chapter 1 introduction
TRANSCRIPT
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1 Operations and Productivity
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What Is Operations What Is Operations Management?Management?
ProductionProduction is the creation of goods and services
Operations management (OM)Operations management (OM) is the set of activities that create value in the form of
goods and services by transforming inputs into
outputs
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Organizing to Produce Organizing to Produce Goods and ServicesGoods and Services
Essential functions:1.1. MarketingMarketing – generates demand2.2. Production/operationsProduction/operations – creates
the product3.3. Finance/accountingFinance/accounting – tracks how
well the organization is doing, pays bills, collects the money
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Organizational ChartsOrganizational Charts
OperationsTeller SchedulingCheck ClearingCollectionTransaction processingFacilities design/layoutVault operationsMaintenanceSecurity
FinanceInvestmentsSecurityReal estate
Accounting
Auditing
MarketingLoans Commercial Industrial Financial Personal Mortgage
Trust Department
Commercial Bank
Figure 1.1(A)
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Organizational ChartsOrganizational Charts
OperationsGround support equipmentMaintenanceGround Operations Facility maintenance Catering Flight Operations Crew scheduling Flying Communications DispatchingManagement science
Finance/ accountingAccounting Payables Receivables General LedgerFinance Cash control International exchange
Airline
Figure 1.1(B)
MarketingTraffic administration Reservations Schedules Tariffs (pricing)SalesAdvertising
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MarketingSales promotionAdvertisingSalesMarket research
Organizational ChartsOrganizational Charts
OperationsFacilities Construction; maintenanceProduction and inventory control Scheduling; materials controlQuality assurance and controlSupply-chain managementManufacturing Tooling; fabrication; assemblyDesign Product development and design Detailed product specificationsIndustrial engineering Efficient use of machines, space, and personnelProcess analysis Development and installation of production tools and equipment
Finance/ accountingDisbursements/ credits Receivables Payables General ledgerFunds Management Money market International exchangeCapital requirements Stock issue Bond issue and recall
Manufacturing
Figure 1.1(C)
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Why Study OM?Why Study OM?1. OM is one of three major functions of
any organization, we want to study how people organize themselves for productive enterprise
2. We want (and need) to know how goods and services are produced
3. We want to understand what operations managers do
4. OM is such a costly part of an organization
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Options for Increasing Options for Increasing ContributionContribution
Table 1.1
Sales $100,000 $150,000 $100,000 $100,000Cost of Goods – 80,000 – 120,000 – 80,000 – 64,000Gross Margin 20,000 30,000 20,000 36,000Finance Costs – 6,000 – 6,000 – 3,000 – 6,000Subtotal 14,000 24,000 17,000 30,000Taxes at 25% – 3,500 – 6,000 – 4,250 – 7,500Contribution $ 10,500 $ 18,000 $ 12,750 $ 22,500
Finance/Marketing Accounting OM
Option Option Option
Increase Reduce ReduceSales Finance Production
Current Revenue 50% Costs 50% Costs 20%
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What Operations What Operations Managers DoManagers Do
Planning Organizing Staffing Leading Controlling
Basic Management FunctionsBasic Management Functions
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Ten Critical DecisionsTen Critical DecisionsTen Decision Areas Chapter(s)1. Design of goods and services 52. Managing quality 6, Supplement 63. Process and capacity 7, Supplement 7
design 4. Location strategy 85. Layout strategy 96. Human resources and 10
job design 7. Supply-chain 11, Supplement 11
management8. Inventory, MRP, JIT 12, 14, 169. Scheduling 13, 1510. Maintenance 17 Table 1.2
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The Critical DecisionsThe Critical Decisions1. Design of goods and services
What good or service should we offer?
How should we design these products and services?
2. Managing quality How do we define quality? Who is responsible for quality?
Table 1.2 (cont.)
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The Critical DecisionsThe Critical Decisions3. Process and capacity design
What process and what capacity will these products require?
What equipment and technology is necessary for these processes?
4. Location strategy Where should we put the facility? On what criteria should we base the
location decision?
Table 1.2 (cont.)
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The Critical DecisionsThe Critical Decisions5. Layout strategy
How should we arrange the facility? How large must the facility be to meet
our plan?6. Human resources and job design
How do we provide a reasonable work environment?
How much can we expect our employees to produce?
Table 1.2 (cont.)
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The Critical DecisionsThe Critical Decisions7. Supply-chain management
Should we make or buy this component?
Who should be our suppliers and how can we integrate them into our strategy?
8. Inventory, material requirements planning, and JIT How much inventory of each item
should we have? When do we re-order?
Table 1.2 (cont.)
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The Critical DecisionsThe Critical Decisions9. Intermediate and short–term
scheduling Are we better off keeping people on
the payroll during slowdowns? Which jobs do we perform next?
10.Maintenance How do we build reliability into our
processes? Who is responsible for maintenance?
Table 1.2 (cont.)
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Where are the OM Jobs?Where are the OM Jobs? Technology/methods Facilities/space utilization Strategic issues Response time People/team development Customer service Quality Cost reduction Inventory reduction Productivity improvement
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New Challenges in OMNew Challenges in OM
Global focus Just-in-time Supply-chain
partnering Rapid product
development, alliances
Mass customization
Empowered employees, teams
ToToFromFrom Local or national focus Batch shipments Low bid purchasing
Lengthy product development
Standard products
Job specialization
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Characteristics of GoodsCharacteristics of Goods Tangible product Consistent product
definition Production usually
separate from consumption
Can be inventoried Low customer
interaction
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Characteristics of ServiceCharacteristics of Service Intangible product Produced and
consumed at same time Often unique High customer
interaction Inconsistent product
definition Often knowledge-based Frequently dispersed
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Industry and Services as Industry and Services as Percentage of GDPPercentage of GDP
Services Manufacturing
Aus
tral
ia
Can
ada
Chi
na
Cze
ch R
ep
Fran
ce
Ger
man
y
Hon
g K
ong
Japa
n
Mex
ico
Rus
sian
Fed
Sout
h A
fric
a
Spai
n
UK US
90 −80 −70 −60 −50 −40 −30 −20 −10 −
0 −
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Goods and ServicesGoods and ServicesAutomobile
ComputerInstalled carpeting
Fast-food mealRestaurant meal/auto repair
Hospital careAdvertising agency/
investment managementConsulting service/
teachingCounseling
Percent of Product that is a Good Percent of Product that is a Service
100% 75 50 25 0 25 50 75 100%| | | | | | | | |
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120 –
100 –
80 –
60 –
40 –
20 –
0 – | | | | | | |1950 1970 1990 2010 (est)
1960 1980 2000
Empl
oym
ent (
mill
ions
)
Manufacturing and Service Manufacturing and Service EmploymentEmployment
Figure 1.4 (A)
Manufacturing
ServiceService
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New Trends in OMNew Trends in OM Ethics Global focus Environmentally sensitive production Rapid product development Environmentally sensitive production Mass customization Empowered employees Supply-chain partnering Just-in-time performance
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Productivity ChallengeProductivity Challenge
Productivity is the ratio of outputs (goods and services) divided by the inputs
(resources such as labor and capital)
The objective is to improve productivity!The objective is to improve productivity!
Important Note!Production is a measure of output
only and not a measure of efficiency
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Feedback loop
Outputs
Goods and
services
Transformation
The U.S. economic system transforms inputs to outputs
at about an annual 2.5% increase in productivity per
year. The productivity increase is the result of a
mix of capital (38% of 2.5%), labor (10% of 2.5%), and
management (52% of 2.5%).
The Economic SystemThe Economic SystemInputs
Labor,capital,
management
Figure 1.6
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Improving Productivity at Improving Productivity at StarbucksStarbucks
A team of 10 analysts A team of 10 analysts continually look for ways continually look for ways to shave time. Some to shave time. Some improvements:improvements:Stop requiring signatures on credit card purchases under $25
Saved 8 seconds per transaction
Change the size of the ice scoop
Saved 14 seconds per drink
New espresso machines Saved 12 seconds per shot
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Improving Productivity at Improving Productivity at StarbucksStarbucks
A team of 10 analysts A team of 10 analysts continually look for ways continually look for ways to shave time. Some to shave time. Some improvements:improvements:Stop requiring signatures on credit card purchases under $25
Saved 8 seconds per transaction
Change the size of the ice scoop
Saved 14 seconds per drink
New espresso machines Saved 12 seconds per shot
Operations improvements have helped Starbucks increase yearly revenue per outlet by $200,000 to $940,000 in six years.Productivity has improved by 27%, or about 4.5% per year.
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Measure of process improvement Represents output relative to input Only through productivity increases
can our standard of living improve
ProductivityProductivity
Productivity =Units produced
Input used
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Productivity CalculationsProductivity Calculations
Productivity =Units produced
Labor-hours used
= = 4 units/labor-hour1,000250
Labor ProductivityLabor Productivity
One resource input single-factor productivity
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Multi-Factor Productivity Multi-Factor Productivity
OutputLabor + Material + Energy + Capital + Miscellaneous
Productivity =
Also known as total factor productivity Output and inputs are often expressed
in dollars
Multiple resource inputs multi-factor productivity
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Measurement ProblemsMeasurement Problems1.1. QualityQuality may change while the
quantity of inputs and outputs remains constant
2.2. External elementsExternal elements may cause an increase or decrease in productivity Precise unitsPrecise units of measure may be
lacking
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Productivity VariablesProductivity Variables1.1. LaborLabor - contributes
about 10% of the annual increase
2.2. CapitalCapital - contributes about 38% of the annual increase
3.3. ManagementManagement - contributes about 52% of the annual increase
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Service ProductivityService Productivity
1. Typically labor intensive2. Frequently focused on unique
individual attributes or desires3. Often an intellectual task performed by
professionals4. Often difficult to mechanize5. Often difficult to evaluate for quality
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The Hard Rock CafeThe Hard Rock Cafe
First opened in 1971 Now – 129 restaurants in over 40 countries
Rock music memorabilia Creates value in the form of good food
and entertainment 3,500+ custom meals per day in Orlando How does an item get on the menu? Role of the Operations Manager