chapter 1 introduction - landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdedition...chapter 1...

75
 Introduction 1-1 Chapter1 Introduction ComputerN etw orking: A Top D ow n ApproachFeaturingthe Internet, 3 rd  edition. Jim Kurose, KeithRoss Addison-W esley, July2004. A note on the use of these ppt slides: We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). They’re in PowerPoint form so you can add, modify, and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs. They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only ask the following: If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) in substantially unaltered form, that you mention their source (after all, we’d like people to use our book!) If you post any slides in substantially unaltered form on a www site, that you note that they are adapted from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this material. Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR All material copyright 1996-2005 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

Upload: lamkhue

Post on 05-May-2018

221 views

Category:

Documents


6 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-1

Chapter 1Introduction

Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet, 3rd edition. Jim Kurose, Keith RossAddison­W esley, July 2004. 

A note on the use of these ppt slides:We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). They’re in PowerPoint form so you can add, modify, and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs. They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only ask the following: If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) in substantially unaltered form, that

you mention their source (after all, we’d like people to use our book!) If you post any slides in substantially unaltered form on a www site, that

you note that they are adapted from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this material.

Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR

All material copyright 1996-2005J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

Page 2: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-2

Chapter 1: Introduction

Our goal: get “feel” and terminologymore depth, detail later in courseapproach:

use Internet as example

Overview:what’s the Internetwhat’s a protocol?network edgenetwork coreaccess net, physical mediaInternet/ISP structureperformance: loss, delayprotocol layers, service modelsnetwork modeling

Page 3: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-3

Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 W hat is the Internet?1.2 Network edge1.3 Network core1.4 Network access and physical media1.5 Internet structure and ISPs1.6 Delay & loss in packet­switched networks1.7 Protocol layers, service models1.8 History

Page 4: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-4

W hat’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view

millions of connected computing devices: hosts = end systems  running network appscommunication links

fiber, copper, radio, satellitetransmission rate = bandwidth

routers: forward packets (chunks of data)

local ISP

companynetwork

regional ISP

router workstation

servermobile

Page 5: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-5

“Cool” internet appliances

World’s smallest web serverhttp://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/~shri/iPic.html

IP picture framehttp://www.ceiva.com/

Web-enabled toaster +weather forecaster

Internet phones

Page 6: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-6

W hat’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view

protocols control sending, receiving of msgs

e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP,  PPP

Internet: “network of networks”loosely hierarchicalpublic Internet versus private intranet

Internet standardsRFC: Request for commentsIETF: Internet Engineering Task Force

local ISP

companynetwork

regional ISP

router workstation

servermobile

Page 7: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-7

W hat’s the Internet: a service view

communication infrastructure enables distributed applications:

W eb, email, games, e­commerce, file sharing

communication services provided to apps:

Connectionless unreliableconnection­oriented reliable

Page 8: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-8

W hat’s a protocol?human protocols:“what’s the time?”“I have a question”introductions

…  specific msgs sent…  specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events

network protocols:machines rather than humansall communication activity in Internet governed by protocols

protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg 

transmission, receipt 

Page 9: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-9

W hat’s a protocol?a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Q: Other human protocols? 

Hi

Hi

Got thetime?

2:00

TCP connection request

TCP connectionresponseGet http://www.awl.com/kurose­ross

<file>time

Page 10: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-10

Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 W hat is the Internet?1.2 Network edge1.3 Network core1.4 Network access and physical media1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet­switched networks1.7 Protocol layers, service models1.8 History

Page 11: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-11

A closer look at network structure:

network edge: applications and hostsnetwork core: 

routersnetwork of networks

access networks, physical media: communication links

Page 12: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-12

The network edge:

end systems (hosts):run application programse.g. W eb, emailat “edge of network”

client/server modelclient host requests, receives service from always­on servere.g. W eb browser/server; email client/server

peer­peer model: minimal (or no) use of dedicated serverse.g. Gnutella, KaZaA, Skype

Page 13: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-13

Network edge: connection­oriented service

Goal: data transfer between end systemshandshaking: setup (prepare for) data transfer ahead of time

Hello, hello back human protocolset up “state” in two communicating hosts

TCP ­ Transmission Control Protocol 

Internet’s connection­oriented service

TCP service [RFC 793]reliable, in­order byte­stream data transfer

loss: acknowledgements and retransmissions

flow control: sender won’t overwhelm receiver

congestion control: senders “slow down sending rate” when network congested

Page 14: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-14

Network edge: connectionless service

Goal: data transfer between end systems

same as before!

UDP ­ User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768]: 

connectionless unreliable data transferno flow controlno congestion control

App’s using TCP: HTTP (W eb), FTP (file transfer), Telnet (remote login), SM TP (email)

App’s using UDP:streaming media, teleconferencing, DNS, Internet telephony

Page 15: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-15

Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 W hat is the Internet?1.2 Network edge1.3 Network core1.4 Network access and physical media1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet­switched networks1.7 Protocol layers, service models1.8 History

Page 16: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-16

The Network Core

mesh of interconnected routersthe fundamental question: how is data transferred through net?

circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone netpacket­switching: data sent thru net in discrete “chunks”

Page 17: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-17

Network Core: Circuit Switching

End­end resources reserved for “call”link bandwidth,  switch capacitydedicated resources: no sharingcircuit­like (guaranteed) performancecall setup required

Page 18: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-18

Network Core: Circuit Switching

network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into “pieces”pieces allocated to callsresource piece idle if not used by owning call (no sharing)

dividing link bandwidth into “pieces”

frequency divisiontime division

Page 19: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-19

Circuit Switching: FDM  and TDM

FDM

frequency

time

TDM

frequency

time

4 users

Example:

Page 20: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-20

Numerical example

How long does it take to send a file of 640,000 bits from host A to host B over a circuit­switched network?

All links are 1.536 M bpsEach link uses TDM  with 24 slots/sec500 msec to establish end­to­end circuit

Let’s work it out!

Page 21: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-21

Another numerical example

How long does it take to send a file of 640,000 bits from host A to host B over a circuit­switched network?

All links are 1.536 M bpsEach link uses FDM  with 24 channels/frequencies500 msec to establish end­to­end circuit

Let’s work it out!

Page 22: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-22

Network Core: Packet Switching

each end­end data stream divided into packetsuser A, B packets share network resources each packet uses full link bandwidth resources used as needed 

resource contention: aggregate resource demand can exceed amount availablecongestion: packets queue, wait for link usestore and forward: packets move one hop at a time

Node receives complete packet before forwarding

Bandwidth division into “pieces”Dedicated allocationResource reservation

Page 23: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-23

Packet Switching: Statistical M ultiplexing

Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, shared on demand ➨ statistical multiplexing.

TDM : each host gets same slot in revolving TDM  frame.

A

B

C10 M b/sEthernet

1.5 M b/s

D E

statistical multiplexing

queue of packetswaiting for output

link

Page 24: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-24

Packet switching versus circuit switching

1 M b/s linkeach user: 

100 kb/s when “active”active 10% of time

circuit­switching: 10 users

packet switching: with 35 users, probability > 10 active less than .0004

Packet switching allows more users to use network!

N users1 M bps link

Q: how did we get value 0.0004?

Page 25: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-25

Packet switching versus circuit switching

Great for bursty dataresource sharingsimpler, no call setup

Excessive congestion: packet delay and lossprotocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control

Q: How to provide circuit­like behavior?bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video appsstill an unsolved problem (chapter 7)

Is packet switching a “slam dunk winner?”

Q:  human analogies of reserved resources (circuit switching) versus on­demand allocation (packet­switching)?

Page 26: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-26

Packet­switching: store­and­forward

Takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to link or R bpsEntire packet must  arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link: store and forwarddelay = 3L/R (assuming zero propagation delay)

Example:L = 7.5 M bitsR = 1.5 M bpsdelay = 15 sec

R R RL

more on delay shortly …

Page 27: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-27

Packet­switched networks: forwarding

Goal: move packets through routers from source to destinationwe’ll study several path selection (i.e. routing) algorithms (chapter 4)

datagram network: destination address  in packet determines next hoproutes may change during sessionanalogy: driving, asking directions 

virtual circuit network: each packet carries tag  (virtual circuit ID), tag determines next hopfixed path determined at call setup time, remains fixed thru callrouters maintain per­call state

Page 28: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-28

Network Taxonomy

Telecommunicationnetworks

Circuit­switchednetworks

FDM TDM

Packet­switchednetworks

Networkswith VCs

DatagramNetworks

• Datagram network is not either connection­oriented or connectionless.• Internet provides both connection­oriented (TCP) and connectionless services (UDP) to apps.

Page 29: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-29

Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 W hat is the Internet?1.2 Network edge1.3 Network core1.4 Network access and physical media1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet­switched networks1.7 Protocol layers, service models1.8 History

Page 30: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-30

Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect end systems to edge router?residential access netsinstitutional access networks (school, company)mobile access networks

Keep in mind: bandwidth (bits per second) of access network?shared or dedicated?

Page 31: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-31

Residential access: point to point access

Dialup via modemup to 56Kbps direct access to router (often less)Can’t surf and phone at same time: can’t be “always on”

ADSL: asymmetric digital subscriber lineup to 1 M bps upstream (today typically < 256 kbps)up to 8 M bps downstream (today typically < 1 M bps)FDM : 50 kHz ­ 1 M Hz for downstream

               4 kHz ­ 50 kHz for upstream               0 kHz ­ 4 kHz for ordinary telephone

Page 32: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-32

Residential access: cable modems

HFC: hybrid fiber coaxasymmetric: up to 30M bps downstream, 2 M bps upstream

network of cable and fiber attaches homes to ISP routerhomes share access to router 

deployment: available via cable TV companies

Page 33: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-33

Residential access: cable modems

Diagram: http://www.cabledatacomnews.com/cmic/diagram.html

Page 34: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-34

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

home

cable headend

cable distributionnetwork (simplified)

Typically 500 to 5,000 homes

Page 35: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-35

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

home

cable headend

cable distributionnetwork (simplified)

Page 36: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-36

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

home

cable headend

cable distributionnetwork

server(s)

Page 37: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-37

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

home

cable headend

cable distributionnetwork

Channels

VIDEO

VIDEO

VIDEO

VIDEO

VIDEO

VIDEO

DATA

DATA

CONTROL

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

FDM :

Page 38: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-38

Company access: local area networks

company/univ local area network (LAN) connects end system to edge routerEthernet: 

shared or dedicated link connects end system and router10 M bs, 100M bps, Gigabit Ethernet

LANs:  chapter 5

Page 39: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-39

W ireless access networks

shared wireless access network connects end system to router

via base station aka “access point”

wireless LANs:802.11b (W iFi): 11 M bps

wider­area wireless accessprovided by telco operator3G ~ 384 kbps

• W ill it happen??W AP/GPRS in Europe

basestation

mobilehosts

router

Page 40: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-40

Home networks

Typical home network components: ADSL or cable modemrouter/firewall/NATEthernetwireless access

    point

wirelessaccess point

wirelesslaptops

router/firewall

cablemodem

to/fromcableheadend

Ethernet

Page 41: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-41

Physical M edia

Bit: propagates betweentransmitter/rcvr pairsphysical link: what lies between transmitter & receiverguided media: 

signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax

unguided media: signals propagate freely, e.g., radio

Twisted Pair (TP)two insulated copper wires

Category 3: traditional phone wires, 10 M bps EthernetCategory 5: 100M bps Ethernet

Page 42: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-42

Physical M edia: coax, fiber

Coaxial cable:two concentric copper conductorsbidirectionalbaseband:

single channel on cablelegacy Ethernet

broadband: multiple channels on cable HFC

Fiber optic cable:glass fiber carrying light pulses, each pulse a bithigh­speed operation:

high­speed point­to­point transmission (e.g., 10’s­100’s Gps)

low error rate: repeaters spaced far apart ; immune to electromagnetic noise

Page 43: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-43

Physical media: radio

signal carried in electromagnetic spectrumno physical “wire”bidirectionalpropagation environment effects:

reflection obstruction by objectsinterference

Radio link types:terrestrial  microwave

e.g. up to 45 M bps channels

LAN (e.g., W ifi)2M bps, 11M bps, 54 M bps

wide­area (e.g., cellular)e.g. 3G: hundreds of kbps

satelliteKbps to 45M bps channel (or multiple smaller channels)270 msec end­end delaygeosynchronous versus low altitude

Page 44: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-44

Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 W hat is the Internet?1.2 Network edge1.3 Network core1.4 Network access and physical media1.5 Internet structure and ISPs1.6 Delay & loss in packet­switched networks1.7 Protocol layers, service models1.8 History

Page 45: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-45

Internet structure: network of networks

roughly hierarchicalat center: “tier­1” ISPs (e.g., M CI, Sprint, AT&T, Cable and W ireless), national/international coverage

treat each other as equals

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier­1 providers interconnect (peer) privately NAP

Tier­1 providers also interconnect at public network access points (NAPs)

Page 46: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-46

Tier­1 ISP: e.g., Sprint

Sprint US backbone network

Seattle

Atlanta

Chicago

Roachdale

Stockton

San Jose

Anaheim

Fort Worth

Orlando

Kansas City

CheyenneNew York

PennsaukenRelayWash. DC

Tacoma

DS3 (45 Mbps)OC3 (155 Mbps)OC12 (622 Mbps)OC48 (2.4 Gbps)

Page 47: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-47

Internet structure: network of networks

“Tier­2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPsConnect to one or more tier­1 ISPs, possibly other tier­2 ISPs

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

NAP

Tier­2 ISPTier­2 ISP

Tier­2 ISP Tier­2 ISP

Tier­2 ISP

Tier­2 ISP pays tier­1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet tier­2 ISP is customer oftier­1 provider

Tier­2 ISPs also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP

Page 48: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-48

Internet structure: network of networks

“Tier­3” ISPs and local ISPs last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

NAP

Tier­2 ISPTier­2 ISP

Tier­2 ISP Tier­2 ISP

Tier­2 ISP

localISPlocal

ISPlocalISP

localISP

localISP Tier 3

ISP

localISP

localISP

localISP

Local and tier­ 3 ISPs are customers ofhigher tier ISPsconnecting them to rest of Internet

Page 49: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-49

UM ass Campus Network

Page 50: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-50

Internet structure: network of networks

a packet passes through many networks!

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

NAP

Tier­2 ISPTier­2 ISP

Tier­2 ISP Tier­2 ISP

Tier­2 ISP

localISPlocal

ISPlocalISP

localISP

localISP Tier 3

ISP

localISP

localISP

localISP

Page 51: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-51

Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 W hat is the Internet?1.2 Network edge1.3 Network core1.4 Network access and physical media1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet­switched networks1.7 Protocol layers, service models1.8 History

Page 52: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-52

How do loss and delay occur?packets queue in router buffers packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link capacitypackets queue, wait for turn

A

B

packet being transmitted (delay)

packets queueing (delay)

free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers

Page 53: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-53

Four sources of packet delay

1. nodal processing: check bit errorsdetermine output link

A

B

propagation

transmission

nodalprocessing queueing

2. queueingtime waiting at output link for transmission depends on congestion level of router

Page 54: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-54

Delay in packet­switched networks

3. Transmission delay:R=link bandwidth (bps)L=packet length (bits)time to send bits into link = L/R

4. Propagation delay:d = length of physical links = propagation speed in medium (~2x108 m/sec)propagation delay = d/s

A

B

propagation

transmission

nodalprocessing queueing

Note: s and R are very different quantities!

Page 55: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-55

Caravan analogy

Cars “propagate” at 100 km/hrToll booth takes 12 sec to service a car (transmission time)car~bit; caravan ~ packetQ: How long until caravan is lined up before 2nd toll booth?

Time to “push” entire caravan through toll booth onto highway = 12*10 = 120 secTime for last car to propagate from 1st to 2nd toll both: 100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hrA: 62 minutes

toll booth

toll booth

ten­car caravan

100 km 100 km

Page 56: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-56

Caravan analogy (more)

Cars now “propagate” at 1000 km/hrToll booth now takes 1 min to service a carQ: W ill cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at 1st booth?

Yes! After 7 min, 1st car at 2nd booth and 3 cars still at 1st booth.1st bit of packet can arrive at 2nd router before packet is fully transmitted at 1st router!

See Ethernet applet at AW L W eb site

toll booth

toll booth

ten­car caravan

100 km 100 km

Page 57: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-57

Nodal delay

dproc = processing delaytypically a few microsecs or less

dqueue = queuing delaydepends on congestion

dtrans = transmission delay= L/R, significant for low­speed links

dprop = propagation delaya few microsecs to hundreds of msecs

proptransqueueprocnodal ddddd +++=

Page 58: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-58

Queueing delay (revisited)

R=link bandwidth (bps)L=packet length (bits)a=average packet arrival rate

traffic intensity = La/R

La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay smallLa/R ­> 1: delays become largeLa/R > 1: more “work” arriving than can be serviced, average delay infinite!

Page 59: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-59

“Real” Internet delays and routes

W hat do “real” Internet delay & loss look like? Traceroute program: provides delay measurement from source to router along end­end Internet path towards destination.  For all i:

sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards destinationrouter i will return packets to sendersender times interval between transmission and reply.

3 probes

3 probes

3 probes

Page 60: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-60

“Real” Internet delays and routes

1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms 5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms 6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms17 * * *18 * * *19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms

traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.frThree delay measurements from gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs­gw.cs.umass.edu 

* means no response (probe lost, router not replying)

trans­oceaniclink

Page 61: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-61

Packet loss

queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacitywhen packet arrives to full queue, packet is dropped (aka lost)lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end system, or not retransmitted at all

Page 62: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-62

Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 W hat is the Internet?1.2 Network edge1.3 Network core1.4 Network access and physical media1.5 Internet structure and ISPs1.6 Delay & loss in packet­switched networks1.7 Protocol layers, service models1.8 History

Page 63: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-63

Protocol “Layers”Networks are complex! many “pieces”:

hostsrouterslinks of various mediaapplicationsprotocolshardware, software

Question: Is there any hope of organizing 

structure of network?

Or at least our discussion of networks?

Page 64: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-64

Organization of air travel

a series of steps

ticket (purchase)

baggage (check)

gates (load)

runway takeoff

airplane routing

ticket (complain)

baggage (claim)

gates (unload)

runway landing

airplane routing

airplane routing

Page 65: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-65

ticket (purchase)

baggage (check)

gates (load)

runway (takeoff)

airplane routing

departureairport

arrivalairport

intermediate air-trafficcontrol centers

airplane routing airplane routing

ticket (complain)

baggage (claim

gates (unload)

runway (land)

airplane routing

ticket

baggage

gate

takeoff/landing

airplane routing

Layering of airline functionality

Layers: each layer implements a servicevia its own internal­layer actionsrelying on services provided by layer below

Page 66: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-66

W hy layering?

Dealing with complex systems:explicit structure allows identification, relationship of complex system’s pieces

layered reference model for discussionmodularization eases maintenance, updating of system

change of implementation of layer’s service transparent to rest of systeme.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of system

layering considered harmful?

Page 67: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-67

Internet protocol stack

application: supporting network applicationsFTP, SM TP, HTTP

transport: host­host data transferTCP, UDP

network: routing of datagrams from source to destination

IP, routing protocols

link: data transfer between neighboring  network elements

PPP, Ethernet

physical: bits “on the wire”

application

transport

network

link

physical

Page 68: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-68

messagesegment

datagram

frame

sourceapplicationtransportnetworklink

physical

HtHnHl M

HtHn M

Ht M

M

destination

applicationtransportnetworklink

physical

HtHnHl M

HtHn M

Ht M

M

networklink

physical

linkphysical

HtHnHl M

HtHn M

HtHnHl M

HtHn M

HtHnHl M HtHnHl M

router

switch

Encapsulation

Page 69: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-69

Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 W hat is the Internet?1.2 Network edge1.3 Network core1.4 Network access and physical media1.5 Internet structure and ISPs1.6 Delay & loss in packet­switched networks1.7 Protocol layers, service models1.8 History

Page 70: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-70

Internet History

1961: Kleinrock ­ queueing theory shows effectiveness of packet­switching1964: Baran ­ packet­switching in military nets1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency1969: first ARPAnet node operational

1972: ARPAnet public demonstrationNCP (Network Control Protocol) first host­host protocol first e­mail programARPAnet has 15 nodes

1961­1972: Early packet­switching principles

Page 71: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-71

Internet History

1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii1974: Cerf and Kahn ­ architecture for interconnecting networks1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARCate70’s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNAlate 70’s: switching fixed length packets (ATM  precursor)1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes

Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking principles:minimalism, autonomy ­ no internal changes required to interconnect networksbest effort service modelstateless routersdecentralized control

define today’s Internet architecture

1972­1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets

Page 72: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-72

Internet History

1983: deployment of TCP/IP1982: smtp e­mail protocol defined 1983: DNS defined for name­to­IP­address translation1985: ftp protocol defined1988: TCP congestion control

new national networks: Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet, M initel100,000 hosts connected to confederation of networks

1980­1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks

Page 73: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-73

Internet History

Early 1990’s: ARPAnet decommissioned1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995)early 1990s: W eb

hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960’s]HTM L, HTTP: Berners­Lee1994: M osaic, later Netscapelate 1990’s: commercialization of the W eb

Late 1990’s – 2000’s:more killer apps: instant messaging, P2P file sharingnetwork security to forefrontest. 50 million host, 100 million+ usersbackbone links running at Gbps

1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the W eb, new apps

Page 74: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-74

Page 75: Chapter 1 Introduction - Landclasses/coppe-redes-2007/slides/2007/3rdEdition...Chapter 1 Introduction Computer Networking: A Top ... circuit per call: telephone net packetswitching:

 Introduction 1-75

Introduction: Summary

Covered a “ton” of material!Internet overviewwhat’s a protocol?network edge, core, access network

packet­switching versus circuit­switching

Internet/ISP structureperformance: loss, delaylayering and service modelshistory

You now have: context, overview, “feel” of networkingmore depth, detail to follow!