chapter 1 introduction to earth science chapter preview 1.1 what is science? 1.2 studying earth 1.3...

Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science

Chapter Preview

1.1 What is Science?

1.2 Studying Earth

1.3 Exploring Earth’s Surface

1.4 Topographic Maps

Table of Contents

1.5 Safety in the Science Laboratory


Chapter Preview Questions

1. Solar energy strikes Earth most directly ata. the equator.b. the North Pole.c. the South Pole.d. mid-latitudes.



2. Uneven heating of Earth by the sun causesa. volcanic eruptions.b. earthquakes.c. wind.d. landslides.



3. The amount of heat that Earth receives from the sun varies with latitude because

a. of fusion in the sun’s core.b. the sun is a yellow star.c. the sun is the closest star to Earth.d. of the sun’s height in the sky.



4. Much of the energy on Earth is froma. the sun.b. Earth’s volcanoes.c. earthquakes.d. Earth’s core.


A flashlight beam and a ball can model how sunlight strikes Earth. Sunlight strikes Earth’s equator directly. But sunlight is more spread out where it strikes Earth’s polar regions. Explain how this uneven distribution of the sun’s energy affects Earth’s atmosphere and oceans.

What is one main source of energy for Earth’s naturalprocesses and living things?


High-Use Academic Words

Word Definition Example Sentence

n. A particular part of a place or surface

In what area of the city is your school located?

area




n. A fact to be considered

In a race, one factor to think about is the distance you will run.

factor




v. To take place; to happen

The scientist predicted that an earthquake might occur at the site.

occur


Apply It!

Choose the word from the table that best completes the sentence.

1. Keep your work ____ clean and safe during a laboratory experiment.

area

2. Accidents sometimes ____ in a science laboratory.

occur

3. Price is a(n) ____ to be considered in buying baseball tickets.

factor


End of Chapter Preview


Section 1: What Is Science?

You will be able to identify skills that scientists use to learn about the world.You will be able to explain what scientific inquiry involves.You will be able to differentiate between scientific theory and a scientific law.

Lesson Objectives



6.76.7 Scientific progress is made by asking meaningful questions and conducting careful investigations.

a.a. Develop a hypothesis.

c.c. …develop qualitative statements about the relationships between variables.

California Standards



What skills do scientists use?What is scientific inquiry?How do scientific theories differ from scientific laws?


Sequoias and Fire

The graph shows the growth of sequoia seedlings in relation to the intensity of controlled burns. Use the graph to answer the questions.


Sequoias and Fire

Reading Graphs

What do the bars on the graph represent?

Seedlings in different locations


Sequoias and Fire

Reading Graphs

What does the height of each bar represent?

Percent of trees with seedlings


Sequoias and Fire

Which level of burn intensity led to the most seedling production? The least seedling production?

High-intensity burn; unburned site

Interpreting Data


The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

Scientific Inquiry refers to the many ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence they gather.

Pose Questions

Form a Hypothes

is

Communicate

Draw Conclusio

nsCollect and Interpret

Data

Design an Experimen

t


The Nature of Inquiry Activity

Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the nature of inquiry.


What is science?


List three main skills that scientists use. Explain one.


End of Section: What Is Science?


Section 2: Studying Earth

You will be able to name the parts of the Earth system.You will be able to explain how energy is transferred in the Earth system.You will be able to identify the main branches of Earth science.

Lesson Objectives



6.3.a6.3.a Students know energy can be carried from one place to another by heat flow or by waves, including water, light and sound waves.

6.4.a6.4.a Students know the sun is the major source of energy for phenomena on Earth’s surface; it powers winds, ocean currents, and the water cycle.




What are the parts of the Earth system?How is energy transferred in the Earth system?What are the branches of Earth science?


Earth as a System

The atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere together make up the Earth system. Changes in any part of the system can affect the other parts.


Earth as a System


Energy TransferEnergy can be transferred from place to place by moving objects, by waves, or by heat flow. The different forms of energy transfer occur around us constantly. Moving Objects A moving object such as this baseball transfers energy from the pitcher’s arm to the catcher—or the pitcher’s bat.


Energy TransferWaves When the fans cheer, sound waves transfer energy as they move through the air.


Energy TransferHeat Flow Heat Flow transfers energy from the warm air into the cold ice cream, causing the ice cream to melt.


Energy TransferElectromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic Waves transfer energy as they carry the TV announcer’s voice and image to people outside the ballpark.


The Branches of Earth ScienceEarth science has several different branches. We will study three of them: geology, meteorology, and environmental science.


What are the four “spheres” that make up the Earth system? Describe two.


What are three branches of Earth science? Describe one.


End of Section: Studying Earth


Section 3: Exploring Earth’s Surface

You will be able to explain what the topography of an area includes.You will be able to identify the main types of landform.You will be able to explain how maps represent Earth’s surface and use them to locate points on the surface.

Lesson Objectives



6.26.2 Topography is reshaped by the weathering of rock and soil and by the transportation and deposition of sediment.

6.7.f. 6.7.f. Read a topographic map and a geologic map for evidence provided on the maps and construct and interpret a simple scale map.




What does the topography of an area include?What are the main types of landforms?How do maps represent Earth’s surface and help find locations?


Elevations Across California

On a trip from California’s coast to the Sierra Nevada, you would see many changes in topography as the elevation and relief of the land changed.

ElevationElevation is the height of a is the height of a land feature above sea land feature above sea level.level.ReliefRelief is the difference between is the difference between

the highest point and lowest the highest point and lowest point of a landform.point of a landform.


Types of Landforms

There are three main types of landforms: plains, mountains, and plateaus.


What Is a Map?

Maps are drawn to scale and use symbols to represent topography and other features on Earth’s surface.


A ratio compares two numbers by division. For example, the scale of a map given as a ratio is 1:250,000. At this scale, the distance between two points on the map measures23.5 cm. How would you find the actual distance?1. Write the scale as a fraction.

2. Write a proportion. Let d represent the distance between the two points.

3. Write the cross products.1 x d = 250,000 x 23.5 cmd = 5,875,000 cm

Scales and Ratios


Scales and Ratios

Practice Problem

A map’s scale is 1:25,000. If two points are 4.7 cm apart on the map, how far apart are they on the ground?

117,500 cm or 1.175 km; (1 x d = 25,000 x 4.7 cm) or (25,000 x 4.7 cm)


Earth’s Grid

Distances around circles are measured in degrees.


Earth’s Grid

The equator and prime meridian divide Earth’s surface into hemispheres.


Earth’s Grid

The lines of latitude and longitude form a grid that can be used to find locations anywhere on Earth.


Earth’s Grid

Every point on Earth’s surface has a particular latitude and longitude


Links on Landforms

Click the SciLinks button for links on landforms.


Links on Latitude and Longitude

Click the SciLinks button for links on latitude and longitude.


Latitude and Longitude

Click the Video button to watch a movie aboutlatitude and longitude.


What is topography?


What is relief? How does it differ from elevation?


What are the three main types of landforms? Describe two.


End of Section: Exploring Earth’s

Surface


Section 4: Topographic Maps

You will be able to explain how elevation, relief, and slope are shown on topographic maps.You will be able to explain how a topographic map is read.

Lesson Objectives


Section 4: Topographic Maps

6.7.f6.7.f Read a topographic map and a geologic map for evidence provided on the maps and construct and interpret a simple scale map.

California Standard


Section 4:Topographic Maps

How do mapmakers represent elevation, relief, and slope?How do you read a topographic map?


Mapping Earth’s Topography

Mapmakers use contour lines to represent elevation, relief, and slope on topographic maps.


Topographic Map Activity

Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about topographic maps.


Reading a Topographic Map

To read a topographic map, you must familiarize yourself with the map’s scale and symbols and interpret the map’s contour lines.


End of Section: Topographic Maps


Section 5: Safety in the Science Laboratory

You will be able to explain why preparation is important when carrying out scientific investigations in the lab and in the field.You will be able to describe what you should do if an accident occurs.

Lesson Objectives



6.76.7 Scientific progress is made by asking meaningful questions and conducting careful investigations.

b.b. Select appropriate tools and technology (including calculators, computers, balances, spring scales, microscopes, and binoculars) to perform tests, collect data, and display data.




Why is preparation important when carrying out scientific investigations in the lab and in the field?What should you do if an accident occurs?


Safety in the Lab

These safety symbols remind you to work carefully when performing labs in this textbook series. Make sure you are familiar with each safety symbol and what it means.


In Case of an Accident

When any accident occurs, no matter how minor, notify your teacher immediately. Then listen to your teacher’s directions and carry them out quickly.


Links on Laboratory Safety

Click the SciLinks button for links on laboratory safety.


End of Section:Safety in the

Science Laboratory


Quick Take Quiz

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Click below Click below to practice!to practice!


Practice Test!

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chapter 1 introduction to earth science chapter preview 1.1 what is science? 1.2 studying earth 1.3...

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