chapter 1 human anatomy & physiology. t he h uman b ody a n o rientation anatomy – study of...

CHAPTER 1HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

THE HUMAN BODYAN ORIENTATION

Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

ANATOMY LEVELS OF STUDY

Gross Anatomy – when we look at our own body Large structuresEasily observable

Microscopic Anatomy – when we look at cells and tissues of the bodyVery small structuresCan only be viewed with a microscope

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

The parts of your body form a well-organized unit, and each of those parts has a job to do to make the body operate as a whole.

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

Chemical Level Simplest level

Atom – tiny building blocks of matter

Atoms combine to form molecules.


Cellular Level Cell – the smallest units of all living things

Cells are made up of molecules.


Tissue Level Tissues consist of similar types of cells that have

a common function.


Organ Level Organs are made up of different types of tissues.


Organ System Level Organ systems consist of different organs that

work together closely.


Organism Level Highest level of structural organization.

Human organisms are made up of 11 organ systems.

ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Integumentary System Organ – skin Functions:

Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors


Skeletal System Organs – cartilages, joints, and bones Functions:

Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals


Muscular System Organs – skeletal muscles Functions:

Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat


Nervous System Organs – brain, spinal cord, and nerves Functions:

Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands


Endocrine System Organs – pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas,

testis, ovary Functions:

Secretes regulatory hormones Hormones responsible for growth, reproduction, and

metabolism


Cardiovascular System Organs – heart and blood vessels Functions:

Transports materials in the body through the blood Materials transported includes oxygen, carbon dioxide,

nutrients, and wastes


Lymphatic System Organs – lymph nodes Functions:

Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity


Respiratory System Organs – nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea,

lungs Functions:

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide


Digestive System Organs – mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines,

rectum, anus Functions:

Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material


Urinary System Organs – kidney and urinary bladder Functions:

Eliminates wastes Maintains acid-base balance Regulation of water and electrolytes


Reproductive System Organs:

Male – penis, testis, scrotum, seminal vesicles, prostate gland

Female – mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina Functions:

Production of offspring

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS

Maintain BoundariesMovement

Locomotion – walking, swimming, etc.Movement of substances

ResponsivenessAbility to sense changes and react

DigestionBreak-down and delivery of nutrients

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS Metabolism

Chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body structures

Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

Reproduction Production of offspring

Growth Increasing cell size and number

SURVIVAL NEEDS

Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,

vitamins, and minerals Oxygen

Required for chemical reactions

SURVIVAL NEEDS

Water60-80 % of body weightSingle most abundant chemical substance in

the bodyProvides for metabolic reaction

Stable Body TemperatureMust be maintained at around 98F

Atmospheric Pressure Must Be AppropriateThe force exerted on the surface of the body by the

weight of air

HOMEOSTASIS

Homeostasis = Maintenance of a stable internal environment = A dynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life.

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE

A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

As we age, our body organs become less efficient, and our internal conditions become less and less stable.

MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS

The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems

Control Mechanism:The receptor responds to changes in the

environment and sends information to the control center (brain).

The control center determines the set point (98.6) and determines the appropriate response.

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS Negative Feedback

Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Works like a household thermostat Your body’s thermostat is located in a part of the

brain called the HYPOTHALAMUS It shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its

intensity

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

Positive Feedback Increases the original stimulus or disturbance

In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures

ORIENTATION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Anatomical Position – the body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward

Table 1.1 on page 12 – go over these

BODY LANDMARKS

Anterior Landmarks on page 13 go over these, but students have a copy of these terms

Posterior Landmarks on page 13 go over these, but students have a copy of these terms

BODY PLANES – 3 TYPES (PAGE 15)

Sagittal Section A cut made along a lengthwise plane of the body

– divides the body into right and left parts Midsagittal Section

When the cut is made down the middle of the body and the right and left parts are equal in size

BODY PLANES – 3 TYPES (PAGE 15)

Frontal SectionA cut made along a lengthwise plane -

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Also known as Coronal SectionTransverse Section

A cut made along a horizontal plane – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Also known as Cross Section

BODY CAVITIES

Dorsal Body Cavity – 2 subdivisions Cranial Cavity – the space inside the bony skull;

contains the brain Spinal Cavity – extends from the cranial cavity

nearly to the end of the vertebral column

BODY CAVITIES

Ventral Body Cavity – contains all the structures within the chest and abdomenThoracic Cavity – contains the lungs and heart;

separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a dome-shaped muscle = DIAPHRAGM

Abdominopelvic Cavity – 2 smaller subdivisions: Abdominal Cavity – contains the stomach, liver, and

intestines Pelvic Cavity – contains the reproductive organs, bladder,

and rectum

ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS

4 quadrants (page 17, figure 1.8A)

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS

9 regions (page 17, figure 1.8B)

ABDOMINOPELVIC MAJOR ORGANS

page 17, figure 1.8C

chapter 1 human anatomy & physiology. t he h uman b ody a n o rientation anatomy – study of...

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