chapter 1 introduction · 2016-04-29 · cogeneration plant of 8 mw & operating the same with...

EIA Report forM/s Bilagi Sugar Mill Limited

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Chapter 1Introduction


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1.0 INTRODUCTIONEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a key aspect of many large scale planningapplications. It is a technique which is meant to help us understand the potential environmentalimpacts of major development proposals. Unfortunately, both the process and the outcome ofEIA can be complex and confusing leaving local communities unsure as to how a developmentmight affect them. This report is intended as a broad introduction to the Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA). The material is drawn from regulations, circulars and guidance and isdesigned to help individuals understand what EIA is and in what circumstances it should beapplied. The report is not intended to provide guidance on how to prepare an EIA. The overalltheme of this report is to encourage local communities to engage in the EIA process. Experts donot always know the best and by ignoring local knowledge their decision may have disastrousconsequence for local people living near development sites.

1.1 BACKGROUNDM/s Bilagi Sugar Mill Limited (BSML), The company is having an area of 74.00 Acres (30Hectares) in Survey Numbers 7, 92, 93, 195, 198, 199, 201, 202, 203 & 206 falling under therevenue limits of Badagandi Village, Girisagar Gram Panchayat, Bilagi Taluku, Bagalkote district,Karnataka State. BSML has obtained consent for establishment from Karnataka State PollutionControl Board (KSPCB) for Sugar Plant of sugar cane crushing capacity of 2500 TCD withcogeneration plant of 8 MW & operating the same with valid consents from KSPCB from 2005.Based on the feasibility reports & availability of sugar cane BSML has decided to upgrade the sugarcane crushing capacity to 5000 TCD, Cogeneration of power to 30MWhr. Existing buildings arespread over an area of 2.875 Hectares (7.10 acres). Proposed expansion of sugar & cogenerationplants shall be located in an area of 1.74 Hectares (4.30 Acres). Around 6.22 Hectares (15.35 acres)has been developed as green belt. Around 4 hectares (9.88 acres) shall be developed as green belt inthe proposed expansion. The balance area of 15.12 Hectares (37.37 acres) shall be vacant land. Theland requirement for the proposed expansion is 4.30 acres & the land is already in possession of thecompany. The total water requirement shall be 3776m3/d. The wastewater generation shall be in theform of process wastewater from sugar & non process wastewater from cogeneration plant.

1.2 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF NATURE OF THE PROJECTM/s BSML is having an area of 74.00 Acres (30 Hectares) in Survey Numbers 7, 92, 93, 195, 198,199, 201, 202, 203 & 206 falling under the revenue limits of Badagandi Village, Girisagar GramPanchayat, Bilagi Taluku, Bagalkote district, Karnataka State. BSML has obtained consent forestablishment from Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) for Sugar Plant of sugar canecrushing capacity of 2500 TCD with cogeneration plant of 8 MWhr & operating the same with validconsents from KSPCB from 2005. Based on the feasibility reports & availability of sugar caneBSML has decided to upgrade the sugar cane crushing capacity to 5000 TCD, Cogeneration ofpower to 30MWhr at a project cost of Rs.207 Crores.Additional land is not required for the proposed expansion. M/s BSML is having an area of 74.00Acres (30 Hectares). Around 6.22 Hectares (15.35 acres) has been developed as green belt. Around 4hectares (9.88 acres) shall be developed as green belt in the proposed expansion. The balance area of15.12 Hectares (37.37 acres) shall be vacant land. The land requirement for the proposed expansionis 4.30 acres & the land is already in possession of the company.


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1.3 STUDY OBJECTIVEA. ObjectiveThe process of environmental impact analysis serves to meet the primary goal of Parliament inenacting Environment Policy Act, 1986 to establish a national policy in favour of protecting andrestoring the environment. The primary objective of EIA is to disclose the environmentalconsequences of proposed action, thereby altering the agency decision maker, the public, andultimately Parliament and the President to the environmental risk involved. An important andintended consequence of this disclosure is to build into the agency’s decision making process, acontinuing conscience of environmental considerations.B. USESEnvironmental impact assessment should be undertaken for reasons other than to simply conformto the procedural requirements of the law. According to the letter of the law, environment mustbe assessed for activities with significant impact. However, the spirit of the law is founded on thepremise, that to utilize resources in an environmentally compatible way and to protect andenhance the environment, it is necessary to know how activities will affect the environment andto consider these effects early enough so that changes in plans can be made if the potentialimpacts warrant them.EIA provides a vehicle for recording impacts of activities so that knowledge of what adversechanges may occur can be recollected and maintained. The purpose of inventory is to ensuredisclosures of the impacts so that concerned institutions or individuals will be aware of possiblerepercussions of the subject activity.

1.4 THE NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTEconomic, social and environmental change is inherent to development. While developmentaims to bring about positive change it can lead to conflicts. The promotion of economic growthas the motor for increased well being was the main development thrust with little sensitivity toadverse social or environmental impacts. The need to avoid adverse impacts and to ensure longterm benefits led to the concept of sustainability. This is accepted as an essential feature ofdevelopment if the aim of increased well being and greater equity in fulfilling basic needs is tobe met for existing and future generations. In order to predict environmental impacts of anydevelopment activity, to provide an opportunity to mitigate against negative impacts andenhance positive impacts, environmental impact assessment is carried out.

The proposed project of expansion of sugarcane crushing capacity & increase in cogenerationof power requires environmental clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forests, NewDelhi (MOEF) based on the EIA notification no. SO 1533 dated 14th Sept 2006 published byUnion Ministry of Environment and Forests. Hence, BSML submitted an application forenvironmental clearance to State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA)Karnataka (duly constituted by MOEF) Bengaluru for the approval of terms of reference(TOR). TOR was approved during the State Level Expert Appraisal committee (SEAC)Karnataka (duly constituted by MOEF) in the meeting held in the month of February 2015 heldat Bengaluru. SEIAA Karnataka issued TOR, vide letter no. 18, on March 03, 2015.


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1.5 NEED FOR THE PROJECT & ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE COUNTRY & OR REGIONIndian Sugar Industry:The world's largest consumers of sugar are India, China, Brazil, USA, Russia, Mexico, Pakistan,Indonesia, Germany and Egypt. Brazil & India are the largest sugar producing countries followed byChina, USA, Thailand, Australia, Mexico, Pakistan, France and Germany.

Global sugar production increased from approximately 125.88 MMT (Million Metric Tons) in 1995-1996 to 149.4 MMT in 2002-2003 and then declined to 143.7 MMT in 2003-2004, whereasconsumption increased steadily from 118.1 MMT in 1995-1996 to 142.8 MMT in 2003-2004.The world consumption is projected to grow to 160.7 MMT in 2010 and 176.1 MMT by 2015.India is predominantly an agro based economy. Sugarcane plays a very vital role in this agro basedeconomy by providing sugar, the main sweetener used in India. With the growing demand for sugar,the emphasis has been on increasing sugar production.

The Indian sugar industry is the country’s second largest agro-processing industry with an annualproduction capacity of over 18 million tonnes of sugar. About 45 million farmers and their familiesdepend directly on sugar industries. Only 2.5 % of the area is under cultivation of sugar cane of totalcultivated area in India.

In India the annual per capita consumption of white crystal sugar and that of non-centrifugal sugar is15 Kgs per annum and 23 Kgs per annum respectively. The annual overall consumption of thecentrifugal and non-centrifugal sugar in the country comes to more than 25 million tonnes. Thus,there is vast untapped potential for growth in the area of sugar production.

India is a vast country with greatly varying economic patterns and parameters prevailing across thecountry. Such variations are highly pronounced, particularly between urban areas and rural areas.Income levels vary significantly. Almost 30% of the population is perceived to be in an extremelylow income group. The effective per capita consumption of white sugar would work out to 24 kgsand of total sweeteners (including gur and khandsari) to 32 kgs, about one and half times the worldaverage.

A higher net per capita state domestic product and also a higher proportion of urban population, theconsumption of sugar is significantly higher and compares favorably with developed countries suchas the USA and countries of the EU. In fact, in urban areas of comparatively affluent Indian stateslike Punjab, Haryana etc., per capita consumption of sugar is substantially higher than even indeveloped countries.

Due to the switching over from other sweetening agents to sugar, the effect of population growth andincrease in per capital consumption, the sugar consumption is likely to increase. Hence, there is a lotof scope for increasing the Sugar Manufacturing infra Structure. Hence, further addition of sugarmanufacturing infrastructure is envisaged in India.

Further the economical size of the sugar plant is shifting from 2500 TCD to 5000 TCD consideringmainly the cost of production & economical self sufficient downstream industries.


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Considering the declining trend of world beet sugar production, more cane juice/sugar diversion toethanol, India’s larger agricultural base, irrigation resources etc., India is definitely going to be amajor player in world sugar production.

1.6. DEMAND– SUPPLY GAP POWER SECTOR IN INDIA

In India, the installed power plant capacity was approximately 1300 MW in 1947 and it is about120,000 MW in 2006. Power has a significant role to play in industry and agriculture. Powerdemand increases continuously due to increase of the industrialization and per capita powerconsumption. At present, the per capita power consumption is about 600 KWHr. It is likely toincrease to 1500 KWHr in 2016.

At present, the gap between the demand and supply is about 30% during the peak hours. The CentralGovernment has notified on 12-02-05 that the availability of the power demand is to be fully metonly by 2012. But to achieve, the country has to install 2,000,000 MWhr capacity. Per capitaavailability has to increase from the present level of 600 KWHr to 1500 KWHr in 2016. Aggressiveattitude of the country to grow in the power field to meet the level of infrastructure demand isrequired in the competitive international market.

NEED FOR BIO MASS BASED POWER PLANT

The ever growing energy demand & the steep depletion of fossil fuels have directed us to explore thepossibility of developing other sources of energy particularly from non-conventional renewableenergy sources, which is also environmental friendly.

Further, it is an undisputed fact that the present level of generation of power from Hydel, Thermaland nuclear sources could not meet the increasing demand due to various problems.

In order to reduce the Green House Gas Emission, the Non-Conventional Energy is to be utilized forthe generation of electricity. One of the Non-Conventional renewable Energy source is Bagasse. Sothe Ministry of Non – Conventional Energy, Government of India encourages Sugar Mills forBagasse based Co-Generation by increasing the various subsidies.

We have to cross the hurdles such as lower growth rate i.e. around 5% against expected 12 % everyyear, lower PLF in the range of 75 % on an average, T&D losses varying in various states.In the above scenario the country has to necessarily to come out with innovative options toencourage the energy conservation measures, increasing the PLF, export of surplus power to thenational purpose etc.1.7 OVERVIEW OF POWER SITUATION & SUGAR PLANT CO-GENERATIONPROJECTS, IN INDIA & IN THE STATE OF KARNATAKA.

The existing power shortages in peak demand & energy availability are quite higher, compared to thenation. It is necessary for the State Government to tap every possible alternate source of energy, frombio-mass or captive power. This is in view of the projections for requirement of power for sustained


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economic development of the State and shortages of funds for implementing conventional powerprojects. Government of Karnataka has already acknowledged the grim situation and has decided topromote captive and cogeneration projects in private, joint, public and cooperative sectors.

1.8 POWER SCENARIO IN KARNATAKA

Karnataka has been facing shortage of power in the recent years and the power system is a mix ofThermal, Hydel, Gas, Co-generation, and contribution from National Grid. Due to the continuousefforts of Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL), the transmission loss,which is about 62 % in some states, is reduced to 25%. In spite of that there is power shortage.

1.9 COGENERATION

Due to shortage in the power supply during peak hours and also due to the Government policy ofsupplying power to the rural areas on priority, many industries and commercial establishments havestarted installing captive power generation facilities.

Such captive power generation comes under three categories. Category 1 is Cogeneration, which isthe simultaneous generation of process heat and electric power. Category 2 is standby captivegeneration, mainly as a back up in the event of utility power failure. Category 3 is the captivegeneration, used for augmenting or even substituting the utility power.

Cogeneration increases the overall efficiency of the system and is desirable from the point of view ofenergy economy. It is estimated that such captive generation capacity in the country is about 10% ofthe total installed utility generating capacity.

1.10 BAGASSE BASED COGENERATION IN SUGAR INDUSTRY

Indian Sugar Industry has to improve the revenue by value addition to the by product. So byCogeneration Indian sugar Industry can be benefited & the revenue per ton of sugarcane can beenhanced.

Sugar mills have the capacity to export about 100 KWHr power per ton cane. This will increase therevenue by Rs. 300 per ton cane.Cogeneration reduces the Green House Gas emission. This will reduce the global warming. So bycogeneration, future generation will also be benefited.

All the Cane sugar plants have been using the cogeneration concept – dual use of energy in Steam,for their own captive use. But the term “cogeneration” under the present context is used to denote theexport of the surplus power to the grid or for selling to any other third party.

The cogeneration potential in the country in various industries, like petrochemical, paper, sugar,textile, cement etc., is around 12000 MW. Out of this, it is estimated that the potential in the canesugar factories is around 4000 MW.


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Bagasse based cogeneration has the following advantages. The bagasse based cogeneration is eco-friendly as pollutants are negligible.

Bagasse based cogeneration conserves fossil fuels. There is no need to transport the fuel to the generating station as the fuel i.e. bagasse is available

in the factory itself. It does not increase any foreign exchange outflow, as all the plant and equipment required for

setting up the cogeneration plants are indigenously available.

The setting up of the cogeneration plant has a lower gestation period compared to the gestationperiod of the conventional thermal plants.

It has lower installation and operating costs compared to the conventional fossil fuel thermalpower plants.

As the plants will be located invariably in the rural areas, the transmission and distribution lossesare very much minimized. In addition, these plants increase the voltage level of the powersupplied to the rural areas.

Bagasse based cogeneration provides employment to rural folk. The cogeneration plants also improve the financial position of the sugar factories.

1.11 SUGAR CANE AS ENERGY CROP

Sugarcane is a tropical grass belonging to the same genes as sorghum and maize. It is an energycrop and the maximum converter of solar energy into bio-mass.

The trash free millable sugarcane stalk contains about 73% water and 27% solids. Cane containsabout 14 % dissolved solids and about 13 % Fibre woody fibrous Solids.

The woody fibre of the cane with the unextracted solids and moisture is known as bagasse. It is aresidue of Sugar Milling Plant. It is about 30 to 32% of the sugarcane crushed. The bagasse is usedas fuel for the boilers in the sugar mills.

Calorific Value of the bagasse depends upon the moisture % in bagasse. It is about 2200 to 2400kcals per kg of bagasse.

With the selling of surplus power, it is possible to install high pressure energy efficient boilers &energy efficient turbines. More power per ton of cane crushed can be produced. Surplus power shallbe exported. Conventional sugar mills generate about 35 KWHr power per ton cane & consume theentire generated power whereas the bagasse based cogeneration sugar mills generate about 130 to140 KWHr power, consume about 35 KWHr & export about 105 KWHr power per ton cane. Hence,bagasse based cogeneration increases the profitability of the Sugar Mills.

Further, Cogeneration plants using bagasse as fuel are eco friendly and have the added advantages ofrelatively low capital cost as well as short gestation period. In addition, the other added advantagesare, reduction in the transportation of fuel & reduction in transmission losses. Cogeneration in sugar


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industries also raises a futuristic source in the way of India's self-reliance in the power sectorparticularly in the rural areas.

Keeping in view of the above, BSML proposes to expand the sugarcane crushing capacity of sugarplant from 2500 TCD to 5000 TCD. Apart from this, BSML shall increase the power generationcapacity from 8 MWhr to 30 MWhr in the cogeneration plant.

1.12 IMPORTS vs. INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION.

Of the world’s sugar production of 220 Million Metric Tons, India is expected to have contributed 22Million Metric Tons or a mere 10% of the world production.

EXPORT POSSIBILITY.Export possibility for sugar is totally dependent on government’s policies.

DOMESTIC / EXPORT MARKETSIndians by nature have a sweet tooth and sugar is a prime requirement in every household. Almost75% of the sugar available in the open market is consumed by bulk consumers like bakeries, candymakers, sweet makers and soft drink manufacturers. Khandsari sugar is less refined and is typicallyconsumed by sweet makers. Gur, an unrefined form of lumpy brown sugar, is mostly consumed inrural areas, with some quantities illegally diverted for alcohol production.Greater urbanization & rising standard of living have sparked of a rising trend in usage of Sugar.Industrial consumption for sugar is also growing rapidly particularly from the food processing sector& sugar based bulk consumers such as soft drink and ice cream manufacturers.

EMPLOYMENT GENERATION (DIRECT & INDIRECT) DUE TO THE PROJECT.Around 250 people shall be employed during construction. BSML shall employ 100 persons duringoperational phase for the proposed expansion.

1.13 METHODOLOGY OF EIAThe methodology adopted for the EIA study is consisted of following main steps-

A. Identification and Assessment of ImpactsVarious impacts likely to occur due to proposed project on the environment were identified.These impacts were assessed for their significance based on the background environmentalquality in the area and the magnitude of the impact. All components of the environment wereconsidered, impacts were evaluated in quantitative and qualitative terms for two scenarios withEMP and without EMP using matrix method.

B. Environment Management PlanBased on the impact identified, an appropriate environmental management strategy wasdeveloped and presented in the form of EMP. The EMP consist of the various policies, controlmeasures, etc. for abatement of critical environmental impacts arising out of the proposedproject.


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1.14 STRUCTURE OF EIA REPORTA brief outline of the report is presented as under-Chapter 1 IntroductionThis chapter provides information on legislation, Basic Environment Policy, Objective of thestudy, Project Background, Essentiality of the project and Methodology of EIA study.

Chapter 2 Project DescriptionProject description includes, process technology and specification of the project, description ofthe plant operations with infra structure and support services.

Chapter 3 Environment Baseline StatusThis chapter presents the location details and findings of field studies undertaken for variousenvironmental attributes like metrology, air, soil, noise, demography and socio-economic fromsecondary data as collected on above parameters and also for ecology, land use, geology etc.

Chapter 4 Environment Impact PredictionThis chapter incorporates Environment Impact Prediction of proposed mining wherein theimpact action on parameters like air, water, soil, noise, land use, flora, fauna, humansettlement, infra structure, employment.

Chapter 5 Environmental Impact AnalysisThis chapter describes the method of impact assessments like Matrix and Check list method.

Chapter 6 Environment Management PlanThis chapter provides the recommendation for environment plan aimed at minimizing thenegative impacts of the project. The mitigation measures are presented for all the likely adverseimpact on the environment due to the project.

Chapter 7 Environmental monitoring programThis chapter relates to the activities monitoring of air, water, noise, and soil pollution in bufferzone.

Chapter 8 Risk assessment and Disaster management planDisclosure of Consultant engaged.


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Chapter 2Project description


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2.1 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT SITE

Sr.no Features Details1

LocationBadagandi Village, Girisagar Gram Panchayat,Bilagi Taluku, Bagalkote district, Karnataka

2 Altitude 557.13 m above MSL.3 Longitude 75039’54.86” & 75040’14.29” East4 Latitude 160 21’18.18” & 160 21’30.12” North5 Max. Temp. 45oC6 Min. Temp. 14oC7 Relative Humidity 38 to 69 %8 Annual rainfall 600 mm9 Land availability 74.00 Acres (30 Hectares)10 Topography Plain11 Soil Type Sandy Loam12 Nearest River Alamatti reservoir back water – 5.906 kms*E13

Nearest National Highway (NH)NH connecting Bagalkote to Bijapur(NH -218) - 1.98 Kms W

14 Nearest Railway station Bagalkote - 18 Kms SE15 Nearest Railway Junction Bagalkote - 18 Kms SE16 Nearest Industries None within 10 kms radius17 Nearest Village Badagandi village - 2.37 Kms SW18 Nearest City Bagalkote - 18 Kms SE19 Nearest Air port Belagavi (Sambra) - 126 Kms W20 Historical places, Monuments,

Heritage sites, wild life sanctuaries,national parks, , Eco sensitive zones

None within 10 kms radius

2.2 COMPANY DETAILS

Sr.no Name M/s. Bilagi Sugar Mill Limited1 Registered Office Badagandi Village, Girisagar Gram Panchayat, Bilagi

Taluku, Bagalkote district, Karnataka State2 Constitution Limited Company3 Business Sugar manufacturing, power generation & distillery

To achieve “Zero Discharge” of effluent as per CREP norms, the sugar & cogeneration plants shallutilize all the treated effluent for on land irrigation within the premises. Adequate land is availablewith the company for the same. The annual requirement of bagasse shall be available with theproposed expansion of sugar unit, which is sufficient to run the proposed expansion of cogenerationplant.


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In short, the performance of the proposed expansion of sugar & cogeneration units is expected to bequite impressive.

2.3 LOCATION WITH COORDINATES.

The project site is located at Badagandi Village, Girisagar Gram Panchayat, Bilagi Taluku,Bagalkote district, Karnataka State. The site falls between 75039’54.86” & 75040’14.29” Eastlongitude and 160 21’18.18” & 160 21’30.12” North latitude at an average elevation of 557.13 mabove MSL.The site is connected by broad gauge railway line of South Western railway on Hubballi – Vijayapursection. The nearest railway station is Bagalkote located at a distance of 18 Kms away in the SEdirection.Alamatti reservoir back water is the major water body & is located at a distance of 5.906 kms in Eastdirection.

CONNECTIVITY

The project site is located at Badagandi Village, Girisagar Gram Panchayat, Bilagi Taluku,Bagalkote district, Karnataka State.The site is connected by broad gauge railway line of SouthWestern railway on Hubballi - Vijayapur section. The nearest railway station is Bagalkote located ata distance of 18 Kms away in the SE direction. Bagalkote is the main town and market place whichis located at about 18 kms from the plant in the SE direction. The area is well connected by road.National highway connecting Bagalkote to Bijapur (NH -218) is at a distance of 1.98 Kms in thewestern direction. The nearest airport is Belagavi and is at a distance of 126 kms in westerndirection.


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TABLE 2.1 LAND USE BREAK UPDETAILS OF LAND UTILISED FOR EXISTING SUGAR FACTORY OF 2500 TCD & 8 MWCOGEN

2.4 SIZE OR MAGNITUDE OF OPERATION.

M/s. Bilagi Sugar Mill Limited (BSML) proposes to expand sugar plant cane crushing capacityfrom 2500 TCD to 5000 TCD & increase in power generation from cogeneration power plant from 8MW to 30 MW at Badagandi Village, Girisagar Gram Panchayat, Bilagi Taluku, Bagalkote district,Karnataka State.

SurveyNos.

Name of the Building Building CoverageArea in sq.m

Green BeltArea insq.m

Vacant areain sqm

Sy. No. areain Sq.m.

92 Main Factory Building 321.33Switch Yard 880.74Canteen 80.96AdministrationBuilding

334.5

Sugar Godown 8645.60Molasses Tank 904.77Total 11167.90 9033.80 15572.90 35774.60

93 Main Factory Building 5327.95Workshop 1097.82Co.gen 813.79Boiler 813.22Chimney 15.57Crane 302.63Weigh Bridge 101.13Security office 29.75Reservoir 630.00Spray Pond 2571.77Sulphur & LimeGodown

200.00

Total 11903.63 13831.99 50750.38 76486.007 Total Nil 4946.12 Nil 4946.12195 Total -- -- 3482.62 3482.62198 Total -- -- 22017.84 22017.84199 ETP 3650.06

Total 3650.06 17232.27 36106.19 56988.52201 Total -- -- 35013.08 35013.08202 Diesel Pump 52.23

Total 52.23 6157.42 29783.81 35993.46203 Total 15902.06 10146.19 26048.25206 Total 3249.51 3249.51

Gross Total 26773.82 67103.66 206122.52 300000.00


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TABLE 2.2SUGAR PLANT OF CAPACITY 5000 TCD & COGENERATION OF POWER 30MWhr

Expansion of the proposed unit will contribute much for the rural area development. After theexpansion of the factory, the standard of living of the entire area will be further enhanced.

It will also provide employment directly and indirectly for 100 and 500 persons respectively.

In India the annual per capita consumption of white crystal sugar & that of non-centrifugal sugar is15 Kgs per annum & 23 Kgs per annum respectively. The annual overall consumption of thecentrifugal & non centrifugal sugar in the country comes to more than 25 million tonnes. Thus, thereis vast untapped potential for growth in the area of sugar production.

Transport of the raw material for sugar factory i.e. sugar cane shall be done by trucks/ tractors /bullock carts and the finished product is transported by trucks / wagons. Excess power shall beexported via grid.

Particulars Quantity Transportation StorageSugar cane (MT/d) 5000 By tractors/trucks / bullockcarts Cane YardBagasse (MT/d) (100% thru’bagasse mode) 1440 By returnbagasse carrier Bagasse Storage yardSulphur MT per month 70 to 80 By trucks HDPE bags in sulphurstoreLime MT per month 280 to 300 By trucks HDPE bags in LimestoreCaustic Soda flakesMT/month 6.0 to 7.0 By trucks HDPE bags in storeSodium Hydro SulphiteMT/month 0.48 to 0.54 By trucks -do-Bleaching powder(MT/month) 0.2 to 0.3 By trucks -do-Boiler chemicals likeantiscalents etc.(kgs/month) 2 to 3 By trucks -do-Lubricants (Wheel bearinggreases, lubricating oils etc.) 10 to 12(KL/month) By trucks Barrels / Tins instoreProducts / By-productsSugar (MT/month) 18000 By trucks Sugar godownsMolasses (MT/month) 6000 Reused Storage tanksBagasse (MT/month) 48000 Reused Storage YardPress mud (MT/month) 6000 By tractors/trucks Storage YardPower MWhr per month 21600 Through grid Cannot be stored


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The proposed expansion will result in the following resources optimisation.

A. Proposed plant shall be situated in the available landB. Proximity to the availability of raw material area i.e. rich sugar cane area of Bagalkote &

Vijaypur districts.C. Availability of utilities such as transportation & water.D. Ease of control over both sugar & cogeneration units by one management & sharing common

facilities like workshop etc.

The project is based on zero discharge. The wastewater generated from the proposed expansion ofsugar & cogeneration plant (quantity 865 KLD) shall be treated & reused for on land irrigationwithin the plant premises.

Proposed water consumption in the sugar plant including power generation after expansion shall be3720m3/day. Of this total water requirement of 3720 m3/day, about 2356 m3/day shall be met fromthe cane juice of sugar plant and the balance requirement of 1364m3/day shall be drawn from RiverKrishna.

The project will be implemented within 18 months after obtaining the environmental clearance. Theplant expansion will be implemented at a project cost of Rs 207 crores. Out of Rs. 207 crores, anamount of Rs. 10.25 crores will be spent towards implementation of Environmental ManagementPlan.

2.5 DETAILS OF ALTERNATE SITES CONSIDERED

The proposed expansion of sugar & cogeneration complex shall come up in an area available withthe company. The area of 10 kms radius around the proposed project site is free from ecologicallysensitive areas. The following factors have been considered.

a. Availability of suitable and adequate facilities.b. Availability of water.c. Proximity to highway.d. Availability of raw materials, man power & land.e. Suitability of land from geological and topographical aspects.g. Environmental aspects etc.

Based on the above considerations, the expansion of sugar & cogeneration unit shall be done withinthe existing premises at Badagandi Village, Girisagar Gram Panchayat, Bilagi Taluku, Bagalkotedistrict, Karnataka State.2.6 PROJECT DESCRIPTION WITH PROCESS DETAILS2.6.1 SUGAR MANUFACTURING PROCESS TECHNOLOGY

Indian sugar industry is engaged mainly in the production of direct consumption commercialplantation white sugar (99.8 % pure) sugar is produced in vacuum pan factories. BSML shall adopt


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double sulphitation manufacturing process for production of sugar. Sugar production process mainlycomprises of following five operations.

The process flow diagram of the sugar manufacturing process integrated with power generationprocess is attached.

1. Extraction of juice (crushing)2. Clarification of juice3. Concentration of juice (juice to syrup) by evaporation4. Boiling of Syrup to grain (crystallization)5. Separation of crystals from mother liquor (centrifuging)

Cane receiving:

The sugar cane in the field is examined for its quality before harvesting and harvesting permits aregiven after its quality and maturity is found satisfactory. The sugar cane is then manually harvestedand transported to factory by tractor trailers, trucks and bullock carts. The farmers are supplied withsteel wire rope slings to be placed below the cane in the vehicles to enable unloading by cranes. Thevehicles bringing sugar cane are received at the factory cane yard.

Sugarcane Weighment:

The vehicles carrying the sugar cane are weighed on the platform type electronic weighbridges andreleased for unloading. The gross weight is recorded and printed. After unloading the vehicles areonce again weighed for the tare weight. These weights are printed on the weighment slips, whichalso carry the details of the farmer, cane etc.

Sugarcane Unloading:

The cart cane is manually unloaded directly to the cane carrier. The cane from the trucks and tractor-trailers are unloaded with the help of cane un-loader crane. The cane is unloaded on to the feedertable.

Sugarcane Conveying:

The cane from the feeder table is then dumped to the main cane carrier, which conveys the cane tothe cane preparatory devices. Electronic devices, depending on the cane-crushing rate control thespeed of the cane carrier, and level in the cane carrier etc.Sugarcane preparation:

The sugar cane is passed through the cane preparatory devices called leveler, cutter and fibriserwhere in the cane is cut into small pieces to expose the juice cells for extraction. The preparatoryindex is about 85-90 %.


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Milling:

The prepared cane then passes through the milling tandem having 4 mills of three roller & necessaryfeeding device. The mills run at about 4.5 to 6.0 RPM driven through hydraulic motors or DCvariable speed drives. The mills loaded hydraulically extract juice from the cane and is subjected forthe extraction of juice aided by maceration water and compound imbibition. The cane is conveyedbetween mills with the help of rake type mechanical conveyors.

Screens then filter the extracted juice and filtered juice is pumped for further processing. The fibrousresidue after juice extraction known as bagasse is withdrawn from the last mill and conveyed throughdrag type steel conveyors to boiler for steam generation. Surplus bagasse is withdrawn from theconveyor and stored for reuse when necessary. The bagasse conveyor also has return conveyor tofeed the stored bagasse.

Juice clarification:

The mixed juice received from milling after filtration is weighed in a juice weighing scale or by amass flow meter to know the quantity of juice flowing.

The juice contains certain undesirable impurities, which are removed before it is taken forconcentration in evaporators. The juice is first heated to a temperature of 70°C in a tubular typevertical heater by using heat of vapours from the third effect of a quintuple effect evaporator. The useof third effect vapours resulted in steam economy.

The hot juice is then mixed with lime and sulphur dioxide gas maintaining a pH of 7.0. This processis carried out in a reaction vessel known as juice sulphiter. Any SO2 gas coming out of the vessel isagain scrubbed though juice and no gas is allowed to atmosphere.

The treated juice is again heated to a temperature of 105°C in a similar tubular type heater usingvapours from second and first effect of evaporators. The heated sulfated juice is then sent to a gravitysettler known as clarifier wherein the mud flocs and settles. Chemical settling aids like “Magnafloc,Sedipur or Separan” may be added to improve settling rate.

The mud settled at bottom of each of the four compartments in the clarifier is withdrawncontinuously and is filtered in a rotary vacuum filter. The filtered mud after washing and removingresidual juice in the filter is scraped from the filter drum and sent out. Fine bagasse is mixed withmuddy juice as filter aid. The filtrate juice is returned to the raw juice tank and recirculated. The mudis used as manure in fields because of its nutrient value.Evaporation:

The clarified clear juice is withdrawn from the clarifier continuously & sent to evaporators afterheating the juice further to 115°C in a plate type heater. The evaporators consist of five evaporatorbodies arranged to work in series as a quintuple effect. The exhaust steam or the bled steam fromsteam turbines at powerhouse is supplied to the first body of the evaporator for heating. The vapours


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from second body are bled to pans for boiling. The raw juice heating is done with the vapours bledfrom 3rd effect, sulfated juice with vapours from 2nd and 1st effects of the evaporators. This type ofquintuple effect evaporation and vapour bleeding achieves good steam economy. The exhaust steamcondensate from the first body is withdrawn & sent to boiler condensate storage tank for use asboiler feed water. The condensate from all other evaporators is withdrawn individually and sent tohot water storage tank for use in various processes. The clear juice gets concentrated from a brix of15 to 60 % and is withdrawn continuously from 5th body of the evaporators. The syrup thus,obtained from evaporators is passed through a continuous syrup sulphiter wherein SO2 gas isbubbled through syrup for bleaching purpose. The spurted syrup is then sent to pan floor storagetanks for further boiling.

Pan boiling:

A three stage boiling scheme is adopted to produce quality sugar with minimum sugar loss. The firstmassecuite (A-massecuite, sugar plus mother liquor) is boiled on hopper seed footing, syrup, melt,and A-light molasses. A-heavy molasses is used for boiling B- massecuite & A-light molasses istaken for A-massecuite boiling.C- Massecuite is boiled using true seed along with B-heavy molasses and C-light molasses forcomplete exhaustion. B-massecuite is boiled using double cured C -sugar magma. This sugar is takenas seed for A-boiling and surplus is melted and used along with A-light molasses and syrup to boilA- massecuite. The pans used for A-boiling are low head calandria type batch pans and for B and Cboiling are fully automated continuous pans.

Cooling and curing:

The process of crystallization initiated in the pan is completed in the crystallizer (storage tank withmechanical stirring arrangement and air or water cooling arrangement). Air-cooled crystallizers areused for A-massecuite and water- cooled continuous type vertical crystallizers are used for B and Cmassecuites. A-massecuite is centrifuged in a fully automated high-speed batch type centrifugalmachine to separate sugar and molasses. The sugar is washed with super heated water in the machineto get good quality white crystal sugar. The sugar is then discharged by a plough in the machine anddropped to a grasshopper conveyor. The hopper is provided with facility to dry and cool the sugarbefore graining. The heavy and light molasses separated in the centrifugal are sent back forreprocessing at pans.

Continuous centrifugal machines are used for centrifuging B and C massecuites. The B-massecuite iscured in continuous centrifugal machines to separate B- heavy molasses and B- sugar. B-sugar thusobtained (B-fore sugar) is again made into magma with water and cured in a continuous centrifugalmachine to separate B-light molasses and B- after sugar. Similarly C-massecuite is double cured incontinuous centrifugal machines. The fore-worker molasses is the final molasses, which is sent tosteel storage tanks. C-double cured sugar is melted and used for boiling B-massecuite.

The sugar discharged from A- centrifugal machines is conveyed through grasshopper conveyorswherein drying and cooling arrangements are provided. Sugar then passes through mechanical


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graders where the sugar is graded as per their sizes to confirm to the IS standard. The graded sugar isthen sent to sugar storage bins with the help of bucket elevators. The storage capacity of thesestorage bins is enough to store 24 hours production. The sugar is discharged from bins to fill 50kg/100 kg bags and weighed automatically by electronic type automatic weighing machines. The sugarbags are transported to warehouse through belt conveyors.

The quantity of sugar produced by a 5000 TCD plant shall be 18000 MT per month at 12% recoveryon cane.

2.6.2. COGENERATION PLANT - POWER PLANTM/s BSML shall implement the cogeneration plant keeping in view of the availability of excessbagasse from the Sugar plant expansion. The cogeneration plant shall mainly comprise of thefollowing configuration:

a. Bagasse fired Steam Boiler of 150 TPHb. Turbine generator – 30 MW

Power generation process shall be based on Rankine Steam cycle. The steam generated in the boilerwhen expanded through a turbine, turns the turbine shaft which is tandem coupled to an electricpower generator. The exhaust steam coming out of the turbine shall be used for process (heating thejuice heaters, evaporators and pans).The process flow diagram for sugar & cogeneration is shown in Figure – 2.3.


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FIG. PROCESS FLOW CHART FOR SUGAR & COGENERATION

8

DMPLANT

BOILERS150 TPH

STEAM TURBINE

LP EXTRACTION

MP EXTRACTION

COOLINGWATERSUMP

FILTERPRESS

CANEJUICE

MILLHOUSE CLARIFICATION EVAPORATORS

SULPHURMELTING

VACUUMPANS

CRYSTALISERCENTRIFUGES

MOLASSESSTORE

CIRCULATINGWATER SUMP

FILTER CLOTHWASHING

FLOW DIAGRAM OF THE SUGAR MANUFACTURING PROCESSINTEGRATED WITH CO-GENERATION PLANT

MAKEUPWATER

BAGASSE

HP STEAM

POWER –30MW

COOLING TOWER

BLOWDOWN

PRESSMUD

FILTRATE

LIME

WATER

SUGAR CANESUPPLY

MILL HOUSEWASTEWATER

GREASETRAP

WASHINGS OFFILTER CLOTH

BLOWDOWN

SO2

SULPHITATION

MP STEAM

LP STEAM

SUGAR

VAPOURCONDENSATION

Spillovers andHandling losses

Combinedwastewater

Water

water

Condensate water

2.7 RESOURCE OPTIMIZATION / RECYCLING & REUSE ENVISAGEDThe proposed expansion of sugar & cogeneration projects will result in the following resourceoptimisationa. The project shall be situated in the available area of the company. No additional requirement of

land.b. Optimal utilisation of sugar unit’s by products viz. bagasse as a raw material for cogeneration

unit.

2.8 AVAILABILITY OF WATER ITS SOURCE, ENERGY / POWER REQUIREMENT

The proposed water consumption in the sugar plant including power generation is 3720m3/day. Ofthis total water requirement, about 2356 m3/day shall be met from the cane juice of sugar plant andthe balance requirement of 1364m3/day shall be drawn from River Krishna. BSML has obtained thenecessary permission for lifting the water from the irrigation department of Government ofKarnataka.


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The proposed power requirement of the sugar & cogeneration plant is 8 MW. This requirement shallbe met from the cogeneration plant and around 22 MW shall be exported to the grid during crushingseason.TABLE 2.3 WATER BALANCE WITH CONSUMPTION & DISCHARGE DETAILS (m3 / d)

Sl.No.

Water Requirement:Particulars ConsumptionWATER IN TO SYSTEM

1A Source : Fresh water from river 1364.00Usage:a) Process, Water Treatment Plant (DM Plant, R.O, & U.F) forboiler make up & laboratory(Cogen Plant)

1284.003) Domestic: 80.00Total 1364.00

1B Condensate Water from sugar cane at 70% (of 5000 Tons)on cane 2356.00Total of 1A & 1B 3720.00

Waste water generation: DischargeI From Process ( including Laboratory ) 500.001) Water Treatment Plant reject (Cogen) 60.002) Boiler blow down (Cogen) 65.003) Cooling tower blow down (Cogen) 240.00II Total Effluent from sugar & cogen 865.00III Domestic Sewage 64.00IV Lossesi) Vapour losses to Atmosphere 360.00ii) Vapour & drift loss at bearing (mill & turbine) cooling 90.00iii) Vapour & drift loss from cooling tower 575.00iv) Vapour & drift loss from T.G. set cooling tower 49.00v) Steam losses at traps & vent at 3% on cane 150.00vi) Domestic water loss 4.00vii) Vapour loss at crystallization & centrifugation 130.00viii) Flash vapour loss at clarifier 50.00ix) Vapour loss at mill 50.00x) Water going along with product & by products viz. Sugar,Bagasse, Molasses, press mud 950.00

Total Losses 2408.00V Excess condensate to recycling system 431.00

Total of II, III, IV & V 3720.00

2.9 PROJECT COSTThe project cost estimates of the present proposal considering new plant and machinery as perstandard specifications, shall be purchased from the approved machinery suppliers in India. Whereasthe civil construction of machineries foundations shall be carried out by the local contractor usinglocally available construction materials including brick, cement, steel etc. On the basis of presentmarket price and anticipated escalation up to the scheduled date of commissioning, the capital cost of


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the proposed expansion of sugar plant of cane crushing capacity to 5000TCD &cogeneration plant to30 MW will be around Rs. 20700 Lacs.

Sl. No. Particulars Amount in Lacs of Rs.1 Site development & civil works 15072 Plant and Machinery 168453 Miscellaneous Fixed Assets 804 Preliminary Expenses & Preoperative Expenses 1005 Interest during construction 13096 Others, consultancy, project management etc. 859

Total 20700


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Chapter 3Baseline status of environment


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The term ’Environment’ is defined under Section 2 (a) of Environment Protection Act - 1986 toinclude water, air, land and inter-relationship between water, air, land and human beings, other livingcreatures, plants micro-organisms and property.

Development in all sectors leads to both positive and negative effects on surroundings can createmodels to others. In general, any activity of a project can show effects whose timely checking fortheir impact is a need of the time. Industrialization step has gathered momentum at global level andshown the good as well as bad effects. To check the probability of the damage to any constituent ofthe environment it is a wise step to get information about the present or base line status of the region.It helps to observe advantage of the project on findings like crop pattern, water drainage, climatechanges, damage to fauna, flora as well as silent potential of the respective component to makedamage. By measuring extent of damage in turn corrective measures to curtail the mitigations can beapplied. Thus salient features of the environment give base line data to understand their presentstatus.

3.1 Site Location and surrounding

The project site is located atBadagandi Village, Girisagar Gram Panchayat, Bilagi Taluku, Bagalkotedistrict, Karnataka State. The site falls between 75039’54.86” & 75040’14.29” East longitude and 160

21’18.18” & 160 21’30.12” North latitude at an average elevation of 557.13 m above MSL. The siteis connected by broad gauge railway line of South Western railway on Hubballi - Vijayapur section.The nearest railway station is Bagalkote located at a distance of 18 Kms away in the SE direction.Alamatti reservoir back water is the major water body & is located at a distance of 5.906 kms in Eastdirection.The nearest village to the plant is Badagandi village, located at a distance of 2.37 Kms in the SW kmdirection. Bagalkote is the district place / main town and market place which is located at about 18kms away from the plant site in the SE direction.The area is well connected by road. The national highway (NH -218) connecting Bagalkote toVijayapur passes at a distance of 1.98 Kms in the western direction. The nearest airport is Belagaviat a distance of 126 Kms in West direction.

There are no reserved forests, wild life sanctuaries, national parks and elephant / tiger reserves within10 kms radius of the project site.

Nearest Settlements from the Plant site

Badagandi village - 2.37 Kms SW, Mannikeri Village – 3.489 Kms SGirisagar village – 4.067 Kms E, Rolli village – 5.067 Kms NEBilagi town – 5.106 Kms W, Takkalaki Village – 5.275 Kms NEKorti Village – 5.709 Kms N, Tolamatti Village – 8.019 Kms SSonna Village - 8.445 Kms NW, Dhawaleshwar village - 9.12 Kms NWVijayapur taluku lies in the north direction, Bagalkote Taluku lies in the South East direction andwest side and Mudhol Taluka exist west side of Bilagi taluku.


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Figure 1 : Google Map Showing 10 kms Radius Around the Plant

3.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY

Bagalkote is a newly formed district in November 1997 by bi-furcating Bijapur district. Bagalkotetown is the district headquarters. The district is located in the northern part of the state of Karnataka.

Bagalkote district is bound by Bijapur in the north, Belgaum in the west, Dharwad in the south andRaichur in the east. The district comprising of 6 taluks, occupies an area of 6593 sq.kms (constitutingaround 3.4 percent of the area of the state) and lies between 15° 49’ & 16° 46’ north latitude and 74°58’ & 76° 20’ east longitude The area is a gently undulating to a plain terrain, dotted with isolatedhills. The elevation ranges from 480 to 729 meters above mean sea level (MSL), sloping from westto east. The district falls in the Northern dry Agro-climatic zone and experiences a semi-arid climate.It is one of the drought -prone districts of the State.

The district is drained by the river Krishna and its tributaries Ghatprabha and Malaprabha. All theserivers enter district on the western side and flow in an easterly direction to join the Bay of Bengal.Krishna River enters the district at Terdal village in Jamkhandi taluk and flows in south-easterlydirection and forms the northern boundary of the district separating it from Bijapur district. TheGhataprabha River flows in the middle part of the district and joins the Krishna in Chikkasangamavillage in Bilagi taluk. The Malaprabha flowing in the southern part, joins the Krishna at Kudal


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Sangama in Hungund Taluk. The Ghataprabha and Malaprabha canal systems serve the western partsof the district. The dam across the Krishna river at Almatti and the canal systems serve the easternparts. Rainfall being as low as 560 mm annually, these canals are the lifelines, providing muchneeded irrigation and drinking water to the district.( Pl refer Fig below)Figure 2:


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3.2.1 Geology and mineral wealth:

The district is underlain mainly by the crystalline formations of different ages. The pre-Cambrianformations include granites, gneisses, meta sediments of Dharwar super Group, shales, sandstones,quartzites and limestones of Kaladagi series, basalts of Eocene to upper Cretaceous and laterites ofPleistocene age. Laterites and river alluvium (Recent) occur as insignificant, stray patches. Thoughthe district is endowed with a fairly rich mineral and rock wealth, it is famous for good qualitylimestone deposits and world-class pink granites of Ilkal area. Limestones and dolomites which aresupporting many cement industries are available in plenty at places like Bagalkote, Khajjidoni,Gaddanakeri, Petlur, Varachagallu, Bommanabudni, Hireshellikeri and Chikshellikeri of the district.The other important minerals found in the district are dolomite, iron ores (Ramthal- Hungund taluk)copper ores (Khajjadoni , Gaddanakeri and Kaladgi- Bagalkote taluk), argillites(Katageri- Badamitaluk) quartz breccias (Bagalkote). Basalts, Laterites, Granites, Sandstones and quartzites are widelydistributed and used as building material

3.2.2 Ground Water Scenario:Hydrogeology

Groundwater occurs in these hard rock formations in the interconnected interstices of weatheredresiduum and planar porosities like joints, fractures and shears in unweathered parts. The thicknessof weathered zone varies widely in different formations (Kindly refer to Figure 3). GW occurs underwater table condition inphreatic zone and semi-confined to confined conditions in the fractures atdepth. In shallow or phreatic aquifer (NHS), the pre-monsoon (May 2006) depth to water levelranges from 0.41 m below ground level (bgl) to 14.55 mbgl and the general range of water level is 5to 10mbgl (Kindly refer to Figure 4). During post-monsoon (Nov 2006) it ranges from 0.36 mbgl to11.30mbgl and the general range of water level is 5 to 10m bgl (Kindly refer to Figure 5). Annualwater level fluctuation ranges from 0.05 m to 3.25 m and average fluctuation is 1.65 m. The longterm water level trend (1996-2005) reveals that out of the analysed 30 dug wells, 27% of the wellsshow rise in the range of 0.03 m to 4.43 m and the remaining 73%wells show fall in water levelranging from 0.08m to 1.39. The fall in the long term water level mainly observed in non-commandarea of the district indicates the effect of high groundwater development where rainfall is the solesource of recharge. Similarly, the rise in water level corresponds to the canal command areas of thedistrict where, recharge to groundwater takes place through applied irrigation and canal seepages inaddition to rainfall.


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Figure 3


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Figure 4


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Figure 5


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Dynamic ground resource of Bagalkote District

3.2.3 Ground Water Resources:The Resource estimation and categorization is carried out as per the recommendations of GEM-97Methodology. As per the dynamic ground water resource estimation carried out as on March 2004,the ‘Annual Net Groundwater Availability’ is 42455.36 HAM. The ‘Existing GW draft for all uses’(irrigation, domestic and industrial) is 39232.60 HAM. The net GW availability for future irrigationdevelopment after allocating for domestic and industrial uses till 2025 is 12848.88 HAM. The talukawise resource status and stage of GW development is shown in the above table.

3.2.4 Groundwater Quality:Groundwater is generally mildly alkaline, moderate to very hard and is of Sodium -Bicarbonate type.In phreatic zone it is more mineralized than in fractured zones. Specific conductance varies from 607to 7000 micro mhos/cm at 25° C and chloride values range from 28 to 638 ppm. The concentrationsof both these are found to be higher than the ‘permissible limit’ of Drinking water Standards in someisolated pockets. Otherwise, water is suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. Nitrate pollution isnoticed on a wide scale and is more prevalent in dug wells than in bore wells. Higher concentrations(>1.5ppm) of fluoride is found in many bore well samples and it is found in lesser (withinpermissible limit of 1.5 ppm) concentration in dug well samples. The concentration in general,increases with the depth of bore wells and this indicates the possible geogenic nature of fluoride

3.2.5 Status of Groundwater DevelopmentThe stage of development is the lowest in Bilagi taluku (15.55%) and the highest in Badami taluku(166.53). It is observed that the taluks which are not having canal irrigation facility have witnessedhigher groundwater development of more than 100%. Accordingly, Hungund (119.7%), Bagalkote(158.3%) and Badami (166.5) are mainly groundwater dependent for agricultural activity and hence,withdrawals have exceeded the annual replenishment. Thus, the average stage of groundwaterdevelopment in for the district is 92.45%.


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3.3RAINFALL & CLIMATE:There are 6 rain gauges located in each of the 6 taluks (Table 1). The data in respect of these stationsfrom the year 1996 to 2005 are analyzed. The Data are collected from The Directorate of Economics& Statistics and Drought Monitoring Cell, which are the agencies of Government of Karnataka.Average rainfall (10 years) of the district is 559.9 mm, ranging from 502.3mm in Mudhol taluk to633.45 mm in Hungund taluk (Table-1). Thus, in general, rainfall in the district gradually increasesfrom west to east. The seasonal distribution indicates that, about 66% of the annual rainfall isreceived during SW monsoon (June-Sept), 21% during post-monsoon period (Oct-Dec) and theremaining during other seasons. The annual average number of rainy days is 41. Thunderstorms arecommon during summer bringing relief from swelter.

The nearest meteorological observatory located at Bijapur and the normals (Table.2) of theobservatory may be taken as representative of meteorological conditions in the districts. There aretwo Hydrometeorological observatories maintained by Water Resources Development Organisationat Mahalingapur and Almatti dam site. Normally, the months of January and February are dry andcool. The month of April is the hottest with mean daily maximum temperature being above 30°C.However, daily temperatures may go above 40°C. With the onset of monsoon there is an appreciabledrop in the temperature. Night temperatures are lowest in the cold season; touching 10°C. Humidityis high during monsoon season. During the winter months mist is common leading to foggyconditions occasionally.


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3.4 GEOMORPHOLOGY & SOIL TYPES:In general, the topography in the southern part of the district is rugged and undulating while in thenorthern part it is gently undulating to rolling plains with a number of low lying, flat hills. Thesouthern and south-western parts of the district covering Badami, Bagalkote and western parts ofHungund taluks are traversed by chains of detached hills trending in EW direction. The ortho-quartzites and the banded hematite quartzites have formed well defined linear ridges in the centralpart of the district. The ground elevation ranges from 480 to 729 metres amsl, sloping towards ESE.Different types of soils are found in the district depending upon the distribution of geologicalformations and are mostly insitu in nature. The soils can be classified into different groups asdescribed below:i). Soils in Basaltic terrain: Soils of this type are again classified as shallow, moderate and deep blackcotton soils. They are usually light black to black in colour and vary in thickness from 25 cms to 8 mand have high water holding capacity. These soils are fertile but when occupy the low-lying areacause water –logging conditions in canal command areas.ii).Soils in Limestone terrain: These are dark grey in color, clayey and calcarious. These have highwater holding capacity and low permeability. Low in N and but high in K. When compared to blackcotton soil are low in nutrients.iii). Soils in Sandstone terrain: This soil is grayish to yellowish brown in colour. Thickness variesfrom 1.5 to 1.8m. More permeable and low in P, high in K and medium N content. Alkaline innature.iv). Soils in Schist and phyllite terrain: These soils are clayey in nature and limited in thickness.They are well drained with moderate permeability. They are less fertile.v). Soils in Gneissic terrain: These soils are generally sandy-loam in nature with grayish to pinkish incolor. Moderate in fertility, good water holding capacity and low in permeability.

3.5 AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION:Agriculture is the main occupation of the people in the district. The geographical area is 658777 Ha

and ‘Net Sown area’ is 469783 Ha which is 71.3% of the geographical area. The major crops grownare Jowar, maize, wheat, bajra, sugarcane, sunflower, pulses and groundnut. Net Irrigated area is212872 Ha which constitutes 45.3% of the Net Sown area and the remaining 54.7% of the area israinfed.Out of the net irrigated area, nearly 60% is through surface water resources and the remaining 40%through groundwater. A major dam has been built across the Krishna at Alamatti inBasavanabagewadi taluk of Bijapur district, which provides irrigation facility to Karnataka andAndhra Pradesh States. Thus, the Krishna, the Malaprabha and the Ghataprabha canal systems caterto the irrigation needs in parts of Mudhol, Jamkhandi, Bilagi and Badami taluks of the district.

3.6 AIR ENVIRONMENTAir environment is represented generally in terms of concentration of Suspended Particulate Matter,Sulphur Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen. A wide variety of sources contribute SPM in ambient air.Some of them are construction activities, vehicular emissions, industrial process emissions, duststorms etc.


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The data collected from selected ambient air quality monitoring stations from 10 km radial distancearound the project site. The AAQM network is scientifically designed to address the followingcriteria.

i. Metrological conditionsii. Representation of regional background levelsiii. Influence of existing source of pollutioniv. Inclusion of major villages /locations of historical interest in the study area.

It is therefore necessary to monitor the ambient air quality in terms of above said parameters toestablish the background air quality scenario and assess the impact of co-generation plant on thescenario before undertaking any activity. Ambient air motoring was carried at 8 stations withinbuffer zones of the proposed project during March to May 2015 representing summer season. As perthe Ambient Air Quality Standards by Central Pollution Control Board ambient air quality stationswere identified and monitored with high volume sampling apparatus. The sampling locations areProject site, Badgandi, Bilagi, Mannikeri , Takkalki ,Girisagar , Siddhapur and Sonna. The plantsite was chosen as the station located near the centre of the project area and sampling stations werelocated in buffer zone situated at an angle of 30 degrees with respect to the central station. At eachstation, ambient air samples monitored for 24 hour duration were collected at a frequency of twice aweek and analyzed for Suspended Particulate Matter, Sulphur dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen. Themonitoring was carried out between March to May 2015. The results of analysis are reported inAnnexure E.

It is generally observed that SPM levels are higher in dry weather i.e. during summer and winterseasons. Dust storms generally do not occur. Hence SPM concentrations are within permissible limit.Sulphur Dioxide in atmosphere result from burning of sulphur containing fuels viz. Bagasse, lignite,various types of oils etc. Higher concentration of SO2 lead to acid rain affecting the flora whereas,they cause respiratory problems in human beings. Such incidences are not occurred in the past.

Oxides of Nitrogen are emitted into the atmosphere by the processes involving high temperaturecombustion. Exhaust gases from motor vehicles are also major sources of NOX. NOX plays animportant role in formation of photochemical oxidants.


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Google image of Air Monitoring Locations

Air Monitoring Locations

3.7 NOISE LEVEL

Noise survey has been conducted in the study area covering residential transportation commercialand calm zones. The main objective of noise monitoring in the study area is to establish the baselinenoise level, which is needed for assessing impact of total noise which is expected to be generated inthe proposed project activities.

Sr.No.

Name of theSampling Point

Direction w. r. t.the plant site

Distance w.r. t. theplant site

Geocodes

A1 Proposed site - --A2 Badagandi WWS 2.38 16020’51.2”750 38’ 49.97”A3 Bilagi SW 3.27 16019’45.5”750 38’ 29.15”A4 Mannikeri S 3.5 16019’24.3”750 40’ 3.9 ”A5 Takkalaki EEN 5.6 16023’58.7”750 41’ 9.7”A6 Girisagar N 5.76 16021’10.9”750 42’ 7.53”A7 Sonna NW 8.24 16024’5.65”750 36’ 26.1”A8 Siddhapur W 8.8 16021’55.4”750 35’ 22.95”


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Noise level is measured in terms of loudness of sound. Sound is a form of energy that propagatesthrough an elastic medium at a speed that is determined by the properties of that medium. Sinceloudness of sound is important to the effects of noise on people, dependence of loudness uponfrequency must be taken into account in environmental noise assessments. Several methods havebeen developed by researchers using the frequency spectrum of sound arrive at the loudness index orthe given sound. These methods are more complied and time consuming than required for mostsituations. Therefore simplified techniques have been developed to account for the dependence uponfrequency. This is done by the use of weighting filters in noise measuring instruments, which givedirect reading of approximate loudness.

Most common weighting filters are called A, B, C frequency weightings. ‘A weighting’ is mostcommonly used for environmental noise and measurement of sound pressure level. Thesemeasurements are reported in dBA (A weighted decibels). Sometimes these units are reported asdB(A) or dB - A) but dBA notation is most commonly used.

At BSML sugar cane crushers, compressors, pumps, mills, bagasse handling equipment, generatorsand various material handling equipments as well as process operations will produce noise. Noiseproduced by these equipments will be in the range of 100 to 120 dB, which is continuous in thecrushing season.

BSML has significant noise level impact only on the operators of various machineries. This isbecause the site is located in remote and isolated area.

As the proposed project is entirely a new one, noise level measurements were carried out usingSound Level Meter of Pulsecho Systems (Bombay) private Limited make in nearby villages toestablish their background levels.

Noise levels monitored at these locations were analysed in terms of, Equivalent, Daytime and NightTime Noise Levels and are presented in Annexure –G.

Residual noise level is that level below which the ambient noise does not seem to drop during agiven time interval and is due to more distant and generally unidentified sources. Median and Peaknoise level are the averages and highest noise level during a given time interval.

Equivalent noise levels were in the range of 53 - 62 whereas day time and night time noise levelwere in the range 35 to 42 dBA respectively as against the CPCB standards of 80 dBA respectively.

3.8 WATER ENVIRONMENT

3.8.1 Ground water

The study area has bore wells and dug wells as source of water. The water table is more than 40 mbelow the ground level. Ground water samples collected from Project site, Badagandi, Bilagi,Mannikeri, Takkalaki, Girisagar, Siddhapur and Sonna. The bore wells and dug wells were locatedwithin buffer zone of BSML was carried out during monitoring period. One sample was collectedfrom each well and analysed for parameters stated in using standard methods of I.S / AmericanPublic Health Association and Water Pollution Control Federation. Results of analysis are presentedin Annexure-I.


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Well water quality is compared with the drinking water standards given. It is observed that duringmonitoring period levels of all the parameters in all well water samples were below their respectivepermissible limits.

Sr No. Name of theSampling Point

Direction w.r.t. theplant site

GW 1 Near Proposed site -GW2 Badgandi WWSGW3 Bilagi SWGW4 Mannikeri SGW5 Takkalki EENGW6 Girisagar NGW7 Sonna NWGW8 Siddhapur W

3.9 SURFACE WATER

River Krishna, a perennial river flows from West to East and is about 5.906 Km south from theproject site. Few natural seasonal streams also flow in the study area.

Google image of Surface Water Locations


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Surface Water Sampling LocationName of theSampling Point

Direction w.r.t. theplant site

SW 1 TakkalakiSW2 Sitamani

Sampling of water from Krishna river located at village Takkalaki on upstream and Sitamani ondownstream of Almatti Dam of BSML was carried out during monitoring period.

Three samples collected from both the sources on different days were analysed for parameters statedin using standard methods of I.S / American Public Health Association and Water Pollution ControlFederation. Results of analysis are presented in Annexure –H.

Since the rainfall is average, and uncertain various types of irrigation projects have beencommissioned in the district to overcome scarcity and famine conditions.

Water quality of Krishna River is compared with the drinking water standards given in I.S 10500. Itis observed that levels of all parameters in ground water samples were below their respectivepermissible limits.

ECOLOGY

Flora and Fauna

The important features of environment are flora and fauna. They have countless life cycle modes,forms and activities that are important to be considered in any EIA.

VegetationVegetation and wild life present in an area shows certain affinities with its environmental setting andbetween the species. The plant and animal population in an area form recognizable associationscalled ‘Natural Communities’. The Natural Communities have structure based on the life forms ofthe species that make them up. The species composition is referred to the kind of species making upthe community. Variety of species and their relative numbers are referred to as species diversity. Acommunity composed of few species is called simple whereas, that composed of many species iscalled complex.

The vegetation and wild life describes the environment setting in terms of type of communities,community, uniqueness, and types of species forming each community, dominant species, rare andendangered species, their habitat vulnerability to various disturbances. Ecological cycle also is animportant representation of biological environmental setting.

An exhaustive survey was carried out within core and buffer zones to get an idea of major vegetativepatterns, plant, animal communities, dominant species, correlation between plant, animalcommunities and topography, geology, soil, water etc. and present / past human influence on them inorder to establish existing scenario of flora and fauna.


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Natural Forest

Total forest in Bagalkot division is 823.11 sq.m of which 705.88sq.km is protected forest. Duringthe survey two forest types were identified viz. South Indian Dry Deciduous Hill Forest and SouthIndian Dry deciduous Plains forest.

South Indian Dry Deciduous Hill Forest

The prominent tree species encountered in this forest type are Chloroxylon swietenia, Albezia amara,Cassia fistula, diospyros melanoxylon, wristia tintoria, Azadirachta indica, Acasia Catechu, A.leucophioea and Albezia amara, Anogeissus latifolia occurs in fair quantities.The undergrowth in this forest type is dominated by Mundulea subsersoa, Canthium parviflorum,Cassia auriculata, Carrissa spp. Gymnospora Montana, and Opuntia dillenia, Euphorbia ( cactus)form gregarious mass here and there. The local names of trees mentioned are given below. Treegrowth comprising this forest type is generally stunted and often bushy. The hills near aboutKaladagi, Bagalkote and Mamtgi are almost bare. The large scale adverse biotic factors such a largescale illicit cuttings and reckless grazing are mainly responsible for the deteriorated condition of thisforest. Soil erosion has advance rapidly exposing bare rock at many places.

South Indian Dry Deciduous plains Forest

This type of forest confirming to primary serial type IS/4 Inundated Babul is mainly confined to theriver banks and midstream islands and river banks. These forests occur in isolated patches. Thepredominant species in the natural composition is babul ( Acacia Arabica). The other associatedspecies growing naturally are Pongamia glabra, Eugenia jambolina, Azadirachta India, Tamarindusindica, and Ziziyphus jujube. The undergrowth consists of Vanguria spinosa, Cassia auriculata,Gymnosperia Montana etc.

The open area mostly harbours grasses, which are hardly nutritious for cattle feed. Andropogencontortus is by far the most common species and is wide spread. In more moisture bearing areas i.e.river banks, bunds etc. Cymbopogan martini is common.

A list of naturally occurring trees, herbs climbers and grasses of these forests is given below:

Botanical name Local NameTreesAcacia leucophloes NayibelaAarabica KarijaliAcacia Latronum MugaliAcacia catechu CachuAegie marmelos BilvpatraAlangium lamarkii ArroliAlbezia procera Chikul


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Albezzia odoratissima Pull -bagheAlbezzia lebbck Bage

Albezzia amara BelkhamiAnogeissus latifolia PindalAnona squamosa MandaraBridelia retusaButea frondosa MuthugaCapparis spp Kathiramullu

Botanical name Local NameCardenia gummiferaCassia fistula KakkeCholoxylon swietenia HuragaluDalbergia paniculata Biluga damaraAchudiospyros montana Bukkana, JuglagantiEugenia corymbosaFlacourtia glabaraGardenis klucda KaringaGaruga pinnata Halabalagi, gargeGrewiea teliofolia ThadasaluHardwidkia isoraHeteropogen roxburghii BechadiMangifera Indica MavuMillingtonia hortensis BeratyRandia dumetorum meggareSapindus laurindoliusSterosperumum xylocarpum GenasingTamarindus indica HunaseVitex negundo LakkiWrightia tinctoria KodmurkiZizypus jujubak ElachiHerbsCassia tora VanavarikaHermidesmus KincharpeMinosa pudica Thotuthe ramumStachytarphyta indica CeemainayuruviClimbersLettsomia elliptica -Aabrus orecatiruys -Mucuna pruriena Titka KogilaButea superba -


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Dendrocalmus strictus Kiri- bidru

GrassesAntistiria ciliata GaddimulwahAristida paniculataAndropogen triticusA. Helpensis Kadu-kambu hulluA puzilisA. pertusus Karai –kanda -huuluA contortus Kari- vunugad

Fauna

The forests in the area are exposed to large scale anthropogenic pressures over a long period of timeand as a result are highly degraded forms. As expected such forest tracts harbour threatened orendangered fauna. The wild animals reported from Bagalkot Forest Division are hare, Jackal, Junglecat, wild boar, hanuman langur, Rhesus Macaque, spotted deer, Sāmbhar, nilgai, mongoose, andpalm squirrel. Crocodile are reported from Krishna river.

Zoological l name Local NameLepus nigricolis HareCanis Aureus JackalFelis Chaus Jungle catSus Indicus Wild boreSemnopitheaus entellus Hanuman langurAxis axis Spotted DeerCervus unicolor SāmbharHerpestes fuscus Mongoose

Funambulus palmarum Palm squirrel

Avifauna is also thinly represented in the region. During the survey 20 species of birds wererecorded from buffer zone and core zone. A list of avifauna is given below

Zoological l name Local NameFalco tinnunculus CastrelPycnonotus cafer Redvented bulbulEuodice malabarica Whitethroated muniaPasser domesticus House sparrowCorvus brachyrhynchos Common CrowCampephagidae Cuckoo shrikeStreptopelia chinensis Spotted doveColumba livia Blue pigeonArdeola grayii Pond heron


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Bubulcus ibis Cattle egretNectariniidae SunbirdMotacilla cinerea Largegrey wagtailGyps africanus Whitebacked bulturePlateinae Spoon billHalcyon smyrnensis White breasted kingfisherAlcedo atthis Littleblue kingfisherCopsychus saularis Magpie robinPetronia xanthocollis Yellow throated sparrowPloceidae Weaver BirdMeropidae Bee eater

3.10 SOIL QUALITY

The soils of the district are essentially derived from the underlying basalt and under differentclimatic conditions how variations in texture and structure. They vary from deep black soil in theriver valleys to shallow murum red or grey in the hilly area. Laterite soils occur on up ghats TheMedium deep soils occur in the area of the district where the rainfall is low. They are reddish brownin color and have clayey texture and granular to blocky structure. This soil is quite fertile and goodfor crops like ground and sugarcane.

Except in certain packers, the soils have good drainage. In general, the soils are good for sugarcanecultivation considering the yield and sugar content. The pH of the soil is 7.5 to 8.3 and they respondwell to fertilizer application.

Ref.: Report on Agricultural Contingency Plan Bagalkot

Soils in the region are red loamy and medium black cotton soil. 55 % is red loamy laterite and 45 % ismedium black cotton soil. Soil samples were collected from Project site, Badagandi, Bilagi,Mannikeri, Takkalaki, Girisagar, Siddhapur and Sonna villages in the study area and analyzed fordifferent parameters. The guidelines of soil quality are given in Table. It is seen that soil has moderate


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organic matter with low nitrogen and potassium content. The soil is non saline with electricconductivity. Soil samples collected from B zone of agriculture land of Madhbhavi were analysed forpH, moisture content, water holding capacity, organic matter, ammoniac nitrogen, potassium,phosphorous, copper, Zinc, Iron, Manganese, molybdenum lead, chromium and cadmium usingstandard methods of Association of Official Agricultural Chemist. Results of analysis are presented inAnnexure-J.

The highlights of soil quality is given below:

pH is slightly alkaline Soluble salts were found to be in the range of 3000 -11000 mg/kg

Organic content is 0.6 to 0.9% Soil is sandy loamy High concentration of Soluble salts


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46

Cropping pattern


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Socio Economic Environment

The growth of industrial sectors and infrastructure developments in and around the agriculturedominant areas, village and towns is bound to create its impact on the socio aspects of the localpopulation of the area experiencing development. The impacts may be positive or negativedepending upon the development activity. To assess the anticipated impacts of the project andindustrial growth on the socio economic aspects of people, it is necessary to study the existing socioeconomic status of the local population, which will be helpful for making efforts to further improvethe quality of life in the area under study. The ideological aspects of this study include humansettlements, demography, and social strata such as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes andliteracy levels besides infrastructure facilities available in the study area. The economic aspectsinclude occupation The Baseline Demographic and Socio economic characteristics with regards todemography, literacy and occupational status have been described based on the Primary CensusAbstract 2011.

AESTHETICS ENVIRONMENT:

Historically it is the home land of great chalukya dynasty. Aihole is place described as the laboratoryfor architecture rather university of Indian architecture. Badami is famous internationally for cavescarved in monolithic single stone in the period of Immadi Pulakeshi-I along with historical famoustemples of Pattadakal, Mahakuteshwar temple in Mahakuta, Shivayogmandir and Banashankaritemple in Badami. Mudhol is the birth place of great poet “Ranna”. Galagali village in Bilagi Talukuis famous for Galava Maharshi. Jamakhandi was the capital city during the period of“Patawardhana”Kingdom.

Kudalsangam the place where the great social revolutionist of 12 th century lord “Basavanna” waseducated. The galaxy of sharanas lived in this Holy Land is itself a matter of pride.


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Earthquake Zone of Karnataka


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Chapter 4Prediction of impact & mitigation

measures


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Prediction of ImpactsPrediction of Impacts is the most important component in the Environmental Impact Assessmentstudies. Several scientific techniques and methodologies are available to predict impacts ofdevelopmental activities on physical, ecological and socio-economic environments. Such predictionsare superimposed over the baseline (pre-project) status of environmental quality to derive theultimate (Post-project) scenario of environmental conditions. The prediction of impacts helps inminimizing the adverse impacts on environmental quality during pre and post project execution. Incase of water, land and socio-economic environments, the predictions have been made based onavailable scientific knowledge and judgments. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to predictthe incremental rise of various ground level concentrations above the baseline status due to theemissions from this proposed project. Considering the issues involved in the proposed expansionproject, the activities can be divided into two phases viz. Construction Phase and Operation Phase.

4.1 Impact during Construction PhaseThe construction phase of proposed expansion of sugar & power plants will include activitiesassociated with the site levelling, construction of civil structures, architectural works and buildingservices. The construction phase would bring in immediate but short term changes on variouscomponents of environment near the project site. The likely changes on starting the constructionalactivity would be in the following area.

4.1.1 Impact on TopographyThe area of the proposed plant is more or less flat terrain. It is predominantly covered with fine tomedium grained Clay loam as top soil with underlying compacted dense sand. During theconstruction phase levelling would be required. Apart from the localized construction impactsconfined to the plant site, no significant long term adverse impact on topography is envisaged.

4.1.2 Impact on Air Environment

The main source of air emission during the construction phase is dust. It will be generated due tomovement of equipment at the site and during site levelling, earthwork, foundation work and otherconstructional activities. Dust emissions are expected to result in increased particulate matter thusaffecting base line air quality, primarily in working area for a short duration. In order to amelioratethis, the area near the site and transport roads will be sprinkled with water to reduce dust.

4.1.3 Impact on Water Environment

The construction activities will be associated with mechanical fabrication, assembly and erection.These activities associated do not consume large quantities of water. Make shift sanitation facilityshall be provided by contractors for disposal of sanitary sewage generated by the work force. Thereshall be no disposal of construction waste outlet. The contractor will provide cooking fuel to thework force as this will check cutting and felling of shrubs and trees. The overall impact on waterenvironment during construction phase due to the proposed expansion is considered short term andinsignificant.


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4.1.4 Impact on Noise Environment

The noise produced during construction phase may not have significant impact on the existingambient noise levels. The activities like construction of foundation, infrastructure and plant areconsidered as the main source of noise generation. The major construction work will be carried outduring the daytime. The construction equipment may generate high noise which can affect thepersonnel operating the machines. The noise levels in the working environment are compared withstandards prescribed by OSHA/CPCB/ ISO 3746. The workers in general are likely to be exposed toequipment noise levels of 80-90 dB (A) in an 8 hrs shift for which all statutory precautions as perlaw will be taken into consideration. Use of proper personnel protective equipment will mitigate anyadverse impact of noise on the working population. All noise from the site is expected to be reducedsignificantly before reaching nearby habitation.

4.2 Impact during Operational Phase

The plant operational activities will have impact on physical environment (air & water quality, noiselevel, cropping pattern etc.) and on socio-economic environment. No land /topography alteration isenvisaged in the operation phase of the sugar & cogeneration power plants.

4.2.1 Impact on Physical Environment

The impacts on Air, Noise & Cropping Pattern are the dimensions of physical environment which arelikely to be affected on account of power generation activities.

4.2.2 Impact on Air Environment

Prediction of impacts on air environment is an important component in environmental impactassessment studies. Several techniques and methodologies are in vogue for predicting the impactsdue to proposed industrial development on physico-ecological and socio-economic components ofenvironment. Such predictions are superimposed over the baseline (pre-project) status ofenvironmental quality to derive the ultimate (post-project) scenario of environmental conditions. Thequantitative prediction of impacts lead to delineate suitable environmental management plan neededfor implementation during the commissioning of proposed activities and in its operational phase inorder to mitigate the adverse impacts on environmental quality.

Mathematical models are the best tools to quantitatively describe the cause effect relationshipbetween source of pollution and different components of environment. In case, mathematical modelsare not available or it is not possible to identify/validate model for a particular situation, predictionsare arrived through available scientific knowledge and judgment.


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Air Quality Prediction

The impact on air quality due to emissions from single source or group of sources is evaluated by useof mathematical models. When air pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere, they are immediatelydiffused into surrounding atmosphere, transported and diluted due to winds. The air quality modelsare designed to simulate these processes mathematically and to relate emissions of primary pollutantsto the resulting downwind air quality. The inputs include emissions, meteorology and surroundingtopographic details to predict the impacts of conservative pollutants.

BSML’s proposed of expansion of cogen unit of 8 MW to 30MW, requires 1500 to 1637 MT per daybagasse as the fuel for boiler when operated on 100% bagasse. This cogen project meets the heat &power needs of BSML and excess power shall be exported to the KPTCL grid.

Air Quality Modelling

Air quality modelling was carried out for existing and proposed both the scenarios. The majorpollutant from the activity is Particulate Matter. In the present study, major source considered is thestack attached to boiler. The estimation of emission rates based on rate of fuel consumption andcharacteristics has been calculated. Also, the meteorological data at the site has been collected duringstudy period. After calculation & collection of data, assessment of impact on ambient air qualityusing ISCST3 model of USEPA for emissions from proposed 30 MW power plant have been carriedout. The bagasse used as fuel in the plant. The stack details of proposed plant are presented in theTable 4.1. The maximum GLCs is calculated for proposed scenario is 0.032μg/m3 SE Direction.Predicted PM Concentration in Ambient Air as per Gaussian Model is shown in the Table 4.2. Theisopleths are presented in the Figure 4.1, for proposed impact.

Table 1: Details of Stack attached in the Proposed Expansion

Sr.No.

Stack Fuel(T/Hr)

Emission Rate(g/s)

StackHeight

Diameter(m)

Exit GasTemp.

Velocity(m/s)

1 Boiler of150 TPH

68.18 0.375(ESP willbe use of 99%)

92m 3.5m 413 (oK) 16

After the incremental rise, the PM level does not exceed the CPCB limits. The rise in values of SO2and NOx are negligible. Hence there is no negative impact on the ambient air quality.

Vehicles used for transportation of sugar cane as well as finished product would be bullock carts,tractors and trucks and the utility vehicles used would be buses, jeeps, cars and ambulances. BSMLproposes to regularly carry out PUC checks on all motor driven vehicles. BSML shall carry outregular servicing and maintenance of the vehicles in order to keep the environmental impact to itsminimum level on account of vehicle emissions. For reducing fugitive dust emissions, BSMLproposes to make metalled internal roads as far as possible and / or carry out regular water sprinklingon unmetalled roads in order to prevent fugitive dust emissions. Green belt development and treeplantation activities of BSML during operational phase would ensure minimal impact of fugitive dust


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emissions. In addition to above, BSML shall ensure good house-keeping in all the departments oftheir sugar manufacturing and power generation departments in order to keep the entire complexclean and free of dust.

FIGURE 4.1: Isopleths of Predicted PM Concentration in Ambient Air as per Gaussian Model


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FIGURE 4.2: Isopleths of Predicted SO2 Concentration in Ambient Air as per Gaussian Model


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FIGURE 4.3: Isopleths of Predicted NOX Concentration in Ambient Air as per Gaussian Model


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Noise Environment• Impact on Noise Levels

The major sources of noise during the construction phase are vehicles and construction equipmentlike dozers, scrapers, concrete mixers, cranes, pumps, compressors, pneumatic tools, saws, vibratorsetc. The operations of these equipment generate noise in the range of 85-90 dB (A) near the source.Noise levels are confined within the plant boundary and temporary in nature.

Impact of machinery operations:

In the expansion of Sugar and Cogen Power Plant proposed by BSML following equipment shall bethe sources of noise.

Centrifugal Machine - 86-87 dB(A)Vacuum Release - 102-104 dB(A)Sugar dry units - 91-92 dB(A)Compressor for air supply - 90-92 dB(A)Milling - 88-91 dB(A)Mill Turbine - 92-94 dB(A)Juice clarification station - 88-89 dB(A)Juice evaporation station - 82-93 dB(A)Power house - turbine - 93-105 dB(A)Boilers - 83-109 dB(A)FD fans - 94-96 dB(A)Delivery pumps for sugar & molasses supply - 89-90.5 dB(A)

Considering all the machinery to be working at a time, which is the worst case from the point of viewof noise level impact at BSML, the total noise level on account of all the equipment works out to be108 dB(A). Major part of this noise gets attenuated due to wave divergence.The noise attenuation due to wave divergence is calculated as follows:Sound pressure level Lp2 at a distance R2 from the source neglecting attenuation due to atmosphericeffects and interaction with objects is given byLp2 = Lp1 – 20 log R2 / R1

Where,Lp1is a sound pressure level at a distance of R1 from the source and Lp2 is a sound pressure level at adistance of R2 from the source.

Minimum distance of the receptor location from BSML calculated by using above equation forachieving the noise level of 55 dB (A) during daytime is 135 m. This means, noise level at adistance of 135 m from BSML is 55 dB (A) or in other words the noise level impact of BSMLoperations is felt within a maximum area of 135m radius.

As the villages are located beyond 500 m from BSML, increment in noise levels will not be detectedat these locations on account of BSML activities.


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NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURESCONSTRUCTION PHASE

There will be marginal increase in noise levels during construction phase which is temporary.Certain activities like welding will be undertaken during night time. However, this phenomenon istemporary in nature.

OPERATIONAL PHASE

The equipment in the sugar plant and cogeneration plant are designed for noise levels not exceeding90 dB (A). Proper encasement of noise generating sources will be done to control the noise levelsbelow 75 dB (A) at plant boundary.

The steam turbine generator is provided with acoustic enclosures and silencers in the exhaust. Thesteam turbine is housed in a closed building which is considerably reducing the noise. In case ofmaintenance, the persons working near the steam turbine generator building are provided with earmuffs.

A scientifically designed thick greenbelt in an area of 23 Ha is being developed all around the plantwhich is acting as noise barrier.

In general the following methods were adopted to control the noise pollution from the proposed units

The use of concrete and masonry walls & barriers keeping in view the benefits ofstiffness weight & cavity construction & the need to provide well sealed soundattenuating doors & windows.

The use of complete or partial enclosures.

Attenuation by use of sound absorbents on walls and fixed or suspended ceilings

Introduction of control and monitoring rooms having good sound insulation properties.

The reduction or elimination of noise leakage paths

The use of vibration insulation techniques

The use of ducts and plenum chambers

The use of mufflers, sound attenuation and acoustic louvers in air flow paths, taking particular careto direct inlet and discharge an opening away from critical areas wherever possible, so as to takeadvantage of direct effects.

Impact of Vehicular traffic

As a matter of fact of Power Plant does not invite heavy vehicular traffic at the site. There will be anincrease in the traffic to and from the site. Vehicles used for transportation of coal would be abullock cart, Tractors and Trucks whereas; utility vehicles used for various purposes would be buses,


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Jeeps, cars and ambulances. Assuming that no. of traffic on noise level at village calculated by usingfollowing equation is found to be 42 dB(A).Leq (h)i = LOE + 10log(Ni /Si *T) + 10log (15/d) (1+a) +S - 13Where,Leq (h)1 is the Leq at hour h for the ith vehicle type i.e. autos, medium trucks or heavy trucks.LOE is the reference mean energy level for the ith vehicle type. This is the noise emission level for agiven vehicle type and is found out by measurement.Ni is the number of class I vehicles passing during the time T.Si is the average speed of the ith vehicle class in km/hour.D is the perpendicular distance in meters from the centre line of the traffic lane to the location wherenoise level is to be predicted.a is a factor, which relates to the absorption characteristics of the ground cover between the roadwayand the receptor location.S is the shielding factor such as provided by the noise barrier.

Impact of traffic noise after superimposing on background noise level results in the noise level of 45dB(A), which is less than Karnataka Pollution Control Board limits for rural and Residential area.Hence noise level impact of the traffic is negligible.

4.2.3 Water EnvironmentImpact on Water Resources and Quality

The water requirement for the proposed Expansion will be met from the surface water for whichpermission is obtained. During construction, water is required for development of structures,sprinkling on pavements for dust suppression and domestic and non-domestic usages. Constructionworkers shall utilise washrooms and toilets available at site.

Water Pollution Mitigation Measures

The earth work includes cutting and filling. Excavation activities shall be avoided during rainyseason and shall be completed during the winter and summer seasons. Stone pitching on the slopesand construction of concrete drains for storm water to minimize soil erosion in the area will beundertaken. Settling pond is planned for storage and recycling of surface water for use in the plantarea. The development of green belt in and around plant will be taken up during the monsoon season.In plant roads shall be concreted. Toilets with septic tanks are available at site for constructionworkers. The overall impacts on water environment during construction phase due to proposedactivity are temporary and marginal.

Land Environment

• Impact on Land useThe land is available and required area for expansion is earmarked earlier. Currently there are fewscrubs present in the project site. Clearing of these plants are required during construction phase.


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The development of further green belt in and around the project site is expected to mitigate theimpact due to ground cover clearing during the construction phase.

•Impact on Topography

The proposed project site is a flat terrain with a gentle slope. The development of this land is notexpected to change the topography of the study area. Adequate storm water drains will be providedto collect and carry the surface runoff during monsoon to the natural drainage system of the studyarea.

•Impact on Soil

The activities involved in clearing the site for the various units of the production plant such asprocess units, buildings, raw materials & finished goods sheds, construction of roads, laying of thepipelines (water supply, effluent, telephone, power supply, etc.) would generate topsoil which needsproper management. As the existing ground level of the study area is more or less flat terrain withoutsignificant level differences it may not require any major excavation.

•Mitigation Measures

The following measures will be adopted: After completion of the construction, the surplus earth will be utilized to fill up the low lying

areas, the rubble will be cleared and all un-built surfaces will be reinstated;

The top soil from the excavated areas will be preserved for re-use during plantation; Green belt development will be taken up during construction phase so that the plantations grow

to adequate height by the time of commissioning of the plant. Species selected for plantation will be fast growing, adapting to local conditions.

Socio-economic Environment

The socio-economic impacts during the construction phase of the proposed plant could result due tomigration of workers, worker camps, induced development etc. Due to the migrant workers therewould be impact on the existing infrastructure facilities in the surrounding villages. The impact ofthe proposed plant on socio economic conditions of the study area expected to be positive as follows:

Increase in floating population. Increase in demand of services including hotels, lodges, public transport (including taxis), etc.

Economic up-liftment of the area. Rising of infrastructure and financial aspects in the study area. Beneficiation of the civil construction and transportation companies as they are procured from

the local area. Expanding of services like retail shops, banks, automobile workshops, school, healthcare, etc.

The local population will have employment opportunities in related service activities like pettycommercial establishments, small contracts/sub-contracts and supply of construction materials


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for buildings and ancillary infrastructures etc. Consequently, this will contribute to economicupliftment of the area.

The construction activity will benefit the local population in a number of ways, which include theincrease in requirement of construction skilled, semi-skilled and un-skilled workers, tertiary sectoremployment and provision of goods and services for daily needs including transport. In line with theabove, following recommendations are made:

•Local people will be given preference for employment depending on their suitability;•All the applicable guidelines under the relevant Acts and Rules related to labour welfare and safetywill be implemented during the construction phase.

Impact on Ecological Environment

The proposed power plant will not have negative impact on Ecological Environment. There are nosite within the buffer zone which are having Ecological Importance.


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Chapter 5Environmental impact analysis


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5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS

Environmental impact assessment is the logical first step in this process because it represents theopportunity for man to consider, in his decision making, the effects of actions that are not accountedfor, in the normal market exchange of goods and services. Adherence to pure economic exchangetheory and practice for decision making has possible adverse consequences for the proposed site atwhich the expansion project is going to be implemented.

Environmental impact assessment can be defined as the documentation of environmental analysisincluding identifications, interpretations, prediction and mitigation cost by the proposed action on theproject. A properly prepared assessment should enable the planner to conclude whether the proposalshould or should not be regarded as major action, or whether the environmental impact is or is notsignificant and if the action could not be environmentally controversial. Whenever it is concludedthat significant environmental impact will result from a proposed action, or it may becomeenvironmental controversial, that is when others learn of the action that a draft EIS must be prepared.The process of environmental impact analysis serves to meet the primary goal of Parliament inenacting Environmental Policy Act 1986 to establish national policy in favor of protecting andrestoring the environment.

The primary purpose to prepare an environmental impact assessment is to disclose the environmentalconsequences of a proposed action, thereby making the agency cautious, decision maker and thepublic to the environmental risk involved. Important and intended consequences of this disclosureare to build in to the agency’s decision making process, a continuous consciousness of environmentalconsideration.

However, the spirit of the law is founded on the premises, that to utilize resources in anenvironmentally compatible way and to protect and enhance the environment. It is necessary to knowhow activities of the proposed project will affect the environment and to consider these effects earlyenough so that changes in plan can be made if the potential impacts warrant them.

Environmental impact assessment provides a vehicle to note impacts of activities so that knowledgeof what adverse changes may occur can be collected and maintained. The purpose of inventory is toensure discloser of the impacts on the proposed projects so that concerned institutions or individualswill be aware of possible repercussions of the subject activities. Another valuable use for theinventory of impact is to identify the potential cumulative effects of a group or series of activity in anarea. Any single activity might not be likely to cause serious changes in the environmental but whenits effects are added to those of other projects, the impacts of the environment might be severe. Thepotential for cumulative impacts must be identified and in some cases, this may be possible only atthe intra agency level.

A preliminary assessment will indicate the possible impact areas on which detailed data has to becollected to present the results of the preliminary assessment will attempt to answer the impacts onphysical or health Hazard, economic interest of the existing communities, impact on infrastructure,and future growth pattern in the region for next 20 years.

5.1 MATRIX METHOD

The major use of matrices is to indicate cause and effect by listing activities along horizontal axisand environmental parameters along the vertical axis. In this way the impacts of both individualcomponents of projects as well as major alternatives can be compared. The simplest matrix uses a


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single mark to show whether an impact is predicted or not. However, it is easy to increase theinformation level by changing the size of the mark to indicate scale. The greatest drawbacks ofmatrices are that they can only effectively illustrate primary impact.

A matrix having rows as environmental attributes or impact areas and columns having proposedproject activities is constructed. Each action having an impact on environmental attributes is given aweight or Parameter Importance Unit (PIU) viewed by experts. Weights given are on followingconception.

Weight 1 is given for insignificant low impact, which is not injurious to environment in case of itsadverse nature.

Weight 3 is given in case of measurable impact, which is not injurious to environment with properplanning and building in case of its adverse nature.

Weight 7 is given in case of high impact on environment, which can be curbed by takingprecautionary measures in case of its adverse nature.

Weight 10 is given in case of very high impact on environment.

The predicted environmental impact rated on a scale of environmental scores multiplied by thecorresponding weight then gives the weighted impact. All weighted impacts added together give theoverall weighted impact of proposed project on environment. Negative sign in impact matrixindicates that the impact is of adverse nature.

The environmental matrix for the proposed cogeneration power plant after plan after and during itsimplementation is shown in table

Table 5.1: Environmental Impact Matrix for the Proposed expansion of BSML duringConstruction Phase

Sr.No.

EnvironmentalAttributes

Environmental Score Due to BSML ActivitiesI (See Legend) II III

1 Air Quality -1 3 1 3 -1 32 Noise Levels -1 5 1 3 -1 33 Land Use 0 5 1 3 -1 34 Soil Chemistry -1 3 1 3 -1 35 Crop Yield -2 3 0 3 -1 36 Occupational Structure 3 5 1 5 2 57 Flora & Fauna 0 3 1 3 1 38 Social Interactions 2 3 2 3 3 59 Transportation 2 5 1 3 1 310 Economy 3 5 2 3 1 7

LEGENDI Erection of mechanical equipmentsII Plantation/landscapingIII Infrastructural activities


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Table 5.2: Environmental Impact Matrix for the Proposed Plant of BSML DuringConstruction Phase (Contd…)

Sr.No.

EnvironmentalAttribute

Environmental Impact Due to BSML ActivitiesI (See Legend) II

1 Air Quality -2 7 2 52 Noise Levels -2 5 2 33 Land Use - - 2 54 Soil Chemistry -1 5 1 55 Crop Yield -2 5 1 36 Occupational Structure 5 7 1 37 Flora & Fauna -1 3 2 58 Social Interactions 3 5 1 39 Transportation 3 5 1 310 Economy 3 7 1 3LEGENDI Power GenerationII Plantation / Landscaping

5.2 CHECK LIST METHOD

The detailed impact analysis and from the course of the environmental impact assessment one has touse checklist method for identifying the possible impact during and after the completion of theproposed expansion of sugar & cogeneration power plants. The check list for assessment includesmodification of regime, land transformation and construction, resource extraction, processing, landalteration, resource renewal, changes in traffic, waste replacement and treatment, chemical treatmentand accidents. This comprehensive and user friendly checklist is invaluable aid for several activitiesof EIA, particularly scoping and defining baseline studies. The check list has been prepared for non-specialist and enables much time consuming work to be carried out in advance of expert input. Itincludes extensive data collection sheets. The collected data can then be used to answer a series ofquestions to identify major impacts and identify shortage of data. The result sheet from the checklistis reproduced in the following table.

Table 5.3: Result Sheet for Assessing Checklist

Parameters VeryPositiveImpact

PositiveImpactPossible

NoImpact

NegativeImpactPossible

VeryNegativeImpact

NoJudgmentPossible

Comments

Alteration ofground waterhydrology

No No Yes No No -- --

Irrigation No No Yes No No -- --Noise & vibration No No Yes No No -- --Urbanization Yes -- -- -- -- -- --Highways No No Yes No No -- --Dams No No Yes No No -- --SurfaceExcavation

No Yes No No -- -- --

Well drilling Yes -- -- -- -- -- --


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Farming Yes -- -- -- -- -- --Sugar & PowerGeneration

Yes -- -- -- -- -- -

Erosion Control &Terracing

Yes -- -- -- -- -- --

Ground waterRecharge

No No Yes -- -- -- --

Table No.5.4: Result Sheet for Assessing Checklist

Parameter PositiveImpactVery

PositiveImpactPossible

NoImpact

NegativeImpactPossible

NegativeImpactVery

NoJudgmentPossible

Comments

WasteRecycling

Yes -- -- -- -- -- --

FertilizerApplication

Yes -- -- -- -- -- --

Trucking Yes -- -- -- -- -- --Communication Yes -- -- -- -- -- --Land Fill -- -- Yes -- - --Cooling waterDischarge

Yes -- -- -- -- -- --

Liquid EffluentDischarge

No -- Yes -- -- -- -

Stack andExhaustEmission

No -- Yes -- -- -- --

Weed Control Yes -- -- -- -- -- --Insect Control No -- Yes -- -- -- --Explosion -- -- -- Yes -- -- --OperationalFailure

-- -- -- Yes -- -- --

The very simple layout of the table enables an overview of impacts to be presented clearly which isenormous value for the scoping of proposed expansion activities.

5.3 EXPERT ADVICE

Expert advice should be sought for predictions, which are inherently non-numeric and areparticularly suitable to estimate social and cultural impacts. It shall be preferably taken in the form ofa consensus of expert opinion. For example, it is necessary to find out whether there is an impact onwetland or not. The reduction in the wetland productivity may result into the fall of sugarcane cropyield. As a consequence the quantity of sugarcane & bagasse required for producing sugar & powershall be severally affected. Low sugarcane crushing during the production of crystal sugar may alsoadd to non-availability of bagasse, which may hamper production of power. In order to mitigatethese problems it is utmost necessary to continuously monitor the production of sugarcane. It is alsonecessary to make available the other type of biomass / fuel for producing power for the use ofboiler.


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The most commonly used methods of project appraisal are the cost of benefit and cost effectiveanalysis. It has been found easy to incorporate environmental impacts into traditional cost benefitanalysis, principally because of the difficulties in quantifying and valuing environmental effects. Anenvironmental impact assessment can provide information on the expected effects and quantify, tosome extent their importance. Cost effective analysis can also be used to determine what is the mostefficient least cost method of meeting given environmental objectives, with costs including forgoneenvironmental benefits. Attempts have been made and the two most useful methods for expansion ofsugar & cogeneration power projects are ”Effect on Production (EOP) and preventive Expenditureand Replacement Cost” (PE/RC). The EOP method attempts to represent the value of change inoutput that results of the environmental impact. This method is very easy to carry out and easilyunderstood. E.g. the assessment of reduce bagasse for power reduction in production due to non-availability of sugarcane due to hydrological changes. The PE /RC method makes assessment of thevalue that people place on preserving their environment by estimating what they are prepared to payto prevent its degradation (preventive expenditure) or to restore its original state after it has beendamaged (replacement cost).


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Capter 6Environmental management plan


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6.0 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

Environmental Impact analysis carried out in Chapter-V indicated that BSML would not havenotable impact on any of the environmental attributes. At the same time, it will have beneficialimpacts on cropping pattern, increase in cane sugar crop & yield, captive power from Bagasse,export of surplus electricity to grid & consequent encashment to farmers etc. Target of EnvironmentManagement Plan (EMP) is to conserve the resources, minimize the waste generation, treatment ofwaste, recovery of by products and recycling of material. It also incorporates vegetation andlandscapes of open area and also the post project environment quality monitoring.

Environmental management is a crucial segment of Industrial Project. Management of project, inview of the global concept of sustainable development will do their best. Therefore, preparation ofEnvironmental Management Plan is a must to fulfil bifocal aspect of the statutory compliance as wellas that of social concern.

Water needs of project may be reasonable, but generally this resource is dwindling. Thus, on onehand one should use it less and on the other the source should not be left polluted for others. Airenvironment needs to be continuously managed, because man needs inhalation every moment, soalso is Flora and Fauna dependent on it. The biological aspects, soil and ground water are allinterdependent. Thus there is a need of proper environmental management and a conscious plan forit.

Objectives OF EMP

To define the components of environmental management. To prepare an environmental hierarchy. To prepare a checklist for statutory compliance. To form an environmental organization. To prepare a schedule for monitoring and compliance. To establish a watchdog committee voluntarily with an ultimate aim to get ISO 14001

certification.

6.1 DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

6.1.1 Water Environment

During construction water will be needed mainly for cement concrete mixing purpose, slab watering,and tank preparation. The only construction work involved in the power plant is foundation work.No formation or discharge of waste water during construction will occur.

6.1.2 Air Environment

All approach roads will be metalled roads to mitigate SPM. All vehicles entering the factory premises will be maintained regularly. All the vehicles will follow the vehicular pollution regulation of PUC.

6.1.3 Noise Construction equipment generating minimum noise level will be used. Such mixing equipment will be regularly serviced & lubricated.


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Ear plugs and ear muffs will be provided to construction workers working near the noisegenerating activities like pneumatic excavation, concrete mixers.

Plantation will be carried out in the premises to absorb noise levels partly.

6.1.4 Socioeconomic & occupational impact

Local people will be employed for construction works. Providing facilities of sanitation, fuel, education to workers. Consistent & enough potable water supplies to construction workers will be arranged. Enough milk supply to workers on 2 cups 2 times per person per day basis will be provided. Safety measures for workers like provision of safety belts, helmets, goggles, aprons, hand gloves,

shoes will be provided.

6.2 DURING OPERATIONAL PHASE

Generation of waste water, gaseous emission, solid waste and other activities of the projectoperational phase are main concern and their mitigation management is important.

6.2.1 Air Environment

6.2.1.1 Air pollution control system

The only major source of air pollution from the BSML sugar mill & co-generation process isemission from the stack attached to boilers used for steam generation and subsequent power. Achimney of stack height 92 m and 3.5 m diameter is designed on the basis of CPCB guidelines toensure proper gaseous emission.

Vehicle exhaust emissions from the sugar cane transportation vehicles as well as fugitive dustemissions because of vehicle movement during operational phase shall lead to air pollution.

It is recommended to undertake following mitigation measures for air pollution control to fulfilKSPCB norms.

Air pollution control equipment like Electrostatic precipitator shall be implemented to reduceground level gaseous emission concentrations.

Maximum number of bullock carts will be used to transport sugarcane from the farms to the millsite as far as possible which is an environment friendly way out.

It will be ensured that all vehicles used in transportation have PUC Certificate. It is proposed tohave an auto exhaust emission monitoring equipment and trained manpower to carry out PUCchecks at regular intervals.

BSML has proposed all internal roads as tar roads and regular water sprinkling shall be carriedout on all the rough roads to prevent fugitive dust emissions during road making.

Tree plantation to the extent of 30% of area to lessen environmental impacts of the proposedactivities over a period of time shall be implemented. Plantation program shall be designed and abudget shall be allocated for this purpose every year. Initially plantation shall be carried outalong the boundary wall of the plant and within the colony. Plantation shall be carried outperpendicular to wind direction on the downwind side of BSML to check the flow of dust alongwith wind. Subsequently plantation activities may be undertaken in remaining area.

Speed breakers on roads at regular intervals all over the plant area and / or attachment of speedlocking system to the accelerators of all vehicles will be used to restrict a speed limit of 20Kms/h.

Construction of vehicle parking area having at least brick on edge flooring is planned.


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No overloading of bullock carts, Trucks, trailers used in transporting sugar cane from theagriculture fields to the plant area will be permitted.

6.2.1.2 Solid Waste Management

Sl.No.

Description ofBy products /Solid Waste

Quantity PerMonth in MT

Mode of Disposal

01 Molasses 6000 Shall be sold to other distilleries02 Bagasse 48000 Shall be used as fuel for captive power

generation03 Press mud 6000 Shall be mixed with boiler ash & given as

manure to member farmers.04 Wet bottom ash 98 Shall be mixed with press mud & given as

manure to member farmers.05 Dry fly ash 393 --do--06 ETP Sludge 60 Shall be used as manure within premises

6.2.1.3 Fly ash handling

Fly ash collected from the ESP hoppers, the air-heater hoppers and the ash collected from the furnacebottom hoppers can be used as landfill, during the seasonal operation of the plant, when Bagasse willbe the main and only fuel for burning. The ash content in Bagasse is less than 2 %. In cane trash andthe other biomass fuels proposed to be used the ash percentage will not exceed 10%. The total fly ashcollected during off season could be used in landfill. The high potash content in the Bagasse ash suitsits use as good manure. As the filter press mud from the sugar plant also has a good land nutrientvalue, it is proposed to mix the ash and the press mud and sell the same to the farmers to be used inthe cane fields. The maximum ash generated using Bagasse, biomass and cane trash as fuels will beabout 4152 Metric Tons Per Annum(MTPA).

This generated ash will be given freely to entrepreneur to convert to bio compost, brickproducers.

6.2.2. Water Environment

A network of planned storm water drainage is provided and maintained. Rain water harvesting willbe carried out to reduce the load on fresh water uptake from river. It will also increase ground watertable. Wastewater generation will almost be nil during rainy season and thus its disposal will not bein the picture.

6.2.2.1. Effluent Treatment Plant for Sugar and Co-generation

Effluent treatment Plant for Sugar & Cogen operations shall have the following distinct advantage:-The effluent shall be treated and the organic loading shall be polished to an extent that the treatedwater may be reused for Plant Floor washings, Make-up water for cooling tower, Development of Green Belt, Landscaping and Captive Irrigation, etc.


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Fresh water drawl is avoided to that extent and conservation of water in a broader perspective isachieved. This is particularly of economic significance as fresh water is being sourced from about adistance of 5.906 Kms.

The treatment scheme incorporates both Anaerobic as well as Aerobic treatment methods for thewastewater with state of the art Bio-Tower and Diffused Aeration Technologies. Minor quantities ofBiogas would emanate from the plant which may be used for meeting requirements partially forenergy in Canteen / kitchens.

a. DESIGN DATA & PERFORMANCE PROJECTIONSThe Sugar Factory Effluent treatment cum Treated water Recycling plant is designed forfollowing parameters & shall perform as under upon reaching steady state of operations:

Sr. No PARAMETERRAWWASTEWATER

TREATEDWASTEWATER

1 pH 5 – 9 7.0 – 7.52 Flow (m3/Day) 500 from process 500 from process3 BOD (mg/l) 1200 – 1500 < 304 COD (mg/l) 3000 – 3500 < 1005 O & G (mg/l) 20 – 30 < 56 Temperature Ambient Ambient7 TSS (mg/l) 600 – 700 < 100

Quantity from non process (Boiler & cooling tower blow downs, Water Treatment plant reject)shall be 365m3/day.

Details of unit Operations:

Industry is already having an ETP of capacity 500 m3/day

b. PROCESS DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ETPThe existing Effluent treatment cum Treated water Recycling plant shall consist of followingtreatment units: Screen Chamber Oil & Grease Trap Neutralization Tank Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Biodigestor Buffer Tank Extended Aeration Tank Secondary Clarifier Pressure Sand Filter Activated Carbon Filter Sludge Drying Beds Polishing Pond

i. Screen Chamber:Screen chamber is provided to accommodate the screen made up of M.S Bars with spacing as perdesign. The screen shall be Epoxy painted.


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ii. Oil & Grease Trap:

Oil & Grease trap is provided for removal of free & floating oil and grease, which otherwise wouldaffect the performance of biological treatment. The trap is provided with oil removal mechanism.

iii. Neutralization Tank:

A neutralization Tank constructed in Lined lagoon is provided for dampening the fluctuations inwastewater characteristics and quantity. In buffer tank the raw effluent is mixed with treated effluentin a required proportion.

iv. Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Biodigestor:

The effluent from Neutralization Tank is pumped to UASB which is based on “Fixed Film”anaerobic Digestion process. “Fixed Film” process being offered by company is based on theconcept of conversion of organic matter into biogas. The process of conversion of organic matter intobiogas occurs through a group of bacteria. In “Fixed Film” process, which is a high rate process,anaerobic digestion takes place in the mesophillic range of temperature, i.e. 36o - 40oC. The pHinside the reactor is usually kept around 7.2 while proper ratio of volatile acid and alkalinity ismaintained.

The following three stages are involved in the process of anaerobic digestion.

a. Hydrolysis: In the process of hydrolysis the complex molecular compounds i.e. polymers areconverted into the simple molecular form i.e. monomers.

b. Acidogenesis: The monomers so formed at the end of hydrolysis process are converted intovolatile fatty acids. Acetic acid forms the major portion of volatile fatty acids. The process ofconversion of monomers into acids is carried out by a group of anaerobic bacteria known asacid formers.

c. Methanogenesis: Acids produced at the end of Acidogenesis process are converted into carbondioxide and methane gases. The process of conversion of acid into gases is carried out by groupof anaerobic bacteria known as methane formers.

In “Fixed Film” process the bacteria responsible for digestion are present in the form of fixed film.Geometrically structured PVC media is provided for immobilization of bacteria. The PVC media hasa very large specific surface; this ensures enormous surface area for the

Immobilization of bacteria

The “Fixed Film” Reactor is partially packed with structured media made out of PVC. The structuredmedia is provided in the form of modules. This specialty of the media lies in offering very largesurface area at a void ratio of 95%. The surface area provided by media is around 95 – 105 m2 / m3.The entire media remains submerged in the reactor content. The bacteria grow and reside on largesurface area provided by media. The bacteria developed on media surface takes upon organic contentof wastewater to metabolize it and produce biogas and biomass.

The reactor content is kept under constant recirculation using recirculation pumps. To achieveoptimized mixing the recirculation pump suction network is placed next to the bottom of BioDigester.


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Extended Aeration tank:

The partially treated effluent from Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor is then subject to activated sludgeprocess in the Extended Aeration Tank for further reduction of organic load. The aeration Tank willbe equipped with a grid of Compressed Air Diffusers. PVC Fill Media in the form of modules wouldbe provided for immobilization of additional Biomass. Fine bubble flexible EPDM membranediffusers will aerate effluent along with return sludge from secondary clarifier.

iv. Secondary Clarifier:

A secondary Clarifier in the form of a circular tank shall be provided for settlement of fully aeratedEffluent from the Diffused Aeration Tank. The tank shall be provided with centrally driven fixedbridge type clarifier mechanism. Part of the settled sludge at the bottom of the settling tank will bepumped to the Diffused Aeration Tank and part of it will be discharged on sludge drying beds as peroperational requirement. This sludge being fully mineralized is suitable for sun drying on sanddrying beds.

v. Polishing Pond

Overflow from the Secondary Clarifier is taken to the polishing pond which helps in polishing theBOD and removes the traces of Organic matter and it has a provision of Diffused aeration in case ofexigencies such as shockloding etc. The Polishing Pond would also be utilized for Chlorination byHypo solution for De-nitrification of the contents in cases of necessity.

vi. Sludge Drying Beds:

In the SAF system the sludge is sufficiently mineralized and does not need any further treatmentbefore dewatering and disposal. Sand filtration drying beds will be provided, where sludge will bedewatered by filtration through Graded sand bed and sun drying of the dewatered sludge is scraped& may be used as manure after composting.

vii. Pressure Sand Filter:

The overflow from polishing pond is pumped to Pressure Sand Filter for removal of fine suspendedsolids. Pressure Sand Filter shall be a cylindrical Mild steel vessel with dished ends. Filter media inthe form of graded sand and gravel is provided as per design.

viii. Activated Carbon Filter

Activated Carbon Filter will be useful for de-chlorination whenever applicable and specifically toremove odour. Filtering media in the form of Activated Carbon is provided. The filters are paintedwith epoxy paint inside and enamel paint on outside surfaces. The treated water coming out of theActivated Carbon Filter may be successfully recycled for productive uses.


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Photographs of Existing ETP:


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On line monitoring System installed at Sugar ETP

An ETP of 500m3/day consisting of the above said units shall be constructed for the proposedto treat the process & non process effluents.

6.2.3.6. Press mud storage yard

The press mud storage yard of 75 m x 50 m will be made impervious by constructing it with 300 mmthick stone soling. 200 mm thick base garland canal to collect any leachate are rainy days water. Thesame water will be collected in a collection tank of 10 m x 10 m x 5 m and the same will be recycled.

6.2.4 Noise & vibration control

Relevant noise emitters at BSML are noise-making equipments such as cutters, crushers, mixers,compressors, pumps, centrifuges, blowers, cranes, conveyor belts, vacuum filters, boilers, turbogenerator etc. All the equipment produce continuous noise. Noise level impacts of BSMLoperations are significant only on the operators of machinery and are negligible within buffer zone.This is because the noise produced by this machinery gets dissipated due to wave divergence,atmospheric absorption and absorption by noise barriers before being even felt in the buffer zone.

The continuous hammering of noise on the ears of the staff working in the factory premises may leadto some health problem like partial hearing disability, later permanent hearing disability which canbe circumvented in plant by proper covering of machines, insulating screens, isolation withpolycarbonate sheet or glass partition where in officers can carry out day-to-day work peacefully.

Following measures are proposed to lessen noise level impacts on machinery operators and withincore and buffer zone of BSML.

Proper lubrication and regular maintenance of all the machinery used.


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Development of greenery / barriers / landscaping of trees/ bushes and shrubs on 19.9 hectares.

Reduced noise exposure to the operators of machinery by work scheduling and by providing earprotective equipment.

Use rubber sheets in packing in the foundations of machineries to prevent noise transmission tothe surrounding.

Proper isolation & due covering with noise absorbing screens in noise creating areas to makethem noise proof.

6.2.5. Socio-economic benefits.

Ample power will be available from local grid due to decentralization of power generation

Power from grid on no charge basis or low charge basis can be available in this area.

This can be an initiative for many units to start.

Many sorts of direct as well as indirect job opportunities will be on the horizon due to theproposed expansion of sugar and co-generation complex.

Expansion will result in an increase in income level of the employees, subsequent commercial aswell as social infrastructure establishment.

Supplementary type units can be initiated in the area like cattle preservation & protection,poultry, herbal medicinal plants, spices, pickles, papad and other food items, milk producer groupco-operative small saving groups.

6.2.6 Traffic Study

Impact due to transportation

As a consequence of sugar mill erection & operation, vehicle traffic to and fro for sugar cane,molasses, coal, finished materials sugar, etc. will be increased. Cane from local area can be broughtwith bullock carts, tractors & trucks. Transport of other items will be done with trucks. Traffic withjeeps, buses, cars, ambulance etc. will also be there. Traffic on road will create rise in particulatematter. Metalled roads already exist in the site area which will keep minimum SPM level. Thusfugitive emissions will be at minimum levels.

Traffic Density Study

Site is located at a distance of 2.3 Kms from National Highway no. 18 Solapur to Bagalkote andon Badagandi to Girisagar road at a distance of 0.50 Kms, also Badagandi to Rolli road at a distanceof 0.6 Kms. It is also connected by Bilagi to Rolli village road at a distance of 1.15 Kms. It isproposed to expand capacity of Sugarcane crushing from 2500 to 5,000 tcd. Therefore there will beaddition of traffic due to Trucks and tractor trolley on the village roads.

Monitoring locations

The site is located at National Highway no. 18 Solapur to Bagalkote road, with approach roadalready existing and thereby not requiring any additional approach road. A traffic density survey wasconducted on it. Also on village road connecting to project site traffic density was very low asregards heavy vehicles is concerned.


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Methodology

Traffic density measurements were made continuously for 24 hours by visual observation andcounting of vehicles under four categories, viz., heavy motor vehicles, light motor vehicles,two/three wheelers and others. As traffic density on the road is low, one skilled person was deployedsimultaneously during each shift for counting the traffic. At the end of each hour, fresh counting andrecording was undertaken. Thus, the total number of vehicles per hour under the four categories wasdetermined.

ObservationsTable shows the summary of movement of the various types of vehicles during the survey period.

The movement of heavy motor vehicles are almost uniform through out the 24 hour period. Themovement of light motor vehicles is low during the night hours.

Transportation

As a matter of fact of Co-generation Power Plant does not invite heavy vehicular traffic at the site,however due to sugar production activities at BSML, there will be an increase in the traffic to andfrom the site. Vehicles used for transportation of sugar cane as well as finished product would be abullock cart, Tractors and Trucks whereas, utility vehicles used for various purposes would be buses,Jeeps, cars and cycles from labour colony and staff movement. The transportation route will be thehighway and the connecting road from the highway to the plant for the purpose of the evacuation ofsugar while the bullock carts will bring raw material (cane). All trucks proposed to be used fortransportation will be covered with tarpaulin, maintained, optimally loaded and have PUCcertificates.

TABLE: EXPECTED INCREMENTAL TRAFFIC DENSITY

Traffic Vehicle Existing trafficIn numbers

Incremental riseIn numbers

TotalIn numbers

Heavy MotorVehicle (HMV)

08 1220

Light MotorVehicle (LMV)

11 1526

Two/Threewheelers

13 1831

Others 03 10 13Total 35 55 90

Type of Vehicle Total No. Per Hr Season Total No. Per Hr off SeasonH.M.V 08 02L.M.V 11 02

Two/Three wheeler 13 08Others 03 02Total 35 14


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Mitigation

BSML shall put a strategy to check regularly the PUC of all auto vehicles, servicing & maintenance,in order to have minimum environmental impact due to the vehicle exhaust emission. Garden & treeplantation plans will ensure the target of minimum fugitive emissions. BSML proposes better levelof housekeeping in all departments of sugar mill, power generation, and colony area to get cleanarea.

Google image of Road network to reach Factory

Sr. No Name of road Distance from factory KmsFrom To

1 NH 18 Solapur Bagalkote 2.32 Village road Badagandi Rolli 0.63 Badagandi Girisagar 0.54 Bilagi Rolli 1.5

6.2.7 Command area development

Based on the farmer’s survey carried out in the command area, it is recommended to undertakefollowing activities in order to ensure uninterrupted sugarcane supply during the crushing season.

The availability of Bagasse is entirely based on the quantity of sugarcane present in the BSML area.It will be of prime importance to provide needed buffer stock of Bagasse in off season. As aconsequence power plant may have acute shortage of fuel, thus have to plan to plant fuel wood orother biomass plantation in the area of the factory can cover this. This can be a stopgap arrangementfor the fuel for boilers to produce power for around 300 days in the year.

Promoters wish to have their own cane fields. Due to increased irrigation facility and good soilquality, with use of better type of seeds farmers good cane crop will be obtained in the area in nearfarms.


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6.2.7.1. Development of Seed Nursery

It is recommended to develop seed nursery for sugar cane and fuel wood or other biomass varietiesfor distribution of the same to the farmers in the command area. BSML proposes to use higheryielding & high sucrose varieties like COC 671, CO86032, and CO7805.

BSML proposes to sponsor cane development plan on its own or with help of farmers in commandarea. Results of this policy will fetch good returns to them in next 5-7 years.

6.2.7.2. Seed Distribution

Vasantdada Sugar Institute at Manjari, Pune District has prepared successfully many varieties ofsugarcane with better yield with tissue culture & other plants also. BSML has already planned toencourage this & implement a better seed distribution & hence development of command area.BSML will have to raise quality seed material and meet the demand so that old seed is replaced afterevery five years. Sufficient seeds of new high yielding varieties should also be multiplied in the seedfarm. These varieties will be systematically distributed to help the farmers to plan their croppingpattern and cultivation of early / mid late / late varieties.

BSML also proposes to take lead to assist bank loan facilities to farmers & members of sugar plantby issuing guarantee for recovery of said loans.

6.2.8. Water Management

BSML will have to take due care to water management especially in the heavy soil region. Careshould also be taken for proper drainage system. The region has natural slope and the higher regionis free from water logging.

The inputs like pesticide, insecticide, fungicide, micro – nutrient fertilizers, seeds of green manure,organic compost are easily available. There is no difficulty in procuring crop loans and MT Loans.

To implement the above mentioned programs in the command area, training programs, Kisan-melaetc. could be conducted in various parts of the operational area. Thus, the gap between potential &actual yields could be reduced.

It is to be noted that due to the developmental activities already introduced by BSML, sugarcanecultivation has improved. Many new cane varieties have been introduced and hence it can beconcluded that systematic as well as sustained efforts would help to increase the yields of sugarcane.

Ultimately, farmers would undertake sugarcane cultivation and the responsibility of the promotionalactivity of cane cultivation has to be done effectively by the proposed BSML farmers. Farmers areanxious about BSML establishing the sugar factory at the proposed site. Non-member of BSMLshould be attended to properly and even better than the present co-operative sugar mills. Farmers areof the view that the area of sugarcane has been increasing steadily for the last few years as someirrigation projects have come up in the command area However, following expectations from theproposed BSML shall be taken care of:

1. Cane price should be paid on par with the existing BSML

2. Good quality seed material of sugarcane should be provided by BSML, as there is no sourcefor good seed material in the command area.

3. At the time of plantation, crop loan and basal dose of fertilizer should be linked so thatfarmers apply the basal dose of fertilizer


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4. BSML should make arrangement for soil testing and accordingly fertilizer doses should berecommended. It should be done not only for members of BSML but also for all farmers whosupply sugarcane to BSML.

5. BSML should provide the seeds of green manure. It is reported by a number of farmers thatorganic fertilizer coupled with chemical fertilizers if applied in balanced quantity, give aconsiderably higher yield of sugarcane particularly in medium and light soils. Thus, it isnecessary that organic fertilizer be utilized to increase the sugar yield.

6. BSML has already undertaken construction of permanent metal roads in the command areasto mitigate SPM and to reduce noise pollution.

7. Due to benefits accrued from the irrigation project, the number of electric pumps operating inthe area as well as new pump connections would increase and there would be a long waitinglist for electricity shortage and low voltage problems. BSML would ensure constant andcontinuous electricity supply for agricultural operations.

8. Farmers should be imparted training in sugarcane cultivation.

9. All studies, which are made available by the existing SSKs to their own members, should beprovided to other sugarcane growers also.

10. Press mud- ash mixing and bio-compost should be made available at the farmer’s field.

11. In some of the villages, new lift irrigations schemes should be promoted.

12. Timely payment should be made to farmers.

6.3 RAIN WATER HARVESTING

It is an activity to store rain water during rainy seasons & also to conserve surface and ground water,prevent losses of evaporation, seepage for best probable use of such rainwater for the betterment ofhumanity. Water is an essential commodity & its availability on the ground surface is definite. As thepopulation goes on increasing per capita need of one man and thus total requirement of water isincreasing day by day. If proper measures are not proposed and implemented water scarcity canoccur surely. Use of stored rain water in each house and rain water even from small piece of land canstore enough water for human use. Rain water is available in the purest form from the atmosphere itmay get contaminated and may not be use for drinking purpose, but for domestic and agricultural itcan be useful. In many villages in India such stored water is not available as the Grampanchayatslack funds needed for the same. Almost 80% of the villages depend upon water uptake from rivers,wells, barrages irrigation schemes etc. With a simple common idea of not letting the rain water todrain, almost 30-40% of the water needs of a man can be met. It also helps to raise the water table inthe vicinity.

In brief the idea is described as follows:1. On each roof of the building rain water collection arrangements shall be made.2. On the ground floor suitable cement, HDP or MS tank shall be provided.3. Natural water filtration and further storage shall be arranged.4. Filtration device shall contain gravel, coarse and fine sand, next by mixing with finely divided

charcoal powder the soluble impurities, colours, odours if any will be adsorbed and removed.5. Thus, potable water can be stored near the quarters.6. Excess water if any shall be transferred to nearby wells, tube well.


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Once the rain water is stored and is available during crucial period of water shortage from March toJuly its availability in time can be realized. With such arrangement to collect and store rain water,proper harvesting at a time of need in summer season in plant area will surely help the people toavoid their struggle for water and for their existence.

The incident rain water quantity available for harvesting can be estimated. In Bilagi Taluku around490 mm rainfall is incident. The storage tank shall be designed on basis of rainfall patterns andvolume, the duration of the dry period and, of course, the estimate of demand. Sometimessophisticated calculations are involved, but these tend not to take into account human behavior andthe willingness to use water if it is available and not to conserve it for future use, in the hope that thedry spell will soon be over. The run-off from a roof is directly proportional to the quantity of rainfalland the plan area of the roof. For every one millimetre of rain a square meter of roof area will yieldone litre of water, less evaporation, spillage losses and wind effects. The run-off coefficient accountsfor losses due to splashing, evaporation, leakage and overflows and is normally taken as 0.8. The rainwater calculations are given below:Annual Rainfall in the area is = 490 mm/yearAvailable catchment = 16033 m2

Roof Run off coefficient = 0.8

S = R x A x Cr= (600 x 16033 x 0.8) /1000= 7695840 /1000= 7695.8 m3 / season

Where,S = Mean rainwater supply in m3 R = Annual rainfall in mm/yearA = Surface area of catchment in m2 Cr = Run-off coefficient

Dimension of storage tank of 9m x 9m x 3m will be made. These tanks are made of concrete or ferrocement.

6.4 BUDGET PROVISION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTThe management will set aside adequate funds in its annual budget to fulfill the stated objectives ofthe environmental policy. For environmental management capital equipment includes ESP, effluenttreatment plant, pipelines and channels for wastewater discharge, green belt development, and theenvironment laboratory.The estimated operating cost for environmental management is approximately as shown below:

Sr. No. Capital Investment All figures in Rs. lakhsAir Pollution Control Facilities 600ETP 400Green Belt 5Laboratory Facility for Monitoring 20Total 1025

Recurring Cost of Operation and MaintenanceAir Pollution Control 45Waste Water treatment 5Total 50


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GREEN BELTAround 6.22 Hectares (15.35 acres) has been developed as green belt. Around 4 hectares (9.88 acres)shall be developed as green belt in the proposed expansion.

EXISTING GREEN BELT: The following is the list of plants present on the premises of site.

Names of the plants NumbersNeem tree 1000Custard apple 100Ashoka tree 25Gulmohar 500Coconut tree 50Ornamental tree 500Guava tree 500Banian tree 25Rasberry 300Other trees 2000

Total 5000

6.5 Implementation of EMP

Air Environment Monitor the consented parameters at ambient air quality monitoring stations, regularly. Monitor the work zone at various stations to satisfy the corporate requirements for health and

environment. Pre-examining of the raw material in the lab, for purity. Storing of the material in proper fashion in tank-farm. Multi location local instruments for stringent process control. Provide storm water drainage and avoid contamination of storm water from process areas. Label and store hazardous materials in secure, bunded areas. Green Belt around

Water Environment Keep record of input water every day for quantity and periodically of quality. Measures are taken to segregate the sub-streams of effluent as per their characterization. Monitor the storm-water Water conservation is accorded high priority in every section of the activity. Process Wastewater Boiler blow down & cooling purging water reused for gardening after

treatment. Keep record of wastewater returned back to gardening, both the quantity and quality details.

Solid waste

Monitor garden sweepings and dry leaves Stored on raised platform Hazardous material like spent oil, ETP sludge will be sent to Common Hazardous Waste

Treatment & Disposal Facility [CHWTDF]. Solid waste reusable like empty containers.


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Noise & Odour Environment

The Project will generate noise from various locations like -• Steam Generator• Rotary equipments like fans, blowers and compressors• Combustion Chamber• Steam traps and leaking points

The proponent shall provide the following facilities, which will reduce the overall impact of noisepollution.

Use of better acoustic systems to minimize noise generated by the equipment. Regularmaintenance of equipment to minimize noise pollution.

Monitor the ambient noise level and work zone noise level to conform the stipulated norms. Creation of awareness for noise attenuation and mitigation program. Monitor the ambient Odour level and work zone Odour level by sensing. Creation of awareness for Odour attenuation and mitigation program

Work-zone Comfort Environment

Monitor the work zone temperature levels. Monitor the work zone humidity. Examine the health of staff workers and keep record.

6.6 ENVIRONNENT MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY

Company is aware that environmental management is not a job, which can be handled without acareful planning. The success lies if three components are simultaneously present viz. (1)management support, (2) efficiency of the environment management cell and (3) acceptability ofresulting environmental quality, both by SPCB and by public. A structure of this plan and hierarchyof process flow for environmental management is prepared and enclosed as logics, which is self-explanatory. Developers will adopt this structure and hierarchy, which is akin to principles andpractice.


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Top Management

SP CB

Public

Environment

Management

Plan

In-plant

Control

Treatment

Disposal

Attenuation

Monitoring

Prevention,Abatement

Waste minimization

Operation

Documentation

Operation

Awareness

Feedback

Internal Lab.

III- Party Lab.

Training

6.7 CHECKLIST OF STATUTORY OBLIGATIONS

Industry will prepare a checklist of these obligations, which facilitates the obedience of the laws ofland. These are as follows:

1. The Consents, whether under the Water Act or under the Air Act, are normally issued for afixed validity period. The Consent shall be checked for its validity. If the same is expiring,application for a fresh renewal shall be made at least 90 days prior to the expiry date.2. The Consent normally describes the items of manufactured products with quantity. Oneshould see that, the described framework is not overstepped. In case, there is any likely hood ofsuch increase, it will be worthwhile to obtain permission for the same. At least a letter to thateffect be posted to the relevant board officer.3. The Consent lays down a condition as to the volume and rate of discharge of effluents bothfor domestic as well as the industrial activity. By daily and hourly checks at the measuringdevices, this be ascertained. Please do not forget to immediately make a record in the daily log-book.4. A condition laid down for the treatment and disposal is of extreme importance. For thispurpose, ETP or ECE is provided by the industry. There should be a continuous performanceevaluation of these gadgets, so as to always remain inside tolerance limits. In case, you areexceeding the limits in certain parameters it is better to bring it on your internal record. Theexceedance is discussed with the consultant, your production group and well-meaning Boardauthorities to seek guidance. Perhaps solution may be found in any or all of the following steps: Characterization of raw effluents/emissions. Attempting in-plant controls. Operation, maintenance, repairs and replacement of the ETP, ECE. Retrofit equipment to the existing plant.6. Please check that the storm water and effluents do not get mixed.7. Monitoring aspects are always very crucial. For operating the plant, certain parameters beconstantly checked. However, it will be a good practice to check daily, all the parametersthrough standard and approved laboratories.8. The industry should device their own format for a daily log book recording of the running of


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their ETP or ECE. If the format is found to be satisfactory by trial and error it is better to finalizeit and get printed. A printed format shows your conscious efforts towards the goal of pollutioncontrol, whenever any inspection takes place.9. The Cess amount be paid as per assessment orders and record maintained.10 Documentation is always a matter of evidential value. No job is complete unless paper workis complete. Occupier/generator should carefully note this, and following be developed. Gate-pass when waste leaves the factory by a transport towards the treatment facility. Keepthe receipts. A receipt of material as signed by the facility Operator as a manifested colour coded copy ispreserved for three years.

6.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATION

Environmental organization will have an environmental cell responsible for pollution control andalso for self-examination through monitoring.

6.8.1 Environment Management Cell

Such massive work cannot be conceived unless a framework of men, material and money is speciallyearmarked. This is done by establishing a Environment Management Plan first and the anEnvironment Management Cell. The cell shall be backed by the highest person of the Organization.The structure shall be as follows:

Sr. No Designation Purpose1 Project Managing Director Policy2 Project Resident Director Guide3 Watch Dog Committee Super-Check4 Civil Engineer Construction

Environment Engineer O & M of ETP, Analysis of effluent, monitoring,Chief Medical Officer Occupational health


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6.9 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT CELL

The Responsibility is described as below:

Sr No. Responsibility Area Aspects1 Civil Engineer.

Job A

ConstructionPhase

Material waste minimization, labor campsanitation, Noise, oil-grease and vibrationnuisance control, accident prevention.

Post-construction Remediation of ugly sites2 Environment

Engineer.Air Car census, PUC control, ODS control, Noise

& Odor mitigation, Dust controlWater Water budget, O & M of Water Purification

& Wastewater Treatment Plants.Solid waste Segregation, Collection, Composting, CartingGreening Tree Census, Tree Planting, Lawn

Development, Storm water, Agri. Returnwater, Control on use of pesticides, nursery

Monitoring Field observations, laboratory tests,interpretation & Reporting

Public relations &Press

Documentation, Updating, rehabilitation,training, Meetings, Rapport

3 MedicalOfficer.

OccupationalHealth

Routine surveillance, prevention, accidentrelief, Snake bite remedies.

Bio-Medicalwaste

Prevention, Abatement, Control and Disposal.Training.

Responsibility of Environment Management CellThe Cell working under CEE (Chief Environmental Engineer) shall be as follows:

Level Sub Level Section Designations

CEE Office Management Administrative officer AOChief Accounts Officer CAOPublic Relations Officer PRO

Technical Deputy CEETraining Officer TOStatistical Officer SO

Field Zonal Officers ZOWard Officers WOSanitary Inspectors

Horticultural HorticulturistAssistant HorticulturistsGardeners

Monitoring Laboratory Senior Scientific Officer SSOScientific assistants SALab Assistant

Field SamplersMobile Lab Operator

Plus other attendant staff like clerks, peons, driver, storekeeper etc.


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6.10 CONSENT COMPLIANCEIndustry shall undertake necessary measures to comply with the conditions prescribed in theConsent. In this direction, the following discipline will be followed.

Condition Regarding Mode of ComplianceQuantity of Effluent To be measured daily and in-plant control. Not to exceed any timeQuantity of Sewage To be measured periodically. Not to exceedTotal water input To be measured daily. Repair meters. Not to exceed. Make break-up as

per usages. Fill monthly Cess returns. Pay as per assessmentQuality of Effluents By running ETP in correct fashion. Monitor &. ReportDisposal Not over application. No percolation, no spillages. Monitor.Ambient Keep monitoring.Noise levels Check foundation for vibrations, Tree plantationSolid Waste Quantity to be measured & record kept. To plan for agencies for

segregation, compost sites, compost hardware.Environment Audit To be complied every year before 30th Sept., as also the (ESR)

Environmental status reportInspections Inspection Book to be opened. Instructions given by KSPCB visiting

officer to be complied and reported.Service industries To forecast what type of industries may be required in Tourism Centre

and approach KSPCBBuilding material To forecast such requirement and apply

Watch-dog Committee

A high power watch dog committee will be set up which will have a power of sudden spotinspections, checking of documents and listening to complaints if any. This committee will superviseover the monitoring and environmental management cell as may be necessary, generally over thefollowing facets of works:

Treatment and emission control management Transport management Disposal management Monitoring Documentation Law enforcement

6.11 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) PROVISION BY BSML

BSML is planning to develop nearby villages as per the identified requirement of the region underCSR activity. This will increase the social and economical sector of the region. BSML has decided toadopt three nearby villages to implement CSR. The identified villages are Badagandi, Sonna &Girisagar. These villages were selected on the basis of shortfall of basic amenities. Majorly thesevillages are depending on the agriculture. Following are the identified provisions for the area:

Capacity Building and Training for vocational Courses Village infrastructure Sustainable power development Drinking water facility


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Women Empowerment trough training and financial support Education Support through Extension of Building, Scholarship, Books Primary Health Centres through health camps, up gradation of Building, New Building etc Agriculture Development Program

6.11.1 Capacity Building and Training for vocational Courses

BSML will provide the vocational training for youth as per their qualification and interest. This willenable them to get employment at proposed power plant. It will increase their social and economicalstatus.

BSML will implement this by hiring the proper and renowned institute from nearby area (possiblyBadagandi) to arrange the trainings. BSML will form a supervisory committee to inspect all theactivities and also take care of the requirement for the training program.

6.11.2 ACTION PLAN FOR IDENTIFICATION OF LOCAL EMPLOYEE

Employee youth for training in skill relevant to the project for eventual employment in the projectitself shall be as under –

Identification of employable Youth

BSML will continuously have interactions with Schools, Junior Colleges, Industrial TrainingSchools located in Bilagi taluku. Training Division of BSML will have campus interview in theSchools, Junior College, Industrial training Schools located in Bilagi taluku.

After selecting the youth they will be provided ITI training in the following areas1. Fitters2. Welders3. Carpenters4. bar bending5. Mason6. Maintenance of Pumps and other mechanical equipments7. Electrical Maintenance8. Environment Monitoring9. Green belt Development ( Gardner Training)10. Laboratory Chemist ( Water Testing)11. Brick Manufacturing12. Vehicle Driver

After successful training the youths will be appointed at appropriate position in BSML.

6.11.3 Village infrastructure

BSML shall support villagers in Road, sanitation facilities, shopping centers, solar lighting,community development, construct school building, primary health centers etc.


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6.11.4 Drinking water facility

BSML has proposed to make provision for drinking water at the said villages. BSML will meet thisrequirement by constructing water storage tank, bore wells and hand pumps.

6.11.5 Women Empowerment trough training and financial support

BSML has proposed to develop the training centre as handy craft making, household goods making,tailoring etc. It will increase the economic level of the region.

6.11.6 Education Support through Extension of Building, Scholarship, Books

BSML is planning to improve educational level of the region. It will be implemented by helpingschool building construction, providing books to poor student, scholarship to financially poorstudents per year as per their previous academic record. This will motivate the student in education.BSML will give opportunity to educated youth to work in plant.

6.11.7 Primary Health Centres through health camps, up-gradation of Building, New Buildingetc

BSML is willing to help in setting up of primary health centres, running free check-up camps, help inbuilding hospitals and buying machineries, funding to health centres etc,

6.11.8 Agriculture Development Program

Training on agriculture extension service e.g. fertilizer application, pest management, & Agro clinic.Training shall be regularly conducted by reputed agriculture institutes.

6.11.9 BUDGETARY COMMITMENT OF CSR

Sr. no ActivityRs. inlakhs

1 Capacity Building Training for vocational Courses 322 Village infrastructure, 363 Drinking water facility in villages nearby 304 Women Empowerment through training and financial support 365 Education Support through Extension of Building, Scholarship, Books 226 Primary Health Centers through health camps, 377 Agriculture Extension Program 418 Total 2349 Cost of implementation 5% of 1 to 7 11.710 Administrative and Misc. Expenses for monitoring and evaluation 5% of 1 to 7 11.711 Contingency @5 % of 1 to 7 11.7

Total for 1 year 269Total for 5 years 1345


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6.11.10 CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION(CREP) GUIDELINES IMPLEMENTION

Industrial development is an important constituent in our pursuits for economic growth, employmentgeneration and betterment in the quality of life. On the other hand, industrial activities, withoutproper precautionary measures for environmental protection are known to cause pollution andassociated problems. Hence, it is necessary to comply with the regulatory norms for prevention andcontrol of pollution. Alongside, it is also imperative to go beyond compliance through adoption ofclean technologies and improvement in management practices. Commitment and voluntaryinitiatives of industry for responsible care of the environment will help in building a partnership forpollution control.

SUGAR INDUSTRY

Sr. No. CREP Guidelines by CPCB Implementation and expansion byIndustry

Waste Water ManagementAs per guidelines Operation ofETP shall be started at least onemonth before starting of canecrushing to achieve desiredMLSS so as to meet theprescribed standards from dayone of the operation of mill.

ETP is already in operation for existingcapacity & the capacity shall be enhanced asper requirement of Expansion of project.

Reduce wastewater generation to100 litres per tonne of cane

Waste water generation is very less andwhatever the wastewater is generated will betreated and reused in the industry itself.Condensate recycling measures shall beadopted.

To achieve zero discharge ininland surface water bodies

Generated wastewater will be treated &reused in the industry itself and irrigation

To provide 15 days storagecapacity for treated effluent totake care of no demand forirrigation during monsoon

15 days storage is provided

Emission ControlTo install /bag filter /highefficiency scrubber to complywith standards for particulatematter emission to< 150 mg/Nm3

High efficiency wet scrubber is alreadyinstalled & maintained for existing plant. Anew Electro static precipitator shall beinstalled for the boiler in the proposedexpansion.


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COGEN POWER PLANTSr.No.

CREP Guidelines by CPCB Implementation & expansion byIndustry

Emission minimization1 Authority to examine possibility to

reduce the particulate matter emissionsto 100 mg/Nm3. The studies shall alsosuggest the road map to meet 100mg/Nm3 wherever found feasible.

Emission will be maintained well within thelimit, from stack by installing ESP with highefficiency of 99.99% & roads are alreadypaved. Hence there will not be majorincrease in PM from vehicular traffic.

Development of SO2 & NOx emissionstandards

Bagasse contains very negligible amount ofSO2 & NOx.

MaintenanceInstall/activate capacity meters/continuous monitoring system in all theunits with proper calibration system

Will be installed for the expansion project

Development of guidelines/ standardsfor mercury and other toxic heavymetals emissions.

Not Applicable

Review of stack height requirement andguidelines for power plants based onmicro meteorological data.

Stack height for proposed plant is planned92m, which is calculated CPCB and MoEFapproved guidelines

Power plants will sign fuel supplyagreement (FSA)

Fuel is generated in house i.e. bagasse.

Dry ash to the users outside thepremises or uninterrupted access to theusers within six months

Dry ash will be collected and given tomember farmers as fertilizer.


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Chapter 7Environment monitoring program


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7.1 MONITORING SYSTEM

7.1.1 Formation of Environmental Management Cell (EMC)

Monitoring and feedback becomes essential to ensure that the mitigation measures planned by wayof environmental protection function efficiently during the entire period of BSML operation. Hence,an environmental management cell comprising senior officials is constituted. EMC performs thefollowing functions:

Monthly review of environmental problems and monitoring of installation / performance /maintenance of pollution control measures.

Enforcement of latest rules and regulations under relevant Environmental protection Acts.

Preparation of budgetary estimates to seek sanctions for new pollution control measures ifrequired and / or for up-gradation of existing ones based on new technologies.

Emergency planning

EMC meets at least once a month and takes stock of progress of work relating to decisions taken andtargets set in the previous meeting.

7.1.2 Formation of Task Force

A task force having organizational set-up as presented in m Figure J comprising BSML staff ofvarious grades shall be constituted. The task force will ensure following tasks:

Monitoring activities within core and buffer zone of BSML as per program given in 6.4.3

Monitoring of efficiency of pollution control schemes.

Preparation of maintenances schedule of pollution control equipment and treatment plants andsee that it is followed strictly.

Inspection and regular cleaning of setting tanks, drainage system etc.

Green –belt development

Water and energy conservation

Good housekeeping

Appraising EMC on regular basis

7.1.3 Monitoring Program

Monitoring schedule given by KSPCB will be strictly followed to ensure the success ofenvironmental management activities.

In general, the monitoring schedule shall be as follows:

Ambient air monitoring

Monitoring of ambient air quality within 10 km radius of BSML at 8 stations.


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Pollutants monitored shall be Particulate Matter, Sulphur Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen.Monitoring shall be carried out as per consent conditions throughout the crushing season.

Metrology

Monitoring of meteorological data shall be carried out (Wind Speed, Wind Direction, Maximum andMinimum Temperature, Relative Humidity and Cloud Cover) at any single representative stationlocation on ambient air monitoring days.

Water monitoring

Surface Water Sources

Sampling of Krishna River water shall be carried out once in 6 months.

Three grab samples shall be collected at the rate of one sample each on 3different days.

Ground Water Sources

Sampling of ground water from 8 existing open-wells / borewells located within 10 kms buffer zoneof BSML shall be carried out once in 3 months.

Analysis of samples collected from effluent, surface and ground water sources shall be carried outfor parameters stated in the consent issued by State Pollution Control Board.

Soil testing

Soil samples from various agriculture fields in the command area shall be regularly collect andanalysed in order to confirm optimum doses of fertilisers to be used by the farmers in order to ensuremaximum sugarcane yield.

Noise monitoring

Hourly noise levels shall be monitored near all the noise making equipment for a period of 8 hours asper consent conditions. Hourly noise level shall also be monitored for 8 hours at the periphery ofBSML site.

7.2 LABORATORY FACILITIES AND MONITORING PLAN

7.2.1 MONITORING FACILITY

BSML is having its own laboratory for testing certain parameters & has installed online monitoringas per CPCB conditions. Apart from this it is getting the monitoring work done from approvedlaboratories. In due course of time BSML may acquire-monitoring equipments namely High VolumeSamplers, Stack Monitoring Kit, Noise Monitoring Equipment etc. for carrying out environmentalmonitoring work. The in house monitoring shall be highly recommended to save the cost incurred.

LABORATORY FACILITIES AND MONITORING PLAN

I. MONITORING PLAN

A comprehensive monitoring program is suggested. Environmental attributes should be monitored asgiven below:


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AIR POLLUTION AND METROLOGICAL ASPECSTS

Both ambient air quality and stack emissions are being monitored. It is also proposed that continuousmonitoring of SPM, NOx and SO2 emissions be undertaken in the major stacks. The ambient airshould be monitored in line with the guidelines of Central Pollution Control Board.

WATER AND WASTE WATER QUALITY

All the effluents emanating from the plant are being monitored as per KSPCB consent conditions. Inaddition ground water samples of the surrounding area will be monitored as per KSPCB consentconditions.

NOISE LEVELS

Noise levels in the work zone environment shall be monitored. The frequency should be once inthree months in the work zone.

II LABORATPRY FACILITIES

Laboratory is provided with man power and facilities for self monitoring of pollutants generated inthe industry and also it effects on the receiving soil, water body and atmosphere.

The laboratory is equipped with instruments and chemicals required for monitoring followingpollution parameters.

a. For water

pH, Temp, BOD, C.O.D. T.D.S., Cl, SO4, PO4 N, Na, K, D.O. etc

b. For gases

Parameters like Velocity, temperature, PM, SO2, Nox, CO & CO2 from the stack. PM, SO2, Noxfrom Ambient air.

c. Meteorology

Wind speed and direction, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall.

iii. RECORDS TO BE MAINTAINED

Following records will be maintained by the environmental department in respect of operation ofpollution control facilities

Log sheet for Recording ETP results for waste water.

Log sheet for Operation of A.P.C. plant.

Instruction manual for operation and maintenance of ETP, APC etc.

Log sheets for self monitoring of ETP & APC etc.

Manual for monitoring of Air, Water and Soil for Ambient conditions

Instruction manual for monitoring of water, solid and gaseous parameter discharged from thefactory and also for various parameters of pollution control facilities.


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Statutory records as per the Environmental Acts.

Monthly and annual progress reports.

IV SAMPLING SCHEDULE AND LOCATIONS

Post project monitoring schedule for various environmental parameters is given in Table –

Particulars location FrequencyAmbient Air Quality 2 samples down wind direction at 500m

and 1000m1 sample at up wind direction at 500m

24 hr sample halfyearly

Flue gas from Chimney forflow rate SPM, RSPM, SO2,NOX

Sampling port of chimney Monthly

Meteorological data Site DailyGround Water 1 Km from ETP

2 locations on where the treatedwastewater is used for landirrigation/gardening

Half Yearly

River water 1 each down and upstream QuarterlySoil From the agriculture land utilizing the

pressmud, boiler ash and treated effluentfor agriculture.

Pre and post Monsoon

Waste Water At site of final discharge point MonthlyWater From Bore well In the vicinity of the factory twice a year


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Chapter 8Risk assessment and Disaster control

plan


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8.0 RISK ASSESSMENT

Industrial accidents result in great personal and financial loss. Managing these accidental risks intoday’s environment is the concern of every industrial unit, because either real or perceived incidentscan quickly jeopardize the financial viability of a business. Many facilities involve variousmanufacturing processes that have the potential for accidents which may be catastrophic to theplant, work force, environment & public.

The main objective of the risk assessment study is to propose a comprehensive but simple approachto carry out risk analysis and conducting feasibility studies for industries and planning andmanagement of industrial prototype hazard analysis study in Indian context.

Risk analysis and risk assessment should provide details on Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)techniques used world-over to determine risk posed to people who work inside or live nearhazardous facilities, and to aid in preparing effective emergency response plans by delineating aDisaster Management Plan (DMP) to handle onsite and offsite emergencies. Hence, QRA is aninvaluable method for making informed risk-based process safety and environmental impactplanning decisions. This is fundamental to any facility-siting decision-making. QRA whether, site-specific or risk-specific for any plant is complex and needs extensive study that involves processunderstanding, hazard identification, consequence modelling, probability data, vulnerabilitymodels/data, local weather and terrain conditions and local population data. QRA may be carried outto serve the following objectives.

1. Identification of safety areas2. Identification of hazard sources3. Generation of accidental release scenarios for escape of hazardous materials from the facility4. Identification of vulnerable units with recourse to hazard indices5. Estimation of damage distances for the accidental release scenarios with recourse to

Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) analysis6. Hazard and Operability studies (HAZOP) in order to identify potential failure cases of

significant consequences7. Estimation of probability of occurrences of hazardous event through fault tree analysis

and computation of reliability of various control paths8. Assessment of risk on the basis of above evaluation against the risk acceptability

criteria relevant to the situation9. Suggest risk mitigation measures based on engineering judgement, reliability and risk

analysis approaches10. Delineation / up-gradation of Disaster Management Plan (DMP).11. Safety Reports: with respect to external safety report/ occupational safety report12. The risk assessment report may cover the following in terms of the extent of damage with

resource to MCA and delineation of risk mitigations measures with an approach to DMP. Hazard identification - identification of hazardous activities, hazardous materials,

past accident records, etc. Hazard quantification - consequence analysis to assess the impacts of Risk Presentation Risk Mitigation Measures


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Disaster Management Plans

Predictive methods for estimating risk should cover all the design intentions and operatingparameters to quantify risk in terms of probability of occurrence of hazardous events and magnitudeof its consequence.

8.1 Risk Assessment Process and Risk Analysis Methodologies

It is the process of identifying and analyzing inherent and residual risks to the achievement of anorganization’s objectives.

Risk Analysis Methodologies

Quantitative Method8.1.1 Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)

QRA is a mathematical approach to engineers to predict the risks of accidents and give guidance onappropriate means of minimizing them. Nevertheless, while it uses scientific methods and verifiabledata, QRA is a rather immature and highly judgmental technique, and its results have a large degreeof uncertainty. Despite this, many branches of engineering have found that QRA can give usefulguidance. However, QRA should not be the only input to decision-making about safety, as othertechniques based on experience and judgment may be appropriate as well. Risk assessment does nothave to be quantitative, and adequate guidance on minor hazards can often be obtained using aqualitative approach.

The Key Components of QRA

It is a very flexible structure, and has been used to guide the application of risk assessment to manydifferent hazardous activities. With minor changes to the wording, the structure can be used forqualitative risk assessment as well as for QRA.


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101











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The first stage is system definition, defining the installation or the activity whose risks are to beanalyzed. The scope of work for the QRA should define the boundaries for the study, identifyingwhich activities are to be included and excluded, and which phases of the installation's life are to beaddressed. Then hazard identification consists of a qualitative review of possible accidents that mayoccur, based on previous accident experience or judgment where necessary. There are several formaltechniques for this, which are useful in their own right to give a qualitative appreciation of the rangeand magnitude of hazards and indicate appropriate mitigation measures. This qualitative evaluationis described in this guide as 'hazard assessment'. In QRA, hazard identification uses similartechniques, but has a more precise purpose - selecting a list of possible failure cases that are suitablefor quantitative modelling.

Once the hazards have been identified, frequency analysis estimates possibility of occurrence ofaccidents. The frequencies are usually obtained from analysis of previous accident experience, or bysome form of theoretical modelling.

In parallel with the frequency analysis, consequence modelling evaluates the resulting effects if theaccidents occur, and their impact on personnel, equipment and structures, the environment orbusiness. Estimation of the consequences of each possible event often requires some form ofcomputer modelling, but may be based on accident experience or judgments if appropriate. Whenthe frequencies and consequences of each modelled event have been estimated, they can becombined to form measures of overall risk. Various forms of risk presentation may be used. Risk tolife is often expressed in two complementary forms:

1. Individual risk - the risk experienced by an individual person.2. Group (or societal) risk - the risk experienced by the whole group of people exposed to the hazard.

The process explained as above is purely technical, and is known as risk analysis. The next stage isto introduce criteria, which are yardsticks to indicate whether the risks are acceptable, or to makesome other judgment about their significance. This step begins to introduce non-technical issues ofrisk acceptability and decision-making, and the process is then known as risk assessment.In order to make the risks acceptable, risk reduction measures may be necessary. The benefits fromthese measures can be evaluated by repeating the QRA with them in place, thus introducing aniterative loop into the process. The economic costs of the measures can be compared with their riskbenefits using cost-benefit analysis.The results of QRA are some form of input to the design or ongoing safety management of theinstallation, depending on the objectives of the study.

Qualitative Method Preliminary risk analysis Hazard and operability studies(HAZOP)

Failure mode and effects analysis(FMEA/FMECA) Discussion and conclusion


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8.1.2 Qualitative risk analysis methodologies

Qualitative methods used in risk analysis namely preliminary risk analysis (PRA), hazard andoperability study (HAZOP), and failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA/FMECA) are dealt in thissection.

Preliminary Risk Analysis (PRA)

Preliminary risk analysis or hazard analysis is a qualitative technique which involves a disciplinedanalysis of the event sequences which could transform a potential hazard into an accident. In thistechnique, the possible undesirable events are identified first and then analysed separately. For eachundesirable events or hazards, possible improvements, or preventive measures are then formulated.

The result from this methodology provides a basis for determining which categories of hazard shouldbe looked into more closely and which analysis methods are most suitable. Such an analysis helps inidentifying activities lacking safety measures. With the aid of a frequency/ consequence diagram, theidentified hazards can then be ranked according to risk, allowing measures to be prioritized toprevent accidents.

Mitigation Measures

The purpose of mitigation is to identify measures that safeguard the environment and the communityaffected by the proposal. Mitigation is both a creative and practical phase of the EIA process. It seeksto find the best ways and means of avoiding, minimizing and remedying impacts. Mitigationmeasures must be translated into action in the correct way and at the right time, if they are to besuccessful. This process is referred to as impact management and takes place during projectimplementation. A written plan should be prepared for this purpose, and includes a schedule ofagreed actions. Opportunities for impact mitigation will occur throughout the project cycle.

Noise Exposure

High sound levels may be generated from the equipment used in the manufacturing and utilities (e.g.compressed air, vacuum sources, unit operations system, etc). Irrespective of the enclosed design andanti vibration control measures in the work place modules, the workers located close to the machinesduring manufacturing are exposed to noise.

Mitigation measures Good engineering practices. The rotation of employees in shift should be followed so as to reduce their exposure to noise

sources for longer period. Hearing protective devices in the form of ear muff and plug should be used to reduce employee’s

exposure to high noise levels.


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Comprehensive hearing conservation programs should be carried out to identify noise sources forits prevention/control.

Noise monitoring and medical surveillance should be carried out at regular intervals so as toassess the workers exposures to noise and corrective measures.

8.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT (HIRA)

A core challenge faced by emergency managers is how to prevent, prepare, mitigate, respond andrecover from a myriad of hazards. Several questions arise when faced with this challenge:

What hazards exist in the project area? How frequently do they occur? How severe can their impact be on the community, infrastructure, property, and

the environment? Which hazards pose the greatest threat to the community? A Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) assist emergency managers in

answering these questions. It is a systematic risk assessment tool that can be used to assess therisks of various hazards.

There are three reasons why a HIRA is useful to the emergency management profession:

It helps emergency management professionals prepare for the worst and/or most likely risks. Allows for the creation of exercises, training programs, and plans based on the most likely

scenarios. Saves time and resources by isolating hazards that cannot occur in the designated area.

8.3 STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres create risks from the indoor storage of dangerousSubstances. This has to be controlled by elimination or by reducing the quantities of such substancesin the workplace to a minimum and providing mitigation to protect against foreseeable incidents.These should be located in designated areas that are (wherever possible) away from the immediateprocessing area and do not jeopardise the means of escape from the workroom/working area. Theflammable liquids should be stored separately from other dangerous substances that may enhance therisk of fire or compromise the integrity of the container.

I. Handling: Wash thoroughly after handling. Use only in a well-ventilated area. Ground andbond containers when transferring material. Use spark-proof tools and explosion proofequipment. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Empty containers retain productresidue, (liquid and/or vapour), and can be dangerous. Keep containers tightly closed. Avoidcontact with heat, sparks and flame. Avoid ingestion and inhalation. Do not pressurize, cut,weld, braze, solder, drill, grind, or expose empty containers to heat, sparks or open flames.

II. Storage: Keep away from heat, sparks, and flame. Keep away from sources of ignition. Storein a tightly closed container. Keep from contact with oxidizing materials. Store in a cool, dry,


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well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances & flammables area. Do not store nearperchlorates, peroxides, chromic acid or nitric acid.

C) EMISSION MECHANISMS AND CONTROL CONSIDERING STORAGE TANKS

Emissions from organic liquids in storage occur because of evaporative loss of the liquid during itsstorage and as a result of changes in the liquid level. The emission sources vary with tank design, asdoes the relative contribution of each type of emission source. Emissions from fixed roof tanks are aresult of evaporative losses during storage (known as breathing losses or standing storage losses) andevaporative losses during filling and emptying operations (known as working losses). External andinternal floating roof tanks are emission sources because of evaporative losses that occur duringstanding storage and withdrawal of liquid from the tank. Standing storage losses are a result ofevaporative losses through rim seals, deck fittings, and/or deck seams. The loss mechanisms forfixed roof and external and internal floating roof tanks are described in more detail in this section.Variable vapour space tanks are also emission sources because of evaporative losses that resultduring filling operations.

i) Fixed Roof Tanks

A typical vertical fixed roof tank is type of tank consists of a cylindrical steel shell with apermanently affixed roof, which may vary in design from cone or dome shaped to flat. Losses fromfixed roof tanks are caused by changes in temperature, pressure, and liquid level.

Fixed roof tanks are either freely vented or equipped with a pressure/vacuum vent. The latter allowsthe tanks to operate at a slight internal pressure or vacuum to prevent the release of vapors duringvery small changes in temperature, pressure, or liquid level. Of current tank designs, the fixed rooftank is the least expensive to construct and is generally considered the minimum acceptableequipment for storing organic liquids.

ii) Floating Roof Tanks

There are two types of floating roof tanks external and internal. A typical external floating roof tank(EFRT) consists of an open topped cylindrical steel shell equipped with a roof that floats on thesurface of the stored liquid. The floating roof consists of a deck, fittings, and rim seal system.Floating decks that are currently in use are constructed of welded steel plate and are of two generaltypes: pontoon or double-deck.

An internal floating roof tank (IFRT) has both a permanent fixed roof and a floating roof inside.There are two basic types of internal floating roof tanks; tanks in which the fixed roof is supportedby vertical columns within the tank, and tanks with a self-supporting fixed roof and no internalsupport columns.

D) ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES

General Information: Use proper personal protective equipment as mentioned below: Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by

OSHA's eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European StandardEN166.


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Skin: Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin exposure. Clothing: Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure.

Respirators: A respiratory protection program that meets OSHA's 29 CFR 1910.134 and ANSIZ88.2 requirements or European Standard EN 149 must be followed whenever workplaceconditions warrant a respirator's use.

Spills/Leaks: Absorb spill with inert material (e.g. vermiculite, sand or earth), then place in suitablecontainer. Remove all sources of ignition. Use a spark-proof tool. Provide ventilation. A vapoursuppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURESGeneral Information: Containers can build up pressure if exposed to heat and/or fire. As in any fire,wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved orequivalent), and full protective gear. Vapors may form an explosive mixture with air. Vapors cantravel to a source of ignition and flash back. Will burn if involved in a fire.Flammable Liquid Can release vapors that form explosive mixtures at temperatures above theflashpoint. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Containers may explode in the heatof a fire.Extinguishing Media: For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray or alcoholresistant foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or alcohol-resistant foam. Use water spray tocool fire-exposed containers. Water may be ineffective. Do NOT use straight streams of water.Flash Point: 16.6 deg C ( 61.88 deg F)Auto ignition Temperature: 363 deg C ( 685.40 deg F)Explosion Limits, Lower: 3.3 vol %Upper: 19.0 vol %

8.4 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTHOccupational safety and health is very closely related to productivity and good employer employeerelationship. The main factors of occupational health in proposed site are fugitive dust and noise. Toavoid any adverse effects on the health of workers due to dust, heat, noise sufficient measures havebeen provided in the proposed project. These include:

a) Provision of rest shelters for workers with amenities like drinking water, fans, toilets, etc.b) Provision of personal protection devices to the workers.

First-aid facilities on the site. Mobile toilets will be provided during construction Ambulance will be provided for taking patient to the nearby hospital in case of emergency or

medical.Occupational Health and Safety in sugar cane crushing, and bagasse based cogeneration

Status of hygiene and health problems of all men due to working conditions and suggestion toprevent the damage in future British Standards Institutions created Occupational Safety &Health Agency, are described and successfully implemented by OSHA 18001:1999 series.

It provides OH&S policy


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Now this gives an ideal and chalked out route to use to curtail the damage to health of people inany cases and conditions.

It helps the organization to mitigate occupational health and safety risks. It is an effective tool for the management, based on systematic control on practices, to identify

areas of health damage, assessment of extent of damage, effective treatment and if needed thereplacement of the job the person can do, also to identify threat areas for employees at theirwork places.

It suggests plans to improve the working places conditions. It has reduced substantially cases of persons suffering from health problems due

To type of jobs they perform. It gives rectification measures in frequently occurring problems. It provides to check and get treatment from medical experts. Thus it minimizes risk of the health of the employees. It provides assurance to employees. It creates awareness in employees for cleanliness. It also provides a way for continuous improvement It helps to assess & maintain the EMP of an organization.

Brief about Occupational Health and Safety of employeesIn normal working, people are exposed to many agents / compounds/ particles which can hampertheir health temporarily or permanently, finally to result in notable damage to their health condition.This may result in their lesser ability to work, initiation of other diseases, untimely can lead to death.Normally 4 probable routes exist for entry in the body of a man, from respiratory track, GI track,skin contact or via any cut / wound caused. Due to consistent exposure the incoming materials maychemically react with body tissues, blood cells and/ or may remain for a longer time in the air sacksof lungs. They may assist growth of some micro organisms with their presence inside the body. Laterthey can cause unwanted interactions, degrade to lead to metabolites, end products, to lead toimpairment to body organs or to deteriorate the working of the organ system. By careful, specific,precise operation the entry of such dangerous materials can be lowered and finally eliminated.Personal protective equipment, shielding of the body parts are the most common approaches in thesame. The extent of damage due to exposure of dangerous materials depend upon

No. Description1 Absorption depend upon rate of absorption in human body i.e. exposure time.2 Time duration and concentration3 Distance from source4 Personal tolerance level5 Susceptibility6 Personal hygiene and behavior7 State of matter


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Hazards associated with human body are of 3 types, physical, chemical, biological.A] Physical hazards:

No Type Effects Remedy1 Lifting heavy

loadsTemporary or permanentbone damage & fragments,Weakness of bone & spinalcord, new RBC & WBCforming process

Maximum capacity for a man tolift a load fixed as 50 kg,Automation of carts, trolleys,Prefer sliding than lifting

2 UV, IR Ionizationradiations

Vision damage, skindamage, skin cancer

Proper cover to source of glare,use of coloured glasses

3 Light glare Damage to vision, lensopacity, Myopia

-do-

4 Poorillumination

Less accuracy in work Provide proper light

5 Excesstemperature /Heat stress

Heat exhaustion, fatigue,cramps, stroke, musclecramps, fainting, dry skin,heat rash, [ prickly heat],loss of hair

Distance be more from heatsource, to give drinking water &milk, Limited exposure, cool restrooms, Asbestos lined clothingand gloves, adjustment of workand rest period

6 Cold stress Cracks in skin Proper clothing, gloves, aprons,body lotion

7 Vibrations andshocks

Vibration induced jointimpairment, Arthritis,

Parkinson disease

Absorption of excess shockwaves with clad medium, rubberpads, exact maintenance, properlubrication

8 Noise Temporary or permanenthearing disability, loss ofpeace of mind

Minimum exposure, air plugs,muffs , reducing noise frequency

9 Dry air Lack of natural lubrication toskin, scaling, dermatitis,

soricis

Proper skin lotion and skinnourishmentUse of proper gloves

10 Humid climate Skin damage due growth ofsome microorganisms due towet nature, dermatitis

Correct draining of all water fromwork place, Proper aprons, rain

coat, gloves, Use of body lotions11 Cold weather Skin cracks and damage

due to exposure to severecold climate, dermatitis

Proper clothes, Use of proper skincovers

12 Wind & storms Skin damage, woundformation on exposed skin

-do-

13 SPM and dustmatter

Damage from nostrils tolungs part , Pneumonia,Temporary or permanent

Avoid / lessen exposure, Usemasks, screens, Minimize /avoid source

14 Excess pressurearea conditions

Effect on O2 intake capacity& N2 associated with itdamage to heart and lungmuscles

Stepwise change over to normalair pressure,Keep less exposure period


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B] Chemical hazards

No Compound Effect Remedy1 Ethanol Damage body parts, cracks in skin, Dermatitis Protective equipment

C] Biological hazardsSpecial reference to cane sugar crushing, molasses based and bagasse based power generationsector for occupational health problemsPersons working in bagasse used power generation plant are always exposed to solids, particularlyfine dust of bagasse, trash and other fuel components. PM10 and PM2.5 enter air sacks after enteringrespiratory track where they settle. Due to precise size they are difficult to be removed from there.Moisture in fresh air and constant body temperature make them to build microbial colonies.Treatment in such cases to curtail the infection in respiratory track is a hail of a job for medicalexperts. Micro organisms have short life span and have to adopt consistently for the survival. Thusthey develop capability to resist the drugs / therapeutic agents / antibiotics etc. It is a battle at globallevel for decades together. No correct curing agent / exact or permanent solution exist.

Persons working in bagasse based power generation area are exposed to1 Excess air pressure zones and SPM prone area.2 Higher temperature to follow heat exhaustion, cramps, stress, stroke3 Moist / humid and dry weather area where skin damage may occur4 Lifting of excess load can lead to damage to bones & spinal cord5 Vibration induced bone joint damage & Arthritis, Parkinson’s disease can occur.6 To lessen SPM sprinkled water can lead to moist air. Such condition can lead to growth of

mosquito, insects, flies population to lead to Malaria & other epidemic diseases7 Electric shocks in case of short circuit

Various extents of the damages to different body parts can be:1 Permanent or temporary deafness2 Slight or severe damage to bones & spinal cord, joints3 Anaemic condition due to less RBC, WBC & lacking of new blood formation4 Affect initial correct vision due to poor light as well as due to small particles5 Damage to skin due to humid climate & water sprinkling, dermatitis / psoriasis, cracks to

skin, dry skin6 Damage to respiratory track to lead to businosis, pneumoconiosis, pneumonia7 Heat exhaustion, fatigue, stroke, rash, cramps, damage to muscles8 Excess heat exposure may lead to damage to reproductive system9 Electric shocks can lead to partial paralysis10 Damage to eye due to incident light particles.Thus probable routes to mitigate such damages can be:1 Precise man power selection2 Adequate pre employment training3 Optimum supervision at all levels4 Precise equipment selection


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5 Periodic and exact lubrication of the equipment, machines.6 Advance planning of substitution of equipment7 Prevention of solids to enter in respiratory track.8 As far as possible closed condition operation.9 Use of natural and forced fresh air supply at work place10 Adequate natural and forced air circulation as per needs11 Proper bonding and earthing of the machinery12 Proper insulation & core cover for power supply cables13 Proper selection for material movement14 Provision for cages, trolleys, carts, forklifts, cranes, shuttles for movement of material & men15 Automation of material handling16 Sprinkling of enough water to mitigate SPM17 Sufficient enlightening in work area when persons are inside18 Provision to keep shop floor dry19 Provision of fresh milk at least 2 full cups / person / 4 hours20 Provision of enough drinking water when needed.21 Provision of rest rooms / shelters to working staff22 Prevention of fly, mosquito, insects in spread water to mitigate SPM23 Provision of primary health centre / first aid booths with adequate drugs, Lotions, eye

washers etc. and attendants.24 Strict control to follow use of personal protective equipment like goggles, ear plugs, air

muffs, aprons, helmets, rain coats, respiratory kits / air pipes, safety belts etc.25 Periodic replacement of new / fresh teams to complete time scheduled task

Considering the observed facts a systematic approach and management plan of OSHA canprofoundly avoid damage fully to any person in cane sugar crushing, and bagasse based powergeneration sector.

Mitigation for all occupational hazardsMitigation measures cover notes on various operations in the processes. They areA During concept, design and policy stage

Precise selection of the process, raw materials

Use of best equipment Optimum layout of vessels, tanks, pumps

Correct location of ladders, platforms, pipe support and fittings Proper design of equipment to avoid any sort of solids to escape in air during operations. Proper design of equipment to avoid any contact of solvents and chemicals to working staff

during operationsB During erection and full commissioning stage

Precise selection of persons in operation ( trained or skilled )

Pre-employment and periodic medical check up of all staff of factory Availability of the same record to each person concerned to understand his status of health.


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Thorough training of the operations, handling, dangers, safety, hazards and remedies forvarious chemicals involved.

At each stage proper and strict supervisory control for negligence. Use of wooden support, rubbers sheets, foams, shock absorbing materials, dampeners to

vibrating and noise making machines

Proper guarding & painting to guard to all moving parts of all equipment as per IS standard. Proper bonding and earthing of machines, equipment.

Automation and proper instrument appliances Prevention of all types of direct and indirect exposure of chemicals to staff Performance checking of all equipment before full commissioning

Precise use of instruments in process Fixation of limit switches, isolators for equipment wherever needed / necessary.

Proper gauge and selection of power supply cables and their effective insulation As per needs enough natural and forced draft air supply at work place Proper testing, X ray diffraction study etc. for tanks, vessels and availability of record of the

same for reference Proper selection of tanks, vessels, pumps and their material of construction

Strict follow up for Oil industry safety directives for solvent tanks and pumps

C] During operational phase

As far as possible closed condition in all processes A properly laid down standard operation procedure for all operation in plant

Strict vigilance in process operation and control Proper rigid support to stand, ladders in operation for all valves on lines Provision of return lines for solvents from plant to avoid spillage and solvent loss

Proper, exact and timely use of personal protective equipment like gloves, goggles, masks,breathing apparatus, aprons, shoes, helmets, rain coat, eye washers, body showers, bodylotions, etc.

Flame proof fittings to all solvent storage areas and in plant Proper bonding and earthing to all equipment and vessels, tanks. Proper colour code to all pipe lines used

Proper training to all staff to use the above personal protective equipment Strict use of cotton ware only to all staff in plant area

Strict prohibition of any naked flame, match box, gas lighter, ignition source, any syntheticclothes in plant area

Display of material safety data sheets for all chemicals handled and present in plantoperations

Proper scrubbing arrangement for vent gases Implementation of green belt or tree plantation near solvent storage area in tank farm to avoid

rise in temperature in summer. Storage of chemicals, solvents in an underground state to avoid solvent losses


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D] Regarding storage of raw materials, solvent, fuels etc. Enough space between tanks in tank farm

Proper illumination on street and in plant Proper colour code to tanks and pipe lines, gas lines Proper bonding and earthing to all metal flange joints of tanks to conduct and remove all

static charges Fixation of rigid and permanent lightening conductors to tanks

Fixation of flame arresters to needed vessels Fixation of visible and correct gauges to bulk storage vessels Proper quality of gaskets and their fastening at right place

Calibration of all tanks and their display Proper and timely labelling of all material during process and handling

Proper loading and unloading system to solvents, fuels, bonding and earthing Proper rigid shade for gas cylinders to avoid direct sun light, storm, rain etc. Strict follow up for Gas Cylinder Rules

No fuel / liquid / solvents transfer / loading / unloading during 18.00 to 06.00 hours frombulk store and tank farm area to process area

E] Maintenance

Strict permit to work system for maintenance and other operations A well arranged periodic and preventive maintenance of all equipment

Proper and exact lubrication to all machines, pumps, compressors, valves, lifts etc. Proper shut down operation plan

Checking and replacement of worn out and faulty electrical cable in time Insertion of proper power isolators, circuit brakers, limit switches

A well planned and adequate inventory of consumables needed

F] Fire and fire fighting

Follow up of BIS 2190 and NFPA code for all fires Proper selection of staff to handle fire extinguishers

Periodic training to all concerned staff Proper selection of fire extinguishers

Fixation of fire hydrant system Daily at least one trial of the fire hydrant system for its performance Reserved separate water stock for fire fighting and prevention program as per

Factory Act 1948 and MFR 1963. Generator back up for fire equipment Preparation of disaster control plan for all unit

Periodic mock drills at least twice in a year and report to Joint Director, SHE.


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G. Testing and certification of equipment and check up Proper testing and certification of all equipment as per DISH norms Periodic checking of meger value of the earthing and its record

Periodic testing of gases and solvent storage vessels as per Chief Controller of Explosives,Nagpur after each 5 years

Availability of the record of the same to concerned authorities

After completion of 5 years for the structures, testing and stability certification fromstructural engineer for all structures

Industrial Fire causes

No. Description Quantity %1 Electricity 232 Smoking 183 Friction 104 Material over heating 85 Hot surfaces 76 Burner flames 77 Combustible sparks 58 Spontaneous combustion 49 Welding and cutting 410 Interaction of Chemical 211 Static spark 212 Lightening 113 Miscellaneous 1Timely good housekeeping, use of correct personal protective equipment, permit to work system,proper selection of man power, prevention of any negligence, overlooking, over confidence and astitch in time saves further nine attitudes can prevent 90 % of the causes to occur. It is better thancure.

Conditions leading for any fire and explosion to occur Any lacunae in design, fabrication, testing of tanks, vessels can create troubles during

operations and can initiate fire and explosion. Any hot object, hot metal parts due to sliding metal surface, lightening can cause a fire.

Chief Controller of Explosives, Nagpur specified 3 classes of solvents as per their flash points.They have also fixed criteria for safe and restricted storage of flammable liquids. Violation ofsuch norms can definitely lead to fire and probable explosion.

Mixing of solvents, leaking of solvents and any heat or ignition source will lead to a fireincidence

Improper operations & dry running of pumps in any process operations will surely make a roomfor fire / explosion to occur.

Successive variations in incoming power supply, incorrect power supply, worse or deterioratedstatus of insulation of supply cables, worn out rubber / PVC insulation of power cables,


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overload on machinery, pumps etc. may lead to short circuiting and source of ignition to initiateany fire and make the situation worse or worst.

High temperature stresses during operation and pumping can lead to heat stress on metal partsof tanks, vessels & thus welding joints may weaken. Such conditions can lead to deteriorationof vessels, to initiate leakage and a fire incidence.

Improper gaskets, faulty pipe fittings can lead to leakage of solvents, dissolution of gasketmaterial or damage to gaskets. Thus they can be a source for a fire to start.

Improper, faulty and leaking valves will add to materials available for fire to consume if itinitiates.

Lack of metal bonding and earthling to all flange joints will assist storage of static charges andthus lead to sparking and heat source to exist.

Improper supports for working persons to reach safely to tank / valve / line etc can lead to smallor big accidents

All above conditions surely lead to fires and consequent explosions. If an explosion occurs then worn parts of civil structure, metal containers may eject out & reach

distances upto 3 miles away.

Considering these observations and consequent probability we have to implement strict preventiveand mitigation measures. They will surely reduce probability of fire and explosion to great extent andassist fire prevention and protection program.

Information about classes of fire, burning materials concerned, types of extinguishers and mediumand their Indian Standards can be described as follows:

Class ofFire

Description ExtinguishingMedium

Varieties IndianStandards

A Fire involving ordinarycombustible materials like wood,paper, cloth, textile etc. where thecooling effect of water is essentialto extinguish fire

Water Water type[ Gas pressure]Water type[Constant airpressure]

940

6234

B Fire with flammable liquid,petroleum product, oils, solvents,varnishes, thinner, paint whereblanketing Is essential

Mechanical foam/ AFFFCarbon dioxideDry chemicalpowder

10204

28782171[4308]

C Fire involving gases, gaseousmaterials, LPG where it is neededto dilute the burning gas at a veryfast rate with an inert gas or apowder

Carbon dioxideDry chemicalpowder

28782171[4308]

D Fires involving metals likeMagnesium, Sodium, Potassium,Aluminium, Zinc etc. where theburning metal is reactive to waterand which needs special

Special drypowder

2171[4861]


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extinguishing medium /technique

Also types of fire extinguishers, extinguishing medium and suitability for class of fire with ISInumbers in tabulated form are:

Sl.No.

TYPE OFEXTINGUISHER

EXTINGUISHING MEDIUM

EFFECT OFEXTINGUISGHINGMEDIUM

A B C D

1 Water Type [ GasCartridge ]IS 940

Water Cooling S* NS**

NS NS

2 Water Type[Stored Pressure]OS 6234

Water Cooling S NS NS NS

3 Mechanical FoamTypeIS 10204

MechanicalFoam

Blanketing /Smothering

NS S NS NS

4 Dry PowderIS 2171 / 10658

Dry Powder Smothering, reducing theoxygen content andretarding the chain reaction

NS S S NS

5 Dry Powder[Special]OS 11833

Dry Powder[Special]

Smothering, reducing theoxygen content andretarding the chain reaction

NS NS NS S

6 Carbon DioxideIS 2878 / 8149

Gas Smothering, reducing theoxygen content andretarding the chain reaction

NS S S NS

7 AFFF Mech. -do- S S NS NS

* S denotes suitable** NS denotes not suitable

Thus salient features to implement the OSHA regulation are:1 Careful selection of persons

2 Proper job training to all cadre persons3 Adequate supervision in all areas4 Well serviced & lubricated machinery5 Proper bonding and earthing of the equipment & electrical gadgets6 Advance plan for work environment monitoring & mitigation7 Pre-employment & periodic check up of all employees & record of the same8 Setting primary medical centre at work place and first aid9 Provision of personal protective equipment, apron, gloves, goggles, helmets, ear plugs, air

muffs10 Use of carts, cranes, fork lift, trolley, conveyor belting to handle materials


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11 Periodic rest in daily working12 Provision of water, milk , nourished food for working period13 If needed timely medical treatment at any cost14 Provision of primary health centre / first aid booth on campus15 Payment of compensation as per extent of damage to any body part / system

/ Organ in part / fully16 Family insurance scheme17 Other Govt. benefits

8.5 HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES:The safety considerations in the design of the proposed project would be provided to contain andcontrol emergency.

8.5.1 Health and safety measures: Regular inspection and maintenance of pollution control systems.

Statutory approvals, waste treatment and disposal including stack emissions etc. Fully fledged fire protection system.

Gloves and protective equipment to prevent health hazards. Use of splash proof safety goggles and shoes. To impart training at various levels including contractors and transport personnel for observing

safe work practices. Clearly define the procedures for inspection, operation and emergency shutdown of the process

operations.

To device systematic accident prevention program to ensure safe and healthy workingenvironment.

Compliance of all statutory regulations.

Environment monitoring and control of process parameters at various unit operations byproviding control measures in the plant.

Eliminate unreasonable, research and where appropriate, implement advance technology in thedesign, production services and to prevent pollution as well as conserve, recover and recycleraw materials.

The workers exposed to noisy sources will be provided with ear muffs/plugs.

Preventive maintenance activities so as to have smooth operations. Audit programs must be carried out to review the management system for identifying,

evaluating and controlling environmental, health and safety hazards. The health of the workers will be regularly checked by a well qualified doctor and proper

records will be kept for each worker.

8.5.2 POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS Eye: Causes severe eye irritation. May cause painful sensitization to light. May cause chemical

conjunctivitis and corneal damage.

Skin: Causes moderate skin irritation. May cause cyanosis of the extremities.


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Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. May causesystemic toxicity with acidosis. May cause central nervous system depression, characterized byexcitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea. Advanced stages may causecollapse, unconsciousness, coma and possible death due to respiratory failure.

Inhalation: Inhalation of high concentrations may cause central nervous system effectscharacterized by nausea, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness and coma. Causes respiratory tractirritation. May cause narcotic effects in high concentration. Vapors may cause dizziness orsuffocation.

Chronic: May cause reproductive and fetal effects. Laboratory experiments have resulted inmutagenic effects. Animal studies have reported the development of tumors. Prolonged exposuremay cause liver, kidney, and heart damage.

8.6 DISASTER OR EMERGENCY CONTROL PLAN

When the full fledged activity of sugar & co-generation will gear up after expansion it will have tofollow Factories Act 1948 & with all amendments till date. Any directives from Director Safety,Health & Environment [SHE] will automatically be binding on BSML. In such condition to appoint aqualified Safety Officer is a must & will be an adequate, wise step in such direction. On site and offsite disaster control plans and their perfect implementation will be part and parcel of the management& safety officer. To lessen the probability of hazard that may occur & avoid the consequent damage,a disaster management and control plan has to be worked out for the whole complex in anticipationto the threat.

8.7 TYPE OF DISASTER AT BSML COMPLEX

Disaster can occur as on site or off site variety i.e. disaster on campus or disaster in nearby areacausing indirect damage to site area & the complex.

Disaster may occur due to two categories, natural and manmade calamities:

Natural calamities cover Flood, Storm / typhoon, Earthquake, Tsunami, Heavy mist, fog, hailstorm, Land slide.

Man made calamities involve Fire & Explosion, All types of leakages & spillage, Electrocution,excavation, construction, erection, Sabotage, rail & road accidents, mass agitation, Looting, Morcha,war etc.

The identified hazardous areas in the complex are

1. Boiler area - Explosion

2. Oil tanks - Fire and spillage

3. Turbine section - Explosion

4. Electrical rooms - Fire and electrocution

5. Transformer area - Fire and electrocution

6. Cable - Fire and electrocution


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7. Storage facilities – Fire / spillage for fuel and molasses

Considering various probabilities the management & safety department has to create safetyawareness & preparedness in all employees and people in the vicinity. In case of any sort ofemergency& a chalked out plan shall attempt to overcome the disaster in time. This includespreparation of onsite and offsite disaster control plans, their mock drills at least 2 times in a calendaryear, reports for the same to DISH & due amendments for the perfect implementation.

8.8. LEVEL OF ACCIDENT

If there is any disaster in any part of plant/work place due to any reason, the level of accidents fromdamage point of view may vary. Accordingly accident prevention program will have to be initiatedby safety department simultaneously.

CRITICAL TARGETS DURING EMERGENCY

Level I Accidents

Under this level disaster may happen due to electrocution, fire explosion, oil spillage andspontaneous ignition of combustible material. This level has probability of occurrence affectingpersons inside the plant. Various hazardous areas identified in section 6.3 are the potential areaswhich may be affected due to level – I accidents.

Level II Accidents

Disaster of this level can occur in case of sabotage and complete failure of all automaticcontrol/warning systems, and also if the fuel oil stored in tank and covered by tank bunds leaks out.However, probability of occurrence of this is very low due to the proposed adequate securitytraining, and education level of plant personnel for the captive power plant.

8.9. SITE EMERGENCY CONTROL ROOM (SECR) & SITE MAIN CONTROLLER

In each segment of work from domestic level to war fighting team level approach always helps. Ifconcerned man is aware of his duty at his place & need of the time he can complement to huge taskof lessening the damage of the disaster. To overcome the emergency in its occurrence it is thestrategy to get prepared in advance, plan for the team effort, educate others and reduce all effects ofdisaster.

In case of any disaster main responsibility lies with the Chairman and Board of Directors, where theycan nominate one fellow to be responsible person who will be Chief incidence controller. In case ofdisaster key person like Chief engineer & Chief chemist, will be the site main incidence controllerand will commence respective duties in that capacity to curtail the emergency & minimize the lossesthat may be occur.

People in all departments can assist to contact external persons, district, state & central authorities,hospital & ambulance contact, evacuation if needed for people in the vicinity with assistance of statetransport buses. People from maintenance department can help to rectify the fault in system. Securitypersons assist in fire fighting & material movement operation to avoid losses. It is utmost necessaryto plan the control plan & to involve all staff in factory to get any sort of external help / assistance intime to lessen all sorts of damage.


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To assist the disaster control more effectively a site emergency control room (SECR) will beestablished at the plant site. The SECR shall be provided with the following.

Hazard identification chart, maximum number of people working at a time, assembly points etc

List of village and their population in the vicinity of proposed captive power plant Public address system like loud speaker, battery operated speaker, sirens,

Whistles, batteries, signalling flags etc. Rechargeable and battery operated torch lights and invertors.

Tie up with nearest hospital for medical assistance and facility for stretchers, chairs etc. List of registered medical practitioners in vicinity. Study map showing various villages and towns in the vicinity of captive power plant.

Muster Roll of all present employees. Note pads and ball pens to record message received and instructions to be passed to concerned

persons The blown up copy of layout plan showing areas where accident could occur. Accident mock drill for at least 2 times in a calendar year is to be a part of routine exercise. The

reports of such drill have to be submitted to DISH for his information & approval.

8.10. DISASTER PREVENTIVE MEASURES

The proposed plant will have following preventive measures to avoid occurrence of disasters:

i. Specification & marking of safe area to gather in emergency.ii. Design, manufacture and construction of plant, machineries and buildings will be as per

national and international codes as applicable in specific cases and laid down by statutoryauthorities.

iii. Provision of adequate access ways for movement of equipment and personnel shall be kept.iv. Minimum two numbers of gates to escape during disaster shall be provided.v. Fuel oil storage shall be in protected area and fenced. The tank will be housed in a dyke wall.

As per regulations of CCOE it’s testing & certification will be performed every five yearsregularly.

vi. Proper colour coding for all process water, air & steam lines will be done.vii. Proper insulation for all steam & condensate, hot water lines will be done.

viii. Provision of circuit brakers, isolation switches, signals will be provided as per electricity act &rules.

ix. Proper & rigid bonding and earthing to all equipment will be arranged.x. Meger value of earthing connections will be checked each 6 months and the records will be

kept.xi. System of fire hydrants comprising, of electrical motor driven fire pumps is planned. The fire

hydrant system will have electrical motor and a generator driven jockey pump to keep the firehydrant system properly pressurized.

xii. Automatic water sprinkling system is planned for all transformers.


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8.11 FIRE FIGHTING ARRANGEMENTS

BIS 2190 provides Indian standards for fire fighting equipment. All fire fighting equipment andextinguishers have to be planned according to this standard.

There are 4 classes of a fire to occur:

Class Materials ExtinguisherA Cotton, Cloth, paper, wood Water typeB Oils, Hydrocarbons, Alcohol, Greases CO2 typeC Gases, CNG, LPG, Acetylene, Foam typeD Electrical & metals Foam

Recommendation

The fire tender, which will be a part of the project with following minimum fire fightingarrangements shall be procured:

Water tank - 500 litres CO2 - 2700 litres Foam tank - 45 litres

CO2 type fire extinguishers - 6 nos. of 4.5 kgs each

LOCATION TYPE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Turbo-generator area CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder Cable galleries CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder High voltage panel CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder

Control rooms CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder MCC rooms CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder

Pump houses CO2 Type, Foam type dry chemical powder Fuel tank Area CO2 type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder Sand Basket Offices & Godowns Foam or Dry chemical powder Type

Crushers house CO2 Type, Foam Type dry chemical powder

8.12 ALARM SYSTEM TO BE FOLLOWED DURING DISASTER

On receiving the message of ‘Disaster’ from Site Main Controller, fire station control room attendantwill sound Siren ‘WAVING TYPE’ for 5 minutes. Incident controller will arrange to broad castdisaster message through public address system. On receiving the message of “Emergency Over”from incident Controller the fire station control room attendant will give “All Clear Signal” bysounding alarm straight for two minutes. The features of alarm system will be explained to one andall to avoid panic or misunderstanding during disaster.

It is necessary to take one trial for perfect functioning of the siren at least once in one week withprior intimation to Bagalkote Deputy Commissioner.


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8.13 PLANNINGStorage of hazardous materials poses threat of Hazard. The proposed expansion of sugar &cogeneration plants poses fire, electrocution and explosion hazards. To control the hazardpropagation and minimize the damage, a disaster control and management plan has to be worked.

Type of Disaster

At any thermal power plant disaster may occur due to the following hazards:

Fire

Explosion Oil spillage

Acid spillage Spillage of toxic chemicals

Electrocution Flood Storm/typhoon

Sabotage; and War

The Identified Hazardous areas are

1. Boiler area - Explosion2. Oil tanks - Fire and spillage3. Turbine hall - Explosion4. Electrical rooms - Fire and electrocution5. Transformer area - Fire and electrocution6. Cable - Fire and electrocution7. Storage facilities - Fire/spillage for fuel

8.14 COORDINATION AMONG KEY PERSONNEL OF CAPTIVE POWER PLANT

LEADER IN EMERGENCY

Plant Manager / Head of Operations

Engineering/Maintenance

COMMUNICATION TEAM COORDINATOR

1. Administrative Head/Personnel

2. Personnel Officer

3. Telephone Operator

4. Time Office Staff

ADVISORY TEAM

1. Head of Operation


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2. Head of Maintenance

3. Head of Engineering

4. Head of Administration

EMERGENCY

Administrative Manager

ACTION TEAM “A”

ACTION TEAM “D”

1. Shift Supervisor of Affected Section

2. Plant Operators / Technicians of Affected section workers and

3. Shift security supervisors / Supervisor on Duty

ACTION TEAM “C”

1. Security Supervisor

2. Ware House Staff

3. Safety Officer / Supervisor / Environmental Engineer

4. In charge of First Aid Centre

5. Other Staff not listed in Emergency Team including Contractors

ACTION TEAM “B”

1. Head of Maintenance

2. Warehouse / Spare parts Supervisor /Maintenance Supervisor/ Supervisor incharge

3. Mechanics /Electricians

Roles and Responsibilities of Emergency Team

A. Site Main Controller (SMC)

The SMC or emergency leader shall assume absolute control of site and shall belocated at SECR.

B. Incident controller (IC)

Incident controller shall be a person who shall go to the scene of emergency and supervise the actionplan to overcome of contain the emergency. Shift supervisor shall assume the charge of IC.

C. Communication and Advisory Team

The advisory and communication team shall consist of heads of various departments.


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D. Roll Call Coordinator

A senior person from administration or personnel department shall be roll Call Coordinator. The rollcall coordinator will conduct the roll call and will evacuate the plant personnel from assemble point.His prime function shall be to account for all personnel on duty.

E. Roll Call Leaders

SMC shall appoint roll call leaders from action team B after consultation with advisory team. Theroll call leaders shall carryout roll call at evacuation point.

F. Search and Rescue Team

There shall be a group of people trained and equipped to carryout rescue operation of trappedpersonnel. The people trained in first aid and fire fighting will be included in search and rescue team.All the security guards and safety department personnel shall be trained in first aid and fire fighting.

G. Emergency Security Controller

Emergency Security Controller shall be senior most security person located at main gate office anddirecting the outside agencies (e.g. fire brigade, police, District Magistrate, Civil / Defencerepresentatives, media men, etc.

H. Shift Medical Officer

He shall be a doctor/trained compounder at the first aid centre/medial centre of plant.

I. Personnel Manager

The Personnel Manager on arrival at site will handle all media men, contact public and handle thevisits by political/statutory authorities and thus take sufficient load and burden of the EmergencySecurity Controller.

Outside Organizations Involved In Control of Disaster

In the event of massive spillage of toxic chemicals, (such as sodium hydroxide or Hydrochloric acidat DM plant), fuel oil or occurrence of fire, population and property inside and outside plantboundary, vegetation, animal etc. may be affected. In such circumstances secondary fire may alsotake place. In such an event help shall be taken from outside agencies also. The organizations thatshall be involved are as follows:

(a) State and local authorities: district Collector, Revenue Divisional Officer

(b) Factory Inspectorate, chief Inspector of factories, Joint Chief Inspector of factories, Inspectorof factories.

(c) Environmental agencies: Member Secretary of State Pollution control Board,DistrictEnvironmental Engineer.

(d) Fire Department: District Fire Officer

(e) Police Department : District Superintendent of Police, SHOs of nearby Police stations

(f) Public Health Department


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• District Medical Officer

• Residential medical officers of PHCs in a radius of 5 kms around plant site

(g) Local Community Resources:

• Regional Transport Officer

• Divisional Engineer Telephones

The outside organizations shall directly interact with district magistrate who in consultation withSMC shall direct to interact with plant authorities to control the emergencies.

8.15 Hazard Emergency Control Procedure

The onset of emergency will in all probability commence with a major fire or explosion and shall bedetected by various safety devices and also by members of operational staff on duty. If located by astaff member on duty, he (as per site emergency procedure of which he is adequately briefed) will goto the nearest fire alarm call point, break glass and trigger off the fire alarms. He will also try his bestto inform about location and nature of fire to the fire fighting department. In accordance with workemergency procedure the following key activities will immediately take place to intercept and takecontrol of emergency.

1. On site fire crew led by a fireman will arrive at the site of incident with fire foam tenders andnecessary equipment.

2. Emergency security controller will commence his role from main gate office.

3. Incident controller shall rush to the site of emergency and with the help of fire crew and will starthandling the emergency.

4. Site main controller will arrive at SECR with members of his advisory and communication teamand will assume absolute control of the site. He will receive information continuously fromincident controller and give decisions and directions to;

• Incident controller

• Plant control rooms

• Emergency security controller

• Site or shift medical officer

After all key emergency personnel have taken up positions the Incident Controller will usecommunication system to convey and receive the messages. At the site of incident, the incidentcontroller will directly handle the emergency with the help of specific support group such as Team‘C’ and fire fighting personnel, etc. At the main gate Emergency Security Controller and PersonnelManager will contact external agencies. Site Main Controller will be directing and deciding a widerange of desperate issues. In particular SMC has to decide and direct:

• Whether incident controller requires reinforcement of manpower and facilities?

• Whether plant is to be shut down or more importantly kept running?


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• Whether plant is to be shut down or more importantly kept running?

• Whether staffs in different locations are to remain indoors or to be evacuated and assembled atdesignated collection centre?

• Whether missing staff members are to be searched or rescued?

• Whether offsite emergency plan to be activated and a message to that effect is to be sent todistrict head quarters?

• Whether and when district emergency services are to be called?

• Respond to any large size complaints from outside public and to assess an offsite impact arisingout of the onsite emergency.

When the incident has eventually been brought under control as declared by the Incident Controller,the SMC shall send two members of his advisory team as inspectors to incident site for:

• An assessment of total damage and prevailing conditions with particular attention to possibilityof re escalation of emergency which might be currently under control.

• Inspection of other parts of site which might have been affected by impact of incident.

• Inspection of personnel collection and roll call centres to check if all persons on duty have beenaccounted for.

• Inspection of all control rooms of plant to assess and record the status of respective plants andany residual action deemed necessary.

Post emergency inspectors will return to SECR with their observations and report of findings andwill submit the same to SMC.

Based on these reports, SMC will communicate further directives to all emergency management sub-centres and will finally declare and communicate termination of emergency and authorize step bystep restoration of normal operation of the plant. The fire siren will be sounded with all CLEAR-SIGNAL.

During entire period of emergency the site will remain out of bounds to external visitors except:

• District Fire Personnel

• District hospital ambulance staff

• Civil/defence personnel

• District administration

• Factory inspectorate and Labour commissioner

• Officers of State Pollution Control Board

• Insurance authorities

All the members of public, political parties, gram panchayat etc. will be dealt with from the maingate office by Emergency Security Controller and Personnel Manager.


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Proposed Fire Extinguishers at Different Locations

Fire Fighting System

The system recommended comprises of

a. Internal Appliances

b. Water Hydrant Service Ring

The Internal appliances shall consist of portable hand appliances, comprising sand buckets andextinguishers.

The water hydrant service rings consist of installation of underground water mains, which encompassthe various sections and buildings of the factory; and installation of vertical hydrant stand postscontaining suitable types of valves for different applications on the water mains. The hydrant valvesare provided with instantaneous type of couplings to which fire hoses can be quickly attached, todirect the water flow to area under fire. This is the main fire fighting arrangement covering the entirefactory.

The details of different systems are as below.

Internal appliances

Installation of Internal Hand Appliances as per the fire protection manual issued by Tariff AdvisoryCommittee (TAC) of Government is a prerequisite of any fire fighting system. Fires are classifiedinto five classes. And all these five classes are relevant to the Sugar industry & cogeneration ofpower and the same are reproduced.

Class of fire & Suitable type of appliances

A] Fires in ordinary Chemical extinguishers of combustibles (wood, Soda Acid, Gas/expelledwater and vegetable fibres water anti freeze types, and water buckets paper and the like).B] Fires in flammable Chemical extinguishers of liquids, paints, foam, Carbon Dioxide and DryPowder grease, solvents and types and sand buckets.C] Fires in gaseous Chemical extinguishers of substances under pressure. Carbon Dioxide andDry Powder typesD] Fires in Reactive Special type of Dry Powder Chemicals, active metals extinguishers andsand buckets and the like.E] Fires in Chemical extinguishers of electrical equipment. Carbon dioxide and Dry powdertype and sand buckets.

According to above classification:

Class A category : OfficesClass B category : General and sub stores, Workshop and extraction plantClass C category : Area of General stores where Oxygen and Acetylene gas cylinders are kept


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Class D category : Sulphur store & Parts of different factory sections in which electricalequipment are installed viz. extraction plant, Power house, Work shop, Clarification house, Boilinghouse, Sugarhouse, Effluent treatment plant, area in which Transformer is situated.

The quantity of appliances is decided, on the basis as stipulated in the fire safety manual. Theirlocation is to be fixed in such a way that at least one set of appliances is placed at the entrance ofrespective building/floor; and that a person is not required to travel more than 15 m to reach theseappliances.

Under the clauses (a) to (e) below all the buckets and water type extinguishers are of 9 litres, and allthe dry powder extinguishers are of 5 kgs capacity (except those installed to protect electricallydriven equipment installed at a height on platforms/ pedestals which should be of 2 kgs capacity);CO2 extinguishers are of 4.5 kgs capacity unless stated otherwise.

For protection of equipment installed on platforms/pedestals extinguishers shall have to be placednear the platforms/pedestals so that the same shall have quickest access from the ground floor.

(a) Offices (Class A)Each floor of the office building shall be provided with three numbers of water type extinguishers.

(b) General and sub stores (Class B & C)General store is where equipment spares, tools, consumables; hardware, paints, stationery, lubricants,grease, etc. shall be kept. This shall be provided with eight numbers of sand buckets and twonumbers of dry powder extinguishers. There shall be an open storage area adjoining the Generalstore. The open area shall store structural steel, refractory bricks, lubricants, industrial gasses etc. Anopen storage space of 30 m length & 24 m width shall be provided. The open storage space shall beinstalled with eight numbers of sand buckets and two numbers of dry powder extinguishers.The sub store is meant to store small quantities of items as mentioned above, for usage during theshifts, which shall be round the clock. For sub store area of about 100 sqm shall be provided. Onesand bucket & one dry powder extinguisher shall be installed.

(c)Transformers (Class E)Transformer will be installed in an area measuring 10 x 10 m & shall be protected by one sandbucket, one dry powder extinguisher and one CO2 extinguisher.

(d)Motors at isolated areas (Class E)Certain motors shall be installed in isolated areas on ground floor in fuel handling system. Protectionshall be provided for these motors which is included in co-generation report.(e) Specifications

Specifications for the internal appliances are presented below. All the appliances shall be as per latestversions of respective Indian Standard, and the equipment shall bear the ISI Mark.


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Sand buckets

Buckets should be of round bottom type and shall confirm to IS 2546 -1964. Capacity of the bucketshould be 9 litres.

Water extinguishers

Water extinguishers shall confirm to ISS 940 and should be with Tariff Advisory Committee (TAC)approval. The capacity of water extinguisher should be 9 litres. The material used shall be plainwater and a Carbon Dioxide cartridge to provide the pressure.

Dry chemical powder fire extinguisher - 5/2 kgs capacityDry chemical powder extinguisher shall confirm to IS 2171 and shall be installed with TACapproval. The capacity of the extinguisher shall be 5 kgs / 2 kgs capacity as applicable; and with ISIMark.

CO2 ExtinguisherCO2 extinguisher shall confirm to IS 2878, TAC approved and must have test certificate from theExplosive Department. Capacity shall be 4.5 kgs.

8.15. 1 Water hydrant serviceWater hydrant service ring (WHSR) shall be provided to encompass the cogeneration plant, bagassehandling system and allied buildings.

(a) One Water storage tankA separate RCC underground water storage tank shall be constructed for water requirement of firefighting. As per TAC rules the tank size of 11.5 m long, 11.5 m wide and 2.5 m deep is required.Ground water/ underground service water storage tank may also be used for this purpose.

(b) Two Electric driven pumpsElectrically operated horizontal, centrifugal pump shall be installed. The pumps shall be exclusivelyfor firefighting usage and no other connections shall be tapped. Capacity of the pump shall be 273m3/hr, and delivery pressure shall be at 7 kg/cm2(g).The pump shall be directly coupled to an electricmotor. Belt drive shall not be accepted. The drive motor shall be totally enclosed. Motor shall bewound to Class E insulation, and windings shall be vacuum impregnated with heat and moistureresisting varnish and shall be suitable to operate at 50oC ambient temperature.

Material of construction for impeller, shaft sleeve and wearing ring shall be bronze. The pumpdesign shall be such that it shall be capable of furnishing not less than 150 % of the rated capacity ata head of not less than 65% of the rated head. Pump shall be provided with pressure gauge ondelivery side between the pump and the non-return valve; and shall be provided with independentsuction pipe without any sluice or cut off valve.The suction line shall be 250 mm diameter and shall be fitted with a foot valve. A vacuum gaugeshall be fitted on the suction pipe. For priming the pumps (pump under reference and other Dieselengine driven unit described later), a steel fabricated tank shall be installed above the pumps at about


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8 m height. Capacity of the tank shall be one cum (1 m3). A tapping shall be taken from the deliverypiping of the pumps to the priming tank. Diameter of the tapping pipe shall be 100 mm. Suitablesluice valve and non return valve shall be provided between the tank and tapping points. Powersupply to the pump shall be from the main power control centre in power house. The power supplycable shall be underground and shall not pass under any building or permanent structure. Theelectrical installation shall confirm to Clause 7.4.3 and its sub clauses 7.4.3.1 to 7.4.3.20 of TACManual Part I.

(c) One Diesel engine driven pump

Diesel engine driven horizontal, centrifugal pump similar to electrically driven unit shall be providedas standby pump. The pump shall be exclusively for fire fighting usage and no other connectionsshall be tapped. Alternatively, a separate power connection can be given from the Diesel Generatorset to the electrically driven pump. In this case the Diesel Generator set is to be installed in a separatebuilding, or the Diesel engine room should be segregated from adjoining area in a manner indicatedin Clause 7.4.3.1 of the TAC Manual Part I.

(d) One Pump room

The Pump shall be located in a room. The pump room shall be located at a distance, which shall bemore than 6 m away from any adjoining building. The roof of the pump room shall be minimum 100mm thick and access to the room shall be from the outside. The pump room shall have brick wallsand non-combustible roof. Adequate lighting, ventilation and drainage arrangement shall beprovided.

8.15.2 Hydrant service(a) Hydrant mains

The hydrant mains shall be laid underground and shall be out of Wrought or Mild steel pipes, ofMedium grade conforming to IS : 1239 or IS : 3589. The pipeline shall be of welded construction.Qualified welders shall carry out the welding. At least 10% of all welded joints shall be radio-graphically tested and 50% of the joints radio-graphed shall be field joints. Underground mains shallbe laid 1100 mm below ground level. The distance between the main factory building wall & hydrantvalve shall be minimum 2 m. Suitable supports below the mains shall be provided if the soilcondition demands. The system shall be capable of withstanding for two hours a pressure of 10.5 kg/cm2(g) without fall in the pressure. The pipeline shall have to be hydraulically tested in the presenceof the inspectors from the regional committee at least twice during erection.

The underground piping shall have to be coated and wrapped as per IS: 10221. Wherever fitted,flanges shall have machined face, drilled holes and have jointing of rubber insertion or equivalent.Suitable cut off valves are to be provided in the piping mains to enable isolation of selected sectionsas per requirement. These valves shall be encased in suitable valve chambers. These valves shall beright hand, screw down, non-rising spindle type.Fittings installed underground shall be of Cast Iron heavy grade conforming to IS: 1538 whereasthose fitted above ground shall be of medium grade wrought or mild steel conforming to IS: 1239Part II or malleable iron fittings conforming to IS: 1879 Part I to X. Mains shall be laid surroundingthe bagasse yard. Indicative ratios of different sizes of pipes for mains are tabulated below. For thepurpose of estimating the number of hydrants, method given in Clause 7.5.10 of the above saidmanual is followed.


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No. of hydrants Size of mains mm NB PercentageAbout 50 150 28

125 40100 32

The percentage furnished above is with respect to total length of pipeline of the hydrant system.

(b) Hydrants and fixed monitors

All hydrant outlets shall be 1 m above ground level. The stand posts shall be 80 mm NB for singlehydrant. For double headed hydrants & monitors of 63 & 75 mm stand posts shall be 100 mm NB.Single hydrants are used where the hydrant main passes around the buildings. Double hydrants andfixed monitors are used near bagasse storage space. For the single and double headed hydrants thehydrant valve shall be oblique with outlet angled towards ground. The hydrant couplings shall be ofinstantaneous spring lock female type of 63 mm diameter. The hydrant valves shall be screw downtype.

(c) Hosepipes and nozzlesThe hoses shall be kept in glass-fronted boxes near the hydrants. Each hose box shall contain twohoses of length 15 m each. All hoses shall be either unlined canvas as per IS : 4927; or Rubber linedwoven jacketed complying with type II reinforced rubber lined as per IS:636. Total number of hosesrequired shall be 82.0%. Additional quantity shall be kept as spare. All couplings shall be ofinstantaneous spring lock type of 63 mm dia size and the nozzles shall be of 32 mm. Couplings,branch pipes, and nozzles shall be as per IS : 903. Couplings shall be attached to the nozzles asstipulated in the Manual. The total number of nozzles shall be half the total quantity of hoses.

(d) One Fire alarmA fire alarm unit shall have to be installed so that factory and colony can be alerted in case of a fire.The system consists of an electrically operated siren of effective audibility over an area of 5 kmsradius. Sound pattern of the siren should be different from the factory shift siren. The siren should beinstalled on highest structure in the factory. Areas of maximum fire susceptibility are bagasse yard,molasses and oil storage, sugar godowns, power house and power control centre. The starters for thesiren should be located in these areas; and at about 9 different places including security office in thefactory; so that it shall be easy for anyone to operate the siren quickly on noticing a fire.

The following type of fire extinguishers have been proposed at strategic locations in the plant:

Location Type of Fire extinguishers

Turbogenerator area CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder Cable galleries CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder

High voltage panel CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder Control rooms CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder

MCC rooms CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder Pump houses CO2 Type, Foam type dry chemical powder Fuel tank Area CO2 type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder Sand Basket


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Offices & Godowns Foam Type Dry chemical powder Crushers house CO2 Type, Foam Type dry chemical powder

Rescue and Repair Services

Effective working of rescue team is an essence during the disaster. In order to make the services ofrescue team more effective following equipment/items shall be provided to the team:

• Gas mask respirators

• Fire proximity suits

• Resuscitators

• Petromax lamp/Torches

• Axes/hand saw

• Fire blankets

• Ropes

• Ladders

• Rubber glove (Tested upto 25,000 volts)

• Blankets

• Rubber shoes or industrial shoes

Alarm System To Be Followed During Disaster

On receiving the message of ‘Disaster from Site Main Controller, fire station control room attendantwill sound SIREN ‘WAILING TYPE’ for 5 minutes. Incident controller will arrange to broad castdisaster message through public address system. On receiving the message of “Emergency Over”from incident Controller the fire station control room attendant will give “All Clear Signal” bysounding alarm straight for two minutes. The features of alarm system will be explained to one andall to avoid panic or misunderstanding during disaster.

Actions To Be Taken On Hearing The Warning Signal

On receiving the disaster message following actions will be taken:

All the members of advisory committee, personnel manager, security controller, etc shall reachthe SECR.

The plant personnel of different sections persons will remain ready in their respective sections forcrash shutdown on the instruction form SECR.

The persons from other sections will report to their respective officer.

The concerned section will take immediate action to remove contractor’s personnel outside theplant gate.

Residents of township will remain alert.


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ANNEXURE ALIST OF EQUIPMENTS FOR PROPOSED SUGAR AND CO-GENERATION PROJECTList of Equipment for Sugar Unit –

1 Cane carriers 17 Syrup tank2 Rake carriers 18 Syrup and molasses tanks3 Cane choppers 19 Vacuum pans4 Swing hammer fibrizor 20 Continuous vacuum pans5 Cane crusher. 21 Seed and vacuum crystallizer6 Phosphate slurry tank 22 Vacuum crystallizer7 Juice sulphiter 23 Crystallizer8 Juice heater 24 Magma pumps9 Juice pump 25 Molasses pumps (screw type)

10 Sulphur burner 26 Batch centrifuge machine11 Air compressor 27 Continuous centrifuge machine12 Milk of lime preparation unit 28 Sugar grading unit13 Juice clarifier 29 Weighing and stitching14 Vacuum filter 30 Bagasse carrier15 Quadruple effect evaporator set 31 Mill house crane16 Syrup sulphiter 32 Compressed air system

List of Equipments To be Installed at BSML Cogeneration PlantSr. No. Item of Machinery / Misc. Fixed Assets

Machinery1 HP boiler & auxiliaries2 Steam Turbine Generator and Auxiliaries3 Electrical Evacuation / Interface System & tie line cost4 Piping, Valves, PRDSH and Fittings5 Bagasse & Ash Handling System and Auxiliaries6 Water Treatment Plant, Cooling Tower, Raw Water and Circulation

Pumps7 Soft Water Plant, DM Plant and Storage Tanks8 Compressed air Systems9 Office Equipment, Furniture & Fixture, Computer PABX Systems10 Spares, Tools and Tackles11 Workshop & Lab Equipment12 AC & Ventilation System13 Fire Figthing Equipment14 Material Handling Equipment15 Trucks / Pick-up Vans /Cars / Jeeps etc.16 Misc. Items17 DG Set & Fuel Oil Tank18 Bio-mass Depot


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ANNEXURE -BLOCATION MAP


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136

ANNEXURE -CGOOGLE IMAGE

BSML


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ANNEXURE- DLAY OUT OF EXISTING SUGAR & COGENERATION UNITS & EXPANSION


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ANNEXURE- EAMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING

Ambient Air Quality Monitored at SiteSample No. Date of

Monitoring24 Hour Average Concentration in g/m3 of CO

mg/m3PM 2.5 µ PM 10 µ SO2 NOX

1 1-2/3/15 13.9 61.4 5.2 11 < 42 8-9/3/15 15.5 62.1 6.2 13.5 <43 17-18/3/15 12.9 66.5 5.8 11.2 <44 24-25/3/15 16.2 78.1 5.9 11.8 < 45 6-7/4/15 11.8 80.2 6.1 12.1 <46 14-15/4/15 11.9 74.5 6.3 11.6 <47 21-22/4/15 12.2 80.5 6.2 9.3 < 48 28-29/4/15 12.6 77.8 5.9 7.3 <49 4-5/5/15 12.8 71.6 7.1 10.5 <410 11-12/5/15 15.5 70.5 7 10.6 < 411 18-19/5/15 15.9 66.5 6.2 9.5 <412 25-26/5/15 16.1 68.1 6.7 9.6 <4MaximumMinimum 98percentile

16.1 80.4 7.0 13.1 <4

Ambient Air Quality Monitored at BadagandiSampleNo.

Date ofMonitoring

24 Hour Average Concentration in g/m3 of COmg/m3PM 2.5 µ PM 10 µ SO2 NOX

1 1-2/3/15 23.1 78.2 14.6 18.5 < 42 8-9/3/15 24.8 77.3 13.8 17.8 <43 17-18/3/15 26.3 75.1 13.2 15.4 <44 24-25/3/15 22.9 74.9 12.1 15.8 < 45 6-7/4/15 23.3 79.1 13.6 17.9 <46 14-15/4/15 25.1 76.1 10.5 18.3 <47 21-22/4/15 22.5 78.2 10.8 16.1 < 48 28-29/4/15 26.1 71.9 12.9 13.4 <49 4-5/5/15 26.9. 78.3 12.7 14.3 <410 11-12/5/15 22.1 77.4 11.6 15.4 < 411 18-19/5/15 25.7 74.6 11.2 17.8 <412 25-26/5/15 23.8 75.5 12.9 19.1 <4

MaximumMinimum 98percentile

26.2 78.9 14.4 18.9 <4


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Ambient Air Quality Monitored at Bilgi Highway Cross

Sample No. Date ofMonitoring

24 Hour Average Concentration in g/m3 of COmg/m3PM 2.5 µ PM 10 µ SO2 NOX

1 1-2/3/15 37.3 101.0 19.2 39.1 < 42 8-9/3/15 40.2 98.0 19.8 30.2 <43 17-18/3/15 39.5 98.2 21.1 39.3 <44 24-25/3/15 42.1 99.1 18.8 38.9 < 45 6-7/4/15 41.9 101.3 15.5 39.2 <46 14-15/4/15 38.8 101.8 26.1 40.8 <47 21-22/4/15 41.1 96.9 16.9 40.3 < 48 28-29/4/15 40.2 102.0 25.2 39.9 <49 4-5/5/15 37.3 104.0 17.7 38.4 <410 11-12/5/15 38.0 103.9 17.1 38.5 < 411 18-19/5/15 35.9 106.0 26.8 40.0 <412 25-26/5/15 36.1 105.2 17.3 39.4 <4MaximumMinimum 98percentile

42.0 105.8 26.6 40.7 <4

Ambient Air Quality Monitored at MannikeriSample No. Date of

Monitoring24 Hour Average Concentration in g/m3 CO

mg/m3PM 2.5 µ PM 10

µSO2 NOX < 4

1 1-2/3/15 9.0 50.3 8.3 13.2 <42 8-9/3/15 10.2 50.5 7.2 11.5 <43 17-18/3/15 9.7 55.3 8.3 12.8 < 44 24-25/3/15 11.2 51.8 8.5 12.6 <45 6-7/4/15 11.5 52.9 8.8 13.1 <46 14-15/4/15 10.8 56.7 9.3 13.7 < 47 21-22/4/15 8.7 52.2 10.1 15.4 <48 28-29/4/15 8.3 59.3 9.2 13.6 <49 4-5/5/15 9.9 45.7 7.4 10.9 < 410 11-12/5/15 9.5 49.2 7.5 11.0 <411 18-19/5/15 10.2 48.8 7.0 10.5 <412 25-26/5/15 10.5 48.9 7.4 10.9 <4MaximumMinimum 98percentile

11.4 58.7 9.9 15.0 <4


140

Ambient Air Quality Monitored at Girisagar

SampleNo.

Date ofMonitoring

24 Hour Average Concentration in μg/m3

ofCOmg/m3

PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOX

1 6-7/3/15 7.8 40.5 5.4 12.0 < 42 13-14 /3/15 8.3 39.2 4.4 11.0 <43 20-21/3/15 9.5 42.9 4.4 11.7 <44 27-28 /3/15 7.2 41.1 9.5 10.5 < 45 3-4/4/15 7.7 38.2 4.4 10.8 <46 10-11/4/15 8.6 41.7 7.8 12.7 <47 17-18/4/15 11.1 40.8 4.8 9.2 < 48 24-25/4/15 8.8 37.9 7.2 15.5 <49 1-2 /5/15 7.9 38.2 7.4 12.4 <410 8-9/5/15 8.9 35.3 3.7 9.8 < 411 15-16 /5/15 11.8 36.6 5.5 7.0 <412 22-23 /5/15 12.9 39.3 4.2 10.7 <4

98percentile 12.6 42.6 9.1 14.8 <4

Annexure C (Contd..)

Ambient Air Quality Monitored At Takkalki

SampleNo.

Date ofMonitoring

24 Hour Average Concentration inμg/m3 of

COmg/m3

PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOX

1 6-7/3/15 16.1 60.8 3.9 12.0 < 42 13-14 /3/15 16.8 61.6 4.9 12.0 <43 20-21/3/15 13.3 52.3 4.9 12.7 <44 27-28 /3/15 12.9 59.6 9.9 12.3 < 45 3-4/4/15 13.3 55.0 4.4 12.7 <46 10-11/4/15 15.1 53.3 5.7 7.7 <47 17-18/4/15 12.5 52.3 4.7 9.2 < 48 24-25/4/15 11.1 53.3 7.2 10.9 <49 1-2 /5/15 14.9. 54.1 7.4 12.4 <410 8-9/5/15 15.1 57.6 3.7 9.7 < 411 15-16 /5/15 15.7 58.6 3.9 7.0 <412 22-23 /5/15 17.8 62.2 4.2 12.7 <4

98percentile 17.6 62.0 9.3 12.7 <4


141

Annexure C (Contd..)Ambient Air Quality Monitored at Sonna

SampleNo.

Date ofMonitoring

24 Hour Average Concentration inμg/m3 of

COmg/m3

PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOX

1 6-7/3/15 7.3 40.2 7.6 10.1 < 42 13-14 /3/15 8.1 39.5 4.6 10.0 <43 20-21/3/15 6.9 42.1 4.6 11.8 <44 27-28 /3/15 7.4 41.9 6.6 10.2 < 45 3-4/4/15 7.5 38.8 4.4 11.2 <46 10-11/4/15 8.8 41.1 5.8 12.6 <47 17-18/4/15 10.1 40.2 4.8 9.2 < 48 24-25/4/15 8.2 37.3 8.2 12.6 <49 1-2 /5/15 7.5 38.0 8.4 12.4 <410 8-9/5/15 6.9 35.9 4.8 8.8 < 411 15-16 /5/15 7.8 36.1 3.6 8.0 <412 22-23 /5/15 8.9 39.1 4.2 11.8 <4

98percentile 9.8 42.0 8.3 12.6 <4

Annexure C (Contd..)Ambient Air Quality Monitored at Siddhapur

SampleNo.

Date ofMonitoring

24 Hour Average Concentration in μg/m3 of CO mg/m3PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOX

1 6-7/3/15 9.0 50.3 7.5 12.0 < 42 13-14 /3/15 10.2 50.5 4.9 14.3 <43 20-21/3/15 9.7 55.3 5.4 12.7 <44 27-28 /3/15 11.2 51.8 9.9 11.2 < 45 3-4/4/15 11.5 52.9 4.4 12.7 <46 10-11/4/15 10.8 56.7 4.2 7.7 <47 17-18/4/15 8.7 52.2 4.7 9.2 < 48 24-25/4/15 8.3 59.3 7.2 12.5 <49 1-2 /5/15 9.9 45.7 7.4 12.4 <410 8-9/5/15 9.5 49.2 5.7 9.7 < 411 15-16 /5/15 10.2 48.8 10.9 15.2 <412 22-23 /5/15 10.5 48.9 4.2 12.7 <4

98percentile 11.4 58.7 10.6 15.0 <4


142

ANNEXURE FMETROLOGICAL DATA

Temp0C

WindSpeedKm/hDate Time Weather Dir.

Hum.%

01/03/15 00:00 Clear. Cool. 19 °C 9 km/h SEE 58%

01:00 Clear. Cool. 18 °C 9 km/h E 62%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 17 °C 9 km/h E 62%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 16 °C 9 km/h E 63%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 16 °C 8 km/h E 64%

05:00 Clear. Cool. 15 °C 8 km/h SEE 62%

06:00 Sunny. Cool. 15 °C 7 km/h SEE 59%



09:00 Sunny. Mild. 23 °C 2 km/h SEE 34%

10:00 Sunny. Mild. 26 °C 3 km/h E 25%

11:00 Sunny. Pleasantly warm. 31 °C 5 km/h E 15%








19:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 17 km/h E 16%

20:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 13 km/h E 22%

21:00 Clear. Refreshingly cool. 20 °C 10 km/h SEE 32%


23:00 Clear. Cool. 19 °C 9 km/h W 42%

02/03/15 00:00 Clear. Cool. 18 °C 9 km/h E 49%

01:00 Clear. Cool. 16 °C 9 km/h E 54%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 16 °C 9 km/h E 57%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 15 °C 10 km/h E 59%



143




08:00 Sunny. Cool. 18 °C 4 km/h SE 41%

09:00 Sunny. Refreshingly cool. 22 °C 3 km/h SSE 30%

10:00 Sunny. Mild. 26 °C 3 km/h SE 21%

11:00 Sunny. Pleasantly warm. 31 °C 4 km/h SE 11%



14:00 Sunny. Pleasantly warm. 35 °C 7 km/h SEE 4%





19:00 Clear. Pleasantly warm. 27 °C 13 km/h SEE 15%

20:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 13 km/h SEE 25%

21:00 Clear. Cool. 20 °C 12 km/h W 41%







04:00 Clear. Cool. 15 °C 6 km/h SE 93%


06:00 Sunny. Cool. 14 °C 4 km/h SSE 91%


08:00 Sunny. Cool. 18 °C 2 km/h S 71%

09:00 Sunny. Cool. 22 °C 1 km/h SSW 54%

10:00 Sunny. Mild. 25 °C 1 km/h S 41%

11:00 Sunny. Pleasantly warm. 30 °C 1 km/h S 27%

12:00 Sunny. Pleasantly warm. 34 °C 1 km/h SSE 17%

13:00 Sunny. Extremely hot. 36 °C 3 km/h SE 12%


15:00 Sunny. Extremely hot. 36 °C 6 km/h SEE 9%


144









04/03/15 00:00 Clear. Cool. 20 °C 8 km/h SE 66%



03:00 Clear. Cool. 17 °C 5 km/h SSE 82%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 16 °C 5 km/h S 83%

05:00 Clear. Cool. 16 °C 5 km/h SSW 83%

06:00 Sunny. Cool. 16 °C 5 km/h SW 80%


08:00 Sunny. Cool. 21 °C 5 km/h SWW 55%

09:00 Sunny. Mild. 26 °C 5 km/h WWN 40%

10:00 Sunny. Pleasantly warm. 30 °C 6 km/h W 29%


12:00 Sunny. Extremely hot. 36 °C 8 km/h W 12%
















145







09:00 Sunny. Mild. 26 °C 3 km/h S 48%

10:00 Sunny. Warm. 30 °C 5 km/h SW 36%



13:00 Sunny. Extremely hot. 38 °C 6 km/h WWN 13%

14:00 Sunny. Extremely hot. 39 °C 5 km/h NW 12%

15:00 Sunny. Extremely hot. 39 °C 3 km/h N 11%

16:00 Sunny. Extremely hot. 37 °C 5 km/h NE 13%


















10:00 Sunny. Mild. 26 °C 3 km/h E 25%





146






19:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 17 km/h E 16%

20:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 13 km/h E 22%



23:00 Clear. Cool. 19 °C 9 km/h E 42%

07/03/15 00:00 Clear. Cool. 18 °C 9 km/h E 49%

01:00 Clear. Cool. 16 °C 9 km/h E 54%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 16 °C 9 km/h E 57%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 15 °C 10 km/h E 59%






09:00 Sunny. Refreshingly cool. 22 °C 3 km/h SSE 30%










19:00 Clear. Pleasantly warm. 29 °C 18 km/h E 25%



22:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 14 km/h E 41%

23:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 14 km/h E 46%

08/03/15 00:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 13 km/h E 53%


147

01:00 Clear. Cool. 20 °C 12 km/h E 60%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 18 °C 11 km/h E 67%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 17 °C 10 km/h E 72%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 16 °C 10 km/h E 73%

05:00 Clear. Cool. 16 °C 10 km/h E 72%

06:00 Sunny. Cool. 16 °C 10 km/h E 73%

07:00 Sunny. Cool. 15 °C 9 km/h E 73%

08:00 Sunny. Cool. 16 °C 8 km/h E 66%

09:00 Sunny. Cool. 16 °C 8 km/h E 60%

10:00 Sunny. Cool. 18 °C 8 km/h E 45%

11:00 Sunny. Refreshingly cool. 21 °C 7 km/h E 31%










21:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 15 km/h E 44%

22:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 14 km/h E 51%











09:00 Sunny. Cool. 16 °C 3 km/h S 60%




148

12:00 Sunny. Mild. 25 °C 3 km/h SW 24%

13:00 Sunny. Pleasantly warm. 29 °C 3 km/h SW 18%

14:00 Sunny. Pleasantly warm. 32 °C 2 km/h SWW 13%

15:00 Sunny. Pleasantly warm. 35 °C 1 km/h WWN 11%















06:00 Sunny. Cool. 14 °C 3 km/h S 56%



09:00 Sunny. Mild. 24 °C 5 km/h SWW 25%






15:00 Sunny. Extremely hot. 37 °C 1 km/h N 9%









149


11/03/15 00:00 Clear. Refreshingly cool. 21 °C 8 km/h SEE 23%








08:00 Sunny. Refreshingly cool. 19 °C 4 km/h SWW 20%

09:00 Sunny. Mild. 25 °C 5 km/h W 13%


11:00 Sunny. Pleasantly warm. 34 °C 6 km/h NW 7%


13:00 Sunny. Extremely hot. 36 °C 8 km/h NNW 7%

14:00 Sunny. Extremely hot. 37 °C 8 km/h NE 8%

15:00 Sunny. Extremely hot. 37 °C 9 km/h NEE 9%

16:00 Sunny. Pleasantly warm. 35 °C 11 km/h NEE 11%




20:00 Clear. Mild. 25 °C 14 km/h E 26%

21:00 Clear. Mild. 22 °C 13 km/h E 34%

22:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 12 km/h E 38%

23:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 12 km/h E 40%

12/03/15 00:00 Clear. Cool. 20 °C 11 km/h E 45%

01:00 Clear. Cool. 19 °C 11 km/h E 47%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 19 °C 11 km/h E 47%






08:00 Sunny. Refreshingly cool. 21 °C 4 km/h SE 30%

09:00 Sunny. Mild. 25 °C 2 km/h SSE 23%


150

10:00 Sunny. Pleasantly warm. 29 °C 3 km/h SSW 16%



13:00 Sunny. Extremely hot. 37 °C 4 km/h SW 7%

14:00 Sunny. Extremely hot. 38 °C 3 km/h S 7%





19:00 Clear. Pleasantly warm. 29 °C 10 km/h SE 15%



22:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 9 km/h SE 27%


13/03/15 00:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 7 km/h SSE 31%

01:00 Clear. Refreshingly cool. 22 °C 8 km/h S 31%


03:00 Clear. Refreshingly cool. 21 °C 9 km/h SSW 31%


05:00 Clear. Refreshingly cool. 20 °C 9 km/h SW 25%

06:00 Sunny. Refreshingly cool. 21 °C 8 km/h SW 22%










16:00 Sunny. Extremely hot. 36 °C 12 km/h SWW 10%



19:00 Clear. Pleasantly warm. 30 °C 10 km/h SWW 14%

20:00 Clear. Pleasantly warm. 28 °C 8 km/h SW 15%


151

21:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 6 km/h SW 18%



14/03/15 00:00 Clear. Refreshingly cool. 22 °C 8 km/h SSW 20%

01:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 8 km/h SSW 18%















16:00 Sunny. Extremely hot. 38 °C 7 km/h SSW 6%

17:00 Sunny. Extremely hot. 37 °C 8 km/h S 7%







15/03/15 00:00 Sunny. Pleasantly warm. 28 °C 11 km/h E 45%









152


09:00 Clear. Pleasantly warm. 32 °C 2 km/h SSE 23%

10:00 Clear. Pleasantly warm. 30 °C 3 km/h SSW 16%

11:00 Clear. Pleasantly warm. 28 °C 8 km/h W 12%








19:00 Sunny. Extremely hot. 37 °C 4 km/h SWW 10%








03:00 Clear. Cool. 17 °C 3 km/h S 55%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 16 °C 4 km/h S 57%




08:00 Mostly sunny. Cool. 18 °C 9 km/h SWW 52%



11:00 Mostly sunny. Mild. 23 °C 12 km/h SWW 40%

12:00 Mostly sunny. Mild. 25 °C 12 km/h SWW 36%








153


20:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 13 km/h W 32%

21:00 Clear. Mild. 25 °C 12 km/h W 34%

22:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 11 km/h W 37%

23:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 11 km/h W 39%

02/04/15 00:00 Clear. Mild. 22 °C 10 km/h W 43%

01:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 10 km/h W 46%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 20 °C 9 km/h W 49%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 20 °C 9 km/h W 51%

04:00 Mostly clear. Cool. 19 °C 9 km/h W 52%



07:00 Mostly sunny. Cool. 19 °C 10 km/h W 53%




11:00 Mostly sunny. Mild. 23 °C 13 km/h W 44%

12:00 Sunny. Mild. 25 °C 13 km/h W 39%







19:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 12 km/h W 33%

20:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 9 km/h WWN 38%

21:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 7 km/h WWN 43%

22:00 Clear. Cool. 20 °C 7 km/h W 48%

23:00 Clear. Cool. 19 °C 6 km/h W 50%

03/04/15 00:00 Clear. Cool. 19 °C 6 km/h W 51%

01:00 Clear. Cool. 19 °C 7 km/h W 51%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 19 °C 8 km/h W 51%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 18 °C 9 km/h W 51%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 18 °C 10 km/h W 52%

05:00 Clear. Cool. 18 °C 10 km/h W 52%


154


07:00 Sunny. Cool. 19 °C 11 km/h WWN 46%


09:00 Mostly sunny. Mild. 24 °C 13 km/h WWN 38%

10:00 Mostly sunny. Mild. 26 °C 14 km/h WWN 33%













23:00 Clear. Cool. 18 °C 2 km/h W 57%

04/04/15 00:00 Clear. Cool. 18 °C 1 km/h SW 60%


02:00 Clear. Cool. 16 °C 3 km/h W 64%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 15 °C 4 km/h W 68%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 14 °C 5 km/h W 73%





09:00 Sunny. Mild. 24 °C 10 km/h WWN 38%



12:00 Sunny. Pleasantly warm. 32 °C 9 km/h NNW 26%



15:00 Sunny. Pleasantly warm. 34 °C 4 km/h N 23%

16:00 Sunny. Pleasantly warm. 32 °C 5 km/h NNE 25%


155

17:00 Sunny. Pleasantly warm. 31 °C 6 km/h NE 27%


19:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 9 km/h W 35%

20:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 10 km/h W 41%












08:00 Sunny. Cool. 17 °C 3 km/h S 66%





















156



06:00 Clear. Cool. 15 °C 3 km/h S 79%

07:00 Sunny. Cool. 15 °C 3 km/h S 77%

08:00 Sunny. Cool. 17 °C 3 km/h S 65%








16:00Mostly sunny. Pleasantlywarm.

32 °C 8 km/h W 26%


30 °C 11 km/h SEE 29%


27 °C 14 km/hSEE

34%

19:00 Mostly clear. Mild. 26 °C 13 km/h SEE 37%

20:00 Mostly clear. Mild. 23 °C 13 km/h SEE 44%

21:00 Mostly clear. Cool. 21 °C 12 km/h SEE 51%



07/04/15 00:00 Mostly clear. Cool. 19 °C 8 km/h SEE 64%



03:00 Mostly clear. Cool. 16 °C 6 km/h SE 75%

04:00 Broken clouds. Cool. 16 °C 5 km/h SE 78%



07:00 Mostly sunny. Cool. 15 °C 2 km/h SE 79%

08:00 Mostly sunny. Cool. 17 °C 1 km/h SE 69%

09:00 Mostly sunny. Cool. 20 °C 0 km/h S 57%

10:00 Mostly sunny. Mild. 24 °C 1 km/h E 44%

11:00 Mostly sunny. Mild. 24 °C 1 km/h E 44%


157






















09:00 Sunny. Cool. 16 °C 5 km/h S 35%

10:00 Sunny. Cool. 18 °C 5 km/h S 30%

11:00 Sunny. Refreshingly cool. 21 °C 4 km/h S 25%

12:00 Sunny. Mild. 24 °C 4 km/h S 20%







19:00 Clear. Pleasantly warm. 27 °C 7 km/h SSE 12%

20:00 Clear. Mild. 25 °C 9 km/h SSE 11%

21:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 10 km/h SSE 11%

22:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 10 km/h S 11%


158


09/04/15 00:00 Clear. Refreshingly cool. 21 °C 9 km/h SSW 11%



03:00 Clear. Cool. 16 °C 9 km/h SWW 13%





08:00 Sunny. Cool. 18 °C 11 km/h W 10%

09:00 Sunny. Refreshingly cool. 20 °C 12 km/h W 9%

10:00 Sunny. Mild. 23 °C 12 km/h W 8%

11:00 Sunny. Mild. 26 °C 13 km/h W 7%











22:00 Clear. Cool. 17 °C 8 km/h SW 23%

23:00 Clear. Cool. 17 °C 9 km/h SW 22%


159

Temp0C

WindSpeedKm/hDate Time Weather Dir.

Hum.%

10/04/15. 00:00 Clear. Cool. 18 °C 9 km/h SWW 21%





05:00 Clear. Cool. 14 °C 9 km/h W 22%

06:00 Clear. Cool. 14 °C 9 km/h W 21%

07:00 Sunny. Cool. 16 °C 10 km/h W 19%



10:00 Sunny. Mild. 25 °C 12 km/h W 13%












22:00 Clear. Refreshingly cool. 19 °C 9 km/h SWW 27%


11/04/15 00:00 Clear. Refreshingly cool. 20 °C 10 km/h SWW 25%




04:00 Clear. Cool. 17 °C 11 km/h W 26%

05:00 Clear. Cool. 17 °C 11 km/h W 25%

06:00 Clear. Cool. 18 °C 12 km/h W 24%


160



09:00 Sunny. Mild. 24 °C 13 km/h W 17%









31 °C 7 km/hE

25%


30 °C 8 km/hE

26%

19:00 Mostly clear. Pleasantly warm. 27 °C 9 km/h E 31%

20:00 Mostly clear. Mild. 25 °C 10 km/h E 33%

21:00 Mostly clear. Mild. 23 °C 11 km/h E 37%

22:00 Mostly clear. Cool. 22 °C 10 km/h E 39%

23:00 Mostly clear. Cool. 22 °C 9 km/h E 38%

12/04/15 00:00 Mostly clear. Cool. 21 °C 8 km/h SEE 38%



03:00 Mostly clear. Cool. 20 °C 5 km/h SSE 41%

04:00 Mostly clear. Cool. 19 °C 4 km/h S 42%

05:00 Mostly clear. Cool. 18 °C 4 km/h SW 45%

06:00 Clear. Cool. 17 °C 3 km/h W 47%

07:00 Sunny. Cool. 17 °C 4 km/h W 49%

08:00 Sunny. Cool. 21 °C 5 km/h W 39%

09:00 Sunny. Mild. 25 °C 7 km/h W 29%








161




19:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 16 km/h E 33%

20:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 14 km/h E 40%

21:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 11 km/h E 46%

22:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 10 km/h E 49%

23:00 Clear. Cool. 20 °C 9 km/h E 51%








07:00 Sunny. Cool. 16 °C 3 km/h NW 58%

08:00 Sunny. Cool. 19 °C 4 km/h NW 45%

09:00 Sunny. Mild. 24 °C 5 km/h NW 32%



















162







09:00 Sunny. Cool. 19 °C 6 km/h W 47%

10:00 Sunny. Cool. 21 °C 6 km/h W 42%

11:00 Sunny. Mild. 24 °C 7 km/h W 36%













15/04/15 00:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 12 km/h SEE 49%








08:00 Sunny. Cool. 18 °C 4 km/h S 59%



11:00 Sunny. Mild. 24 °C 2 km/h W 36%




163






19:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 14 km/h E 21%

20:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 12 km/h E 27%

21:00 Clear. Refreshingly cool. 20 °C 10 km/h E 34%

22:00 Clear. Cool. 20 °C 10 km/h E 38%

23:00 Clear. Cool. 19 °C 9 km/h E 40%

01/05/15 00:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 10 km/h E 69%

01:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 9 km/h E 72%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 9 km/h E 74%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 8 km/h E 77%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 8 km/h E 80%

05:00 Clear. Cool. 20 °C 8 km/h E 82%

06:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 9 km/h E 73%

07:00 Sunny. Mild. 24 °C 10 km/h E 65%

08:00 Sunny. Mild. 27 °C 10 km/h E 56%

09:00 Sunny. Warm. 29 °C 11 km/h E 47%


11:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 13 km/h E 29%

12:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 14 km/h E 30%

13:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 15 km/h E 31%

14:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 17 km/h E 32%

15:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 18 km/h E 33%

16:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 19 km/h E 35%

17:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 20 km/h E 36%

18:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 18 km/h E 43%

19:00 Sunny. Warm. 30 °C 17 km/h E 50%

20:00 Clear. Warm. 28 °C 15 km/h E 57%

21:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 14 km/h E 64%

22:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 12 km/h E 71%

23:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 10 km/h E 79%

02/05/15 00:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 10 km/h E 80%


164

01:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 9 km/h E 81%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 9 km/h E 82%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 9 km/h E 83%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 8 km/h E 84%

05:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 8 km/h E 85%

06:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 8 km/h E 76%

07:00 Sunny. Mild. 25 °C 9 km/h E 67%

08:00 Sunny. Mild. 27 °C 10 km/h E 58%

09:00 Sunny. Warm. 29 °C 11 km/h E 49%

10:00 Sunny. Warm. 31 °C 12 km/h E 40%

11:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 13 km/h E 31%

12:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 14 km/h E 32%

13:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 15 km/h E 33%

14:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 16 km/h E 34%

15:00 Sunny. Hot. 34 °C 18 km/h E 35%

16:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 19 km/h E 37%

17:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 21 km/h E 38%

18:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 19 km/h E 45%

19:00 Sunny. Warm. 31 °C 18 km/h E 52%

20:00 Clear. Warm. 28 °C 16 km/h E 58%

21:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 14 km/h E 65%

22:00 Clear. Mild. 25 °C 13 km/h E 72%

23:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 11 km/h E 79%

03/05/15 00:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 11 km/h E 80%

01:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 10 km/h E 81%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 9 km/h E 81%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 9 km/h E 82%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 8 km/h E 83%

05:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 7 km/h E 84%

06:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 8 km/h E 75%

07:00 Sunny. Mild. 26 °C 8 km/h E 66%

08:00 Sunny. Mild. 28 °C 9 km/h E 57%

09:00 Sunny. Warm. 30 °C 10 km/h E 48%

10:00 Sunny. Warm. 32 °C 10 km/h E 39%

11:00 Sunny. Hot. 34 °C 11 km/h E 30%


165

12:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 12 km/h E 31%

13:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 14 km/h E 33%

14:00 Sunny. Hot. 34 °C 16 km/h E 34%

15:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 18 km/h E 36%

16:00 Sunny. Hot. 36 °C 19 km/h E 38%

17:00 Sunny. Hot. 36 °C 21 km/h E 39%

18:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 20 km/h E 45%

19:00 Sunny. Warm. 31 °C 18 km/h E 52%

20:00 Clear. Warm. 29 °C 16 km/h E 58%

21:00 Clear. Mild. 27 °C 15 km/h E 65%

22:00 Clear. Mild. 25 °C 13 km/h E 71%

23:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 12 km/h E 77%

04/05/15 00:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 11 km/h E 78%

01:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 10 km/h E 79%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 10 km/h E 80%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 9 km/h E 81%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 8 km/h E 82%

05:00 Passing clouds. Cool. 22 °C 8 km/h E 83%

06:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 8 km/h E 75%

07:00 Sunny. Mild. 26 °C 9 km/h E 67%

08:00 Sunny. Mild. 28 °C 10 km/h E 58%

09:00 Sunny. Warm. 30 °C 10 km/h E 50%

10:00 Sunny. Warm. 32 °C 11 km/h E 42%

11:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 12 km/h E 34%

12:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 13 km/h E 35%

13:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 15 km/h E 36%

14:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 17 km/h E 37%

15:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C E 74%

16:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 9 km/h E 76%

17:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 8 km/h E 77%

18:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 8 km/h E 79%

19:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 8 km/h E 80%

20:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 7 km/h E 81%

21:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 8 km/h E 73%

22:00 Sunny. Mild. 25 °C 9 km/h E 64%


166

23:00 Sunny. Mild. 27 °C 10 km/h E 56%

05/05/15 00:00 Sunny. Warm. 30 °C 11 km/h E 47%

01:00 Sunny. Warm. 32 °C 12 km/h E 38%

02:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 13 km/h E 30%

03:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 14 km/h E 30%

04:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 16 km/h E 30%

05:00 Sunny. Hot. 34 °C 17 km/h E 30%

06:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 18 km/h E 30%

07:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 19 km/h E 30%

08:00 Sunny. Hot. 36 °C 21 km/h E 30%

09:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 19 km/h E 36%

10:00 Sunny. Warm. 31 °C 17 km/h E 42%

11:00 Clear. Warm. 28 °C 15 km/h E 48%

12:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 14 km/h E 54%

13:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 12 km/h E 60%

14:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 10 km/h E 66%

15:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 17 km/h E 30%

16:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 18 km/h E 31%

17:00 Sunny. Hot. 36 °C 19 km/h E 32%

18:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 18 km/h E 39%

19:00 Sunny. Warm. 31 °C 16 km/h E 46%

20:00 Clear. Warm. 29 °C 15 km/h E 53%

21:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 13 km/h E 59%

22:00 Clear. Mild. 25 °C 11 km/h E 66%

23:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 10 km/h E 73%

06/05/15 00:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C E 74%

01:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 9 km/h E 76%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 8 km/h E 77%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 8 km/h E 79%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 8 km/h E 80%

05:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 7 km/h E 81%

06:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 8 km/h E 73%

07:00 Sunny. Mild. 25 °C 9 km/h E 64%

08:00 Sunny. Mild. 27 °C 10 km/h E 56%

09:00 Sunny. Warm. 30 °C 11 km/h E 47%


167

10:00 Sunny. Warm. 32 °C 12 km/h E 38%

11:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 13 km/h E 30%

12:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 14 km/h E 30%

13:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 16 km/h E 30%

14:00 Sunny. Hot. 34 °C 17 km/h E 30%

15:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 18 km/h E 30%

16:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 19 km/h E 30%

17:00 Sunny. Hot. 36 °C 21 km/h E 30%

18:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 19 km/h E 36%

19:00 Sunny. Warm. 31 °C 17 km/h E 42%

20:00 Clear. Warm. 28 °C 15 km/h E 48%

21:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 14 km/h E 54%

22:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 12 km/h E 60%

23:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 10 km/h E 66%

07/05/15 00:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 10 km/h E 69%

01:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 9 km/h E 72%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 9 km/h E 74%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 8 km/h E 77%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 8 km/h E 80%

05:00 Clear. Cool. 20 °C 8 km/h E 82%

06:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 9 km/h E 73%

07:00 Sunny. Mild. 24 °C 10 km/h E 65%

08:00 Sunny. Mild. 27 °C 10 km/h E 56%

09:00 Sunny. Warm. 29 °C 11 km/h E 47%


11:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 13 km/h E 29%

12:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 14 km/h E 30%

13:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 15 km/h E 31%

14:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 17 km/h E 32%

15:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 18 km/h E 33%

16:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 19 km/h E 35%

17:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 20 km/h E 36%

18:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 18 km/h E 43%

19:00 Sunny. Warm. 30 °C 17 km/h E 50%

20:00 Clear. Warm. 28 °C 15 km/h E 57%


168

21:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 14 km/h E 64%

22:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 12 km/h E 71%

23:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 10 km/h E 79%

08/05/15 00:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 10 km/h E 80%

01:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 9 km/h E 81%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 9 km/h E 82%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 9 km/h E 83%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 8 km/h E 84%

05:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 8 km/h E 85%

06:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 8 km/h E 76%

07:00 Sunny. Mild. 25 °C 9 km/h E 67%

08:00 Sunny. Mild. 27 °C 10 km/h E 58%

09:00 Sunny. Warm. 29 °C 11 km/h E 49%

10:00 Sunny. Warm. 31 °C 12 km/h E 40%

11:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 13 km/h E 31%

12:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 14 km/h E 32%

13:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 15 km/h E 33%

14:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 16 km/h E 34%

15:00 Sunny. Hot. 34 °C 18 km/h E 35%

16:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 19 km/h E 37%

17:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 21 km/h E 38%

18:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 19 km/h E 45%

19:00 Sunny. Warm. 31 °C 18 km/h E 52%

20:00 Clear. Warm. 28 °C 16 km/h E 58%

21:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 14 km/h E 65%

22:00 Clear. Mild. 25 °C 13 km/h E 72%

23:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 11 km/h E 79%

09/05/15 00:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 11 km/h E 80%

01:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 10 km/h E 81%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 9 km/h E 81%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 9 km/h E 82%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 8 km/h E 83%

05:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 7 km/h E 84%

06:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 8 km/h E 75%

07:00 Sunny. Mild. 26 °C 8 km/h E 66%


169

08:00 Sunny. Mild. 28 °C 9 km/h E 57%

09:00 Sunny. Warm. 30 °C 10 km/h E 48%

10:00 Sunny. Warm. 32 °C 10 km/h E 39%

11:00 Sunny. Hot. 34 °C 11 km/h E 30%

12:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 12 km/h E 31%

13:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 14 km/h E 33%

14:00 Sunny. Hot. 34 °C 16 km/h E 34%

15:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 18 km/h E 36%

16:00 Sunny. Hot. 36 °C 19 km/h E 38%

17:00 Sunny. Hot. 36 °C 21 km/h E 39%

18:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 20 km/h E 45%

19:00 Sunny. Warm. 31 °C 18 km/h E 52%

20:00 Clear. Warm. 29 °C 16 km/h E 58%

21:00 Clear. Mild. 27 °C 15 km/h E 65%

22:00 Clear. Mild. 25 °C 13 km/h E 71%

23:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 12 km/h E 77%

10/05/15 00:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 11 km/h E 78%

01:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 10 km/h E 79%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 10 km/h E 80%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 9 km/h E 81%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 8 km/h E 82%

05:00 Passing clouds. Cool. 22 °C 8 km/h E 83%

06:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 8 km/h E 75%

07:00 Sunny. Mild. 26 °C 9 km/h E 67%

08:00 Sunny. Mild. 28 °C 10 km/h E 58%

09:00 Sunny. Warm. 30 °C 10 km/h E 50%

10:00 Sunny. Warm. 32 °C 11 km/h E 42%

11:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 12 km/h E 34%

12:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 13 km/h E 35%

13:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 15 km/h E 36%

14:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 17 km/h E 37%

15:00 Sunny. Hot. 34 °C 18 km/h E 38%

16:00 Mostly sunny. Hot. 35 °C 20 km/h E 39%


18:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 20 km/h E 47%


170

19:00 Sunny. Warm. 31 °C 18 km/h E 53%

20:00 Clear. Warm. 29 °C 16 km/h E 58%

21:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 14 km/h E 64%

22:00 Clear. Mild. 25 °C 13 km/h E 70%

23:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 11 km/h E 76%

11/05/15 00:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 10 km/h E 78%

01:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 10 km/h E 79%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 9 km/h E 80%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 8 km/h E 81%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 8 km/h E 82%

05:00 Clear. cool 21 °C 7 km/h E 83%

06:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 8 km/h E 75%

07:00 Sunny. Mild. 25 °C 8 km/h E 67%

08:00 Sunny. Mild. 27 °C 9 km/h E 59%

09:00 Sunny. Warm. 29 °C 10 km/h E 50%

10:00 Sunny. Warm. 31 °C 10 km/h E 42%

11:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 11 km/h E 34%

12:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 13 km/h E 35%

13:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 14 km/h E 36%

14:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 16 km/h E 37%

15:00 Sunny. Warm. 34 °C 18 km/h E 38%

16:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 19 km/h E 39%

17:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 21 km/h E 39%

18:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 19 km/h E 46%

19:00 Sunny. Warm. 30 °C 18 km/h E 52%

20:00 Clear. Warm. 28 °C 16 km/h E 59%

21:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 15 km/h E 65%

22:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 13 km/h E 72%

23:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 12 km/h E 78%

12/05/15 00:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 11 km/h E 79%

01:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 10 km/h E 80%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 9 km/h E 81%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 9 km/h E 82%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 21 °C 8 km/h E 83%

05:00 Clear. Cool. 20 °C 7 km/h E 84%


171

06:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 8 km/h E 75%

07:00 Sunny. Mild. 24 °C 9 km/h E 67%

08:00 Sunny. Mild. 26 °C 10 km/h E 58%

09:00 Sunny. Warm. 28 °C 11 km/h E 49%


11:00 Sunny. Warm. 32 °C 12 km/h E 31%


13:00 Mostly sunny. Warm. 34 °C 15 km/h E 30%





18:00 Mostly sunny. Warm. 34 °C 18 km/h E 41%

19:00 Sunny. Warm. 31 °C 16 km/h E 47%

20:00 Clear. Warm. 29 °C 15 km/h E 54%

21:00 Clear. Mild. 27 °C 13 km/h E 60%

22:00 Clear. Mild. 25 °C 11 km/h E 66%

23:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 10 km/h E 73%

13/05/15 00:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 10 km/h E 73%

01:00 Clear. Mild. 23 °C 9 km/h E 74%

02:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 9 km/h E 75%

03:00 Clear. Cool. 23 °C 8 km/h E 76%

04:00 Clear. Cool. 22 °C 8 km/h E 76%




08:00 Sunny. Warm. 28 °C 10 km/h SEE 52%



11:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 12 km/h SEE 27%



14:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 15 km/h E 30%

15:00 Sunny. Hot. 36 °C 16 km/h E 31%



172


18:00 Sunny. Hot. 34 °C 17 km/h E 40%

19:00 Sunny. Warm. 32 °C 16 km/h E 46%

20:00 Clear. Warm. 30 °C 14 km/h E 52%

21:00 Clear. Mild. 27 °C 13 km/h E 58%

22:00 Clear. Mild. 26 °C 11 km/h E 64%

23:00 Clear. Mild. 24 °C 10 km/h E 70%












11:00 Sunny. Hot. 36 °C 12 km/h SE 25%






17:00 Mostly sunny. Extremely hot. 37 °C 17 km/h E 31%

18:00 Sunny. Hot. 35 °C 16 km/h E 37%

19:00 Sunny. Warm. 33 °C 15 km/h E 42%

20:00 Clear. Warm. 31 °C 14 km/h E 48%

21:00 Clear. Warm. 28 °C 13 km/h E 53%








173




07:00 Sunny. Mild. 28 °C 11 km/h SE 53%

08:00 Sunny. Warm. 30 °C 12 km/h SE 45%

09:00 Sunny. Warm. 32 °C 12 km/h SE 37%

10:00 Sunny. Hot. 34 °C 13 km/h SE 30%

11:00 Sunny. Hot. 37 °C 14 km/h SE 22%

12:00 Sunny. Hot. 37 °C 14 km/h SE 23%

13:00 Sunny. Hot. 36 °C 14 km/h SE 23%







20:00 Clear. Warm. 32 °C 13 km/h SEE 36%

21:00 Clear. Warm. 29 °C 13 km/h SEE 40%



ANNEXURE GNoise Level Monitoring

Noise Levels Monitored within 10 km area of SiteSr.No.

MonitoringLocation/Village

Day TimeNoise levelin dB(A)

Night TimeNoise Levelin dB(A)

CPCB StandardsDay Time NoiseLevel in dB(A)

Night Time NoiseLevel in dB(A)

1 Project SiteLeq68.6

Leq60.1

Leq75.0

Leq70.0

2 Badagandi 54.4 44.3 55.0 45.03 Bilgi

Highwaycross

65.2 48.5 55.0 45.0

4 Mannikeri 48.8 37.2 55.0 45.05 Girisagar 44.2 34.1 55.0 45.06 Sonna 43.2 33.2 55.0 45.07 Takkakli 51.2 40.2 55.0 45.08 Siddhapur 45.6 41.0 55.0 45.0


174

ANNEXURE HSurface Water Quality

Sr.No.

Parameters unit Water Quality Monitored in Krishna atTakkakli River upstream

Date of collection 4.3.15 11.4.15 23.5.151 pH -- 7.8 7.5 7.72 Color CPU Colorless Colorless Colorless3 Odour Odourless Odourless Odourless4 Taste Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable5 Conductivity µsimen 610 632 6456 Total Hardness as

CaCO3

mg/l 108 115 123

7 Iron as Fe mg/l ND 0.02 0.028 Chlorides as Cl mg/l 23.4 20.5 19.510 Dissolved Solids mg/l 367 385 39311 Calcium as Ca mg/l 20.2 21.3 2312 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 12.5 13.8 14.213 Sodium as Na mg/l 14.8 18.4 19.214 Sulphate as SO4 mg/l 42.8 55.2 58.415 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 6.8 5.4 7.014 Arsenic as As mg/l ND ND ND17 Alkalinity mg/l 145 178 15218 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 6.2 6.9 6.419 BOD mg/l 1.8 2.6 1.520 Total Coli Per 100ml 54.0 40.0 22.0


175

Sr.No.

Parameters unit Water Quality Monitored in Krishnaat Sitamani River downstream

Date of collection 4.3.15 11.4.15 23.5.151 pH -- 7.2 7.9 7.62 Color CPU Colorless Colorless Colorless3 Odour Odourless Odourless Odourless4 Taste Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable5 Conductivity µsimen 710 732 7456 Total Hardness as

CaCO3

mg/l 128 145 133

7 Iron as Fe mg/l ND 0.02 0.028 Chlorides as Cl mg/l 28.2 31.2 21.610 Dissolved Solids mg/l 417 432 46011 Calcium as Ca mg/l 22.6 28.2 25.112 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 10.4 12.8 16.213 Sodium as Na mg/l 14.8 18.4 19.214 Sulphate as SO4 mg/l 42.8 55.2 58.415 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 6.8 5.4 7.016 Arsenic as As mg/l ND ND ND17 Alkalinity mg/l 145 178 15218 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 5.9 5.7 6.419 BOD mg/l 4.8 5.6 8.520 Total Coli Per 100ml 55.0 42.0 23.0


176

ANNEXURE IGROUND WATER QUALITY MONITORED WITHIN BUFFER ZONE

Sr.No.

Parameter Unit

Water Quality Monitored in Village

@StandardsNearProjectSite

Badagandi Bilgi Mannikeri

1 pH -- 7.4 7.6 7.3 7.8 6.5 – 8.5

2 ColorHazenunit

> 5 > 5 > 5 > 5 15

3 Odour -- Odourless Odourless Odourless Odourless --

4 Taste -- Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable --

5 Total Hardness mg/l 472 232 378 211 600

6 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.6 0.15 045 0.39 1

7 Chlorides as Cl mg/l 113.9 71.9 67.6 127.9 600

8ResidualChlorine

mg/l 0.027 0.03 0.021 0.56 0.2

9Total DissolvedSolids

mg/l 960 863 1180 1010 2000

10 Alkalinity mg/l 248 180 318 153 600

11 Ammoniacal–N mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL

12 Calcium as Ca mg/l 96.2 78.2 91.6 68.3 200

13Magnesium asMg

mg/l 55 12.4 15.4 10.2 100

14 Sodium as Na mg/l 61.3 21.7 31.2 29.9 --

15 Sulphate as SO4 mg/l 12.2 18.5 24.4 36.8 400

16 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 0.3 0.8 0.94 1.2 100

17 Fluorides as F mg/l 0.2 0.24 0.31 0.3 1.5

18PhenolicCompounds

mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.002

19 Mercury as Hg mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.001

20 Cadmium as Cd mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01

21 Selenium as Se mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01

22 Arsenic as As mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05

23 Barium as Ba mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL --

24 Potassium as K Mg/l 1.7 1.9 1.5 1.4

25 Cyanide as CN mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05

26 Lead as Pb mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05

27 Zinc as Zn mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 15

28 Aluminium mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.2

29 Boron mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 5


177

Ground Water Quality Monitored Within Buffer Zone

Sr.No.

Parameter UnitWater Quality Monitored in Village

@StandardsGirisagar Takkakli Sonna Siddhapur

1 pH -- 7.73 7.64 7.97 7.83 6.5 – 8.5

2 ColorHazenunit

> 5 > 5 > 5 > 5 15

3 Odour -- Odorless Odourless Odourless Odourless --

4 Taste -- Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable --

5 Total Hardness mg/l 391 417 422 398 600

6 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.12 0.05 0.07 0.1 -

7 Chlorides as Cl mg/l 113.9 120.5 160.6 143.8 100

8ResidualChlorine

mg/l 0.04 0.05 0.031 0.09 0.2

9Total DissolvedSolids

mg/l 558 447 426 511 2000

10 Alkalinity mg/l 160 152 276 244 600

11 Ammonical–N mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL

12 Calcium as Ca mg/l 105 127 113 62.3 200

13Magnesium asMg

mg/l 34.8 25.2 36.1 12.4 100

14 Sodium as Na mg/l 42.3 39.2 22.1 18.4 --

15 Sulphate as SO4 mg/l 12.1 22.5 17.4 34.1 400

16 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 2.1 1.8 1.2 4.2 100

17 Fluorides as F mg/l 0.43 0.25 0.51 0.31 1.5

18PhenolicCompounds

mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.002

19 Mercury as Hg mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.001

20 Cadmium as Cd mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01

21 Selenium as Se mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01

22 Arsenic as As mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL --

23 Barium as Ba mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05

24 Potassium as K mg/l 2.1 1.5 7.9 6.7 --

25 Cyanide as CN mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05

26 Lead as Pb mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05

27 Zinc as Zn mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 15

28 Aluminium mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.2

29 Boron mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 5


178

ANNEXURE- JSOIL QUALITY MONITORED WITHIN BUFFER ZONE

Sr.No.

Parameters of Analysis Unit Soil Sample IdentityN1 N2 N3 N4

1 pH of 10%suspension pH 6.8 7.7 7.9 8.022 Moisture content at 1050 C % 5.3 8.3 07.2 10.13 Water holding capacity % 40.1 43.2 38.3 44.94 Organic carbon % 0.3 0.54 0.43 0.475 Total Nitrogen Kg/ha 8.9 10.8 16.4 18.26 Potassium as K Kg/ha 368 480 248 3597 Phosphorous as P Kg/ha 23.1 33.4 25.9 34.48 Copper as Cu ppm 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.509 Particle size distribution

SandSiltClay

%%%

25.134.740.2

28.340.331.4

28.134.637.3

32.428.639.0

LEGENDN1 Agriculture Land at SiteN2 Agriculture Land Badagandi - villageN3 Agriculture Land Bilgi villageN4 Agriculture Land in Mannikeri village

Sr.No.

Parameters of Analysis Unit Soil Sample IdentityN5 N6 N7 N8

1 pH of 10%suspension pH 7.3 7.4 7.9 6.92 Moisture content at 1050 C % 7.8 6.9 10.2 9.73 Water holding capacity % 39.8 47.6 51.2 42.14 Organic carbon % 0.53 0.48 0.39 0.625 Total Nitrogen Kg/ha 11.0 20.6 17.8 10.96 Potassium as K Kg/ha 290.2 310.0 324.2 407.07 Phosphorous as P Kg/ha 45.1 30.4 22.5 18.48 Copper as Cu ppm 0.7 0.6 0.25 0.3909 Particle size distribution

SandSiltClay

%%%

26.030.143.9

25.144.130.8

34.124.741.2

21.420.659.0

LEGENDN5 Agriculture Land at Girisagar villageN6 Agriculture Land Takkalki villageN7 Agriculture Land-Sonna villageN8 Agriculture Land in Siddhapur village


179

ANNEXURE- KDEMOGRAPHIC AND OCCUPTIONAL STRUCTURE WITHIN BUFFER ZONE


180


181


182


183


184


185


186


187


188


189


190


191


192


193

ANNEXURE -LSITE PHOTOGRAPH


194


195


196

Plantation in front of Sugar Factory


197

ANNEXURE –MFLOW DIAGRAM OF EXISTING ETP OF SUGAR COGEN COMPLEX


198

ANNEXURE –NList of Sugar Factories in Bagalkot

List of Sugar industry in Bagalkot

GEM Sugars LimitedKundargi – 587 204

Billgi Taluk, Bagalkot Dist.

Ph.: 08425 471285/89

Fax: 08425 471289

MB: 98452 36876

Email: [email protected]

The Godavari Sugar Mills Ltd(Unit: Somaiya Sugar Works)

SAMEERWADI – 587 316

Mudhol Taluk, Bagalkot Dist.

Gram: “SUGAR MILLS” SameerwadiPh.: 08350 -360046 /47 / 48/24/30

Fax: 08350 – 360037

Shri Prabhulingeshwar Sugars &Chemicals LtdSIDDAPUR VILLAGE

Jamakhandi Taluk, Bagalkot District

Ph.: 08353 – 338004,338160,338164

Fax: 08353 – 338164,323092

Gram : PRABHUSUGAR

Email: [email protected]

Jamakhandi Sugar Mills LtdHIREPADASALGI Post,

Naganur – 587 301

Jamakhandi Taluk.

Bagalkot Dist.

Ph.: 08353 54081/54163

Fax: 08353 54163

Nirani Sugars LtdSy.No.166, Kulali Cross,

Mudhol – 587 313

Bagalkot Dist.

Ph.: 08350 381422, 381142

Fax: 08350 381092

RYATARA S.S.K. LtdRANNANAGAR, Mudhol Taluk,

Timmapur – 587 122, Bagalkot Dist. Ph: 0835 – 347041,93 / 347104

chapter 1 introduction · 2016-04-29 · cogeneration plant of 8 mw & operating the same with...

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