THE FUTURE

ARMOUR – NEAREST FUTURE

chapter 1: introduction to materials selection

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