chapter 1 - جامعة الملك...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1
Introduction:
Matter and Measurement
Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.;
Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy
Ahmad Aqel Ifseisi Assistant Professor of Analytical Chemistry
College of Science, Department of Chemistry
King Saud University
P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
Building: 05, Office: AA53
Tel. 014674198, Fax: 014675992
Web site: http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/aifseisi
E-mail: [email protected]
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Chemistry is the study of the properties and
behavior of matter.
What is Chemistry?
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Why Study Chemistry?
Chemistry is the science that seeks to understand the properties and
behavior of matter by studying the properties of atoms and molecules.
Chemistry provides important understanding of our world and how it
works.
Realms
Macroscopic
Ordinary sized objects Sub-microscopic
Atoms and molecules
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Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting
the other sciences, with the life and applied sciences.
Chemistry = the central science
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Matter
Is the physical material of the universe
We define matter as anything that has mass
and takes up space.
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Classification of matter according to its composition
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Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
Each element is made of the same kind of atom.
A compound is made of two or more different kinds of elements.
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Gas
has no fixed volume or
shape, it conforms to the
volume and shape of its
containers, It can be
compressed or expand
Liquid
has distinct volume but
has no specific shape
Solid
has both definite shape
and volume
Classification of matter according to its physical state
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States of Matter
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1.4
Units of Measurement
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Units of Measurement
7.5 meaningless
7.5 cm specifies length
The units used for scientific measurements are those of the metric units.
The metric system is an internationally agreed decimal system of
measurement that was originally based on the mètre des Archives and
the kilogramme des Archives introduced by France in 1799.
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SI Units
- Système International d’Unités.
- A different base unit is used for each quantity.
- Seven base units from which all other units are derived.
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150 000 000 000 m
1.5 x 1011 m
Prefixes are used to indicate decimal fractions or multiples of various units. Prefixes
convert the base units into units that are appropriate for the item being measured.
~ 1µm 1 µm
0.000001 m
1.0 x 10-6 m
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Exercise: Which of the following quantities is the smallest?
1 mg, 1 µg, or 1 pg
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Length: is the distance between two objects (SI unit m).
Mass: is a measure of the amount of material in an object (SI unit kg).
Length, Mass and Temperature
Sample Exercise 1.2 Using Metric Prefixes
What is the name given to the unit that equals (a) 10-9 gram, (b) 10-6 second, (c) 10-3 meter?
(a) What decimal fraction of a second is a picosecond, ps? (b) Express the measurement 6.0 103m
using a prefix to replace the power of ten. (c) Use exponential notation to express 3.76 mg in grams.
Answer: (a) 10-12 second, (b) 6.0 km, (c) 3.76 10–3 g
Practice Exercise
Solution
(a) nanogram, ng, (b) microsecond, s, (c) millimeter, mm.
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Temperature
Temperature: is a measure of the hotness or coldness of an object (SI unit K).
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• In scientific measurements, the Celsius and Kelvin scales are
most often used.
• The Celsius scale is based on the properties of water. – 0C is the freezing point of water.
– 100C is the boiling point of water.
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• The Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature.
• It is based on the properties of gases.
• There are no negative Kelvin temperatures.
• K = C + 273.15
• At -273.15 C (0 K) called absolute zero
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• The Fahrenheit scale is not used in scientific measurements.
• On the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at 32 oF and boils at 212 oF.
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Sample Exercise 1.3 Converting Units of Temperature
If a weather forecaster predicts that the temperature for the day will reach 31 oC, what is
the predicted temperature (a) in K, (b) in oF?
Ethylene glycol, the major ingredient in antifreeze, freezes at –11.5 ºC. What is the
freezing point in (a) K, (b) oF?
Answer: (a) 261.7 K, (b) 11.3 oF
Practice Exercise
Solution
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Derived SI Units
The SI are used to derive the units of other
quantities.
For example:
Speed is defined as the ratio of distance traveled
to elapsed time. Thus, the SI unit for speed is
meters per second (m/s).
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Volume
The devices used most frequently in chemistry to measure volume are
Syringes, burets, pipets, graduated cylinders and volumetric flasks. Different
measuring devices have different uses and different degrees of accuracy
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The SI unit of volume is m3
The volume occupied by a
cube that is 1 m on each
edge is a cubic meter, 1 m3
1 m3 = 1000 dm3
1 L = 1 dm3
1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
1 cm3 = 1 mL
The most commonly used metric units for
volume are the liter (L) and the milliliter
(mL) (not SI unites).
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Sample Exercise 1.11 Converting Volume Units
Earth’s oceans contain approximately 1.36 109 km3 of water. Calculate the volume
in liters.
Solution
1 L = 10–3 m3, 1 km = 103 m:
Thus, converting from km3 to m3 to L, we have
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Density
Density is the amount of mass in a unit volume of the substance.
The densities of solids and liquids are commonly expressed in units of
(g/mL) (not SI unit).
SI unit of density is kg/m3
Because most substances change volume when they are heated or
cooled, densities are temperature dependent.
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- The density of water is 1.00 g/mL (mass equal volume).
- Densities are temperature dependent (because most substances change volume
when they are heated or cooled. So, the temperature should be specified).
- The density and weight are sometimes confused.
For example; iron has density more than air, but 1kg of air has the same mass as 1kg
of iron, but iron occupies a smaller volume, which giving it a higher density.
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(a) Calculate the density of mercury if 1.00 102 g occupies a volume of 7.36 cm3. (b) Calculate
the volume of 65.0 g of the liquid methanol (wood alcohol) if its density is 0.791 g/mL. (c) What is
the mass in grams of a cube of gold (density = 19.32 g/cm3) if the length of the cube is 2.00 cm?
Sample Exercise 1.4 Determining Density and Using Density to Determine
Volume or Mass
Solution
(a)
(b)
(c)
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Other Derived SI Units
Distance = L = m
Area = L x L = m2
Volume = L x L x L = m3
Force = m a = kg (m/s2) = kg m s-2
Energy = ½ m v2 = kg (m/s)2 = kg m2 s-2 = J
Pressure = F / A = kg m s-2 / m2 = kg m-1 s-2 = Pa
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Q & A
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At what temperature oF and oC are
the same?
Answer: -40
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If you have equal masses of the following
metals, which will occupy the largest volume?
• Au, density = 19.3 g/cm3
• Pb, density = 11.3 g/cm3
• Ag, density = 10.5 g/cm3
• Cu, density = 8.92 g/cm3
• Al, density = 2.70 g/cm3
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Estimate room temperature (~72°F) in °C.
• ~ 15°C
• ~ 22°C
• ~ 27°C
• ~ 32°C
• ~ 37°C
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Which represents the largest volume?
• 0.25 L
• 2.5 x 102 mL
• 2.5 x 106 µL
• 2.5 x 108 nL
• 2.5 x 1010 pL
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(a) Calculate the density of a 374.5-g sample of copper if it
has a volume of 41.8 cm3. (b) A student needs 15.0 g of
ethanol for an experiment. If the density of ethanol is 0.789
g/mL, how many milliliters of ethanol are needed? (c) What
is the mass, in grams, of 25.0 mL of mercury (density =
13.6 g/mL)?
Answers: (a) 8.96 g/cm3, (b) 19.0 mL, (c) 340 g
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