chapter 1 electrical system design and tariffs

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Electrical System Design and Tariffs

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UTILISATION OF

ELECTRICAL ENERGY

CHAPTER 1ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND TARIFFS

BEE 4213


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Outline

Introduction

Electricity Generation Scenario in Malaysia

Electrical Systems Design

Tariffs Rate


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Introduction

We need energy in many areas of human

endeavor such as: moving people and goods around - transport

producing and processing of food - agriculture manufacturing of useful materials and artifacts -

industry

Powering communication gadgets and equipment, and

going about other commercial activities - commerce

maintaining physical comfort and convenience in our

homes - households


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Introduction - Transport

Transportation is the movement ofpeopleand goods from one place to another.

Transportation depends on continuous supply

ofenergy.Automobiles are powered by gasoline

(petrol), aeroplanes by jet fuel (kerosene),and trucks, trains, and ships by diesel oil.

Conveyers, cranes, robots and pipelines usemotors and pumps, which are powered byelectricity.


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Introduction - Agriculture

Agro-industries and processing of agricultural

products require energy.

Mechanical implements powered by fuel or electricity

are immensely more efficient and productive than

humans and animals.

In developed countries, a major portion of electricity

used in agriculture powers irrigation pumps.

The energy requirements in agriculture are mainly

met using solar energy, fossil fuels (oil, coal and

natural gas), fuel wood and electricity.


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Introduction - Industry

Most of the energy used in industry is used bythe machines and processes, which make theproducts of industry.

Industrial energy-consuming systems includeboilerand otherfired systems (furnace, kilns,incinerators, dryers), compressed airsystem,electric motors (for fans, blowers, pumps,conveyers, etc.) and lighting system.

Energy is also used to heat or cool thebuildings and to provide hot water and otherfacilities for workers.


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Introduction - Commerce

Highly sophisticated communication systemsboth for the supply of goods and services,and the maintenance oforganisationalcohesion requires a ready supply of suitableenergy.

Information processing, storage and retrievalalso use a lot of energy in commerce.

Electrical energy is the most common form ofenergy used and supplemented by chemicalenergy from batteries.


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Introduction - Household

Energy is required in households for space

heating or cooling, water heating, cooking,

lighting, ironing, and power appliances like

fridge, washing machines, sound systems,TV, hair dryers, shavers, clocks, blenders,

toasters, vacuum cleaners, sewing machines,

etc.

The energy may come from direct heatingfrom the sun, electricity, burning offossil fuels

or fuel wood.


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In-class Quiz

State three disadvantages of electrically operated vehicles.

List five ways in which energy is used in agriculture.

State three devices that are powered by electric motors inindustry.

State whether the following statements are true or false.

a. The most common form of energy used in commerce ischemical energy stored in batteries. True or False?

b. Energy for heating could be direct heat from the sun. True orFalse?

c. Energy for cooking is always from fuelwood. True or False?


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AnswersQ1

Danger posed by the magnetic field produced

by the electric current in overhead wires. This

can be harmful to both humans and animals.

Restriction to definite routes. Visual pollution caused by the wires and the

gantries.

Limited range of electric road vehicles. Thedistance that they cover is limited by the

stored energy.


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Electricity Scenario in Malaysia

LEGEND

Hydro

Thermal

Note:

GT - Open Cycle Gas Turbine

CC - Combined Cycle

CSP - Conventional Thermal

C/G/O - Triple Fuel Coal, Oil & GasDist - Distillate

SOUTHCHINASEA

NTeluk Ewa (68 MW)GT 2 x 34 MW Dist

PRAI (360 MW)CSP 3x120 MW Fuel Oil

GELUGOR

CC 1 x 330 MW Gas

SERDANG (625 MW)GT 3x135 MW GasGT 2x110 MW Gas

CONNAUGHTBRIDGE (832 MW)

GT 4x 130 MW GasCC 1x 312 MW Gas

PORT DICKSON (360 MW)CSP 3x120 MW Gas/Oil

PASIR GUDANG (729MW)CSP 2x120 MW Oil/Gas

CC 1x269 MW Gas

GT 2x110 MW Gas

PAKA (1,139 MW)CC 3x290 MW GasCC 1x269 MW Gas

KEV (2,420 MW)CSP 2x500 MW Coal/G/OCSP 2x300 MW Coal/G/O

CSP 2x300 MW Gas/OilGT 2x110 MW Gas

MANJUNG (2100 MW)

3 x 700 MW Coal

THERMAL

POWER PLANTS


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Electricity Scenario in Malaysia

HYDRO

POWER PLANTS

Note:

GT - Open Cycle Gas Turbine

CC - Combined Cycle

CSP - Conventional Thermal

C/G/O - Triple Fuel Coal, Oil & GasDist - Distillate

SOUTHCHINASEA

N

LEGEND

Hydro

Thermal

Bersia3 x 24MWKenering3 x 40MW

Chenderoh3 x 10.7 MW1 x 8.4 MW

Cameron Highland261.9 MW

Sg.Piah2 x 7.3 MW2 x 27 MW

Pergau4 x 150MW

Kenyir4 x 100MW

Temengor4 x 87 MW


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Electricity Consumptions - 1


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Electrical Energy Utilisation


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GRID SYSTEM IN P. MALAYSIA


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GRID SYSTEM IN SARAWAK


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GRID SYSTEM IN SABAH


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Electrical Supply Systems

High Voltage (HV)

Overhead transmission lines (500 kV, 275 kV,132 kV).

Underground cables (66 kV, 33 kV, 22 kV, 11kV, 6.6 kV).

For large scale industry customers.

Low Voltage (LV)

Voltage level below 1 kV. For residential, commercial, and small industry

applications.


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High Voltage Electrical Supply

A. Main Transmission Line Network System

Connecting the electrical supply source fromelectrical generation stations to the maindistribution network system at certain largeareas like states, districts and big towns.

The main transmission line networks areliked to each other to form the National GridSystem.

The method used in the transmission linenetwork is the 3, 3 lines (R-Y-B) systemthrough main overhead line tower.


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B. Main Distribution Network System

It receives electrical supply from main

transmission line network system.

It is located at few selected locations in astate.

The electrical power is delivered to the users

through several distribution levels as follows:


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First Level (1) Main Entrance Sub-station

(MES) or Pencawang Masuk Utama (PMU).

It is a building with high voltage switches and

received electrical supply from main transmission

line network system.

Second Level (2) Main Divider Sub-station

(MDS) or Pencawang Pembahagi Utama

(PPU).

It also furnished with high voltage switches.

It operates to receive the electrical supply from

MES.


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Third Level (3) Main Switch Station (MSS) or

Stesyen Suis Utama (SSU).

It operates with high voltage switches in order to

receive electrical supply from MDS.

Fourth Level (4) Electrical Sub-station (ES)

or Pencawang Elektrik (PE).

It receives electrical supply from MSS.

2 types : Single Chamber and Double Chambers.


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Under ground cables are used in the delivery

system from level 1 4.

Types : 3C x 300 mm sq/ 3C240 mm sq/ 3C185

mm sq, XLPE (cross-linked Polyethylene),

Aluminum.

Block diagram:

MTL MES MSSMDS

ES

ES

33 kV 33kV / 22kV 22kV/11kV

415V

(LV)

415V

(LV)


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C. Secondary Distribution Network System

Begins whenever the High Voltage electrical

supply (11KV) received at ES is converted to

Low Voltage electrical supply (415V). Method used is the 4 lines (R-Y-B-N) through

step-down transformer.

The number of ES is depends on the total

load demands (VA) requested by the user. Type of ES : Single Chamber (200 A) and

Double Chambers (600 A).


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Number of chamber indicating the number of

transformers needed.

Type of transformer :

Oil Immersed Type, cheap but low efficiency (forsmall users).

Cast Resin - Dry, more expensive but higher

efficiency (larger customers).

Nominal Volt-Ampere (VA) capacity of thetransformer : 250 kVA, 500 kVA, 1000 kVA.


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What are inside the ES?

(i) Switch gear

(ii) Transformer

(iii) Low Voltage Distribution Board The 415V supply will then connected to the

kWh metering system (user side) through LV

underground cables.


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Layout of an ES (Single Chamber):

LV Board

Switchgear

Room

Transformer

Room

Outgoing Points


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D. Types of Electrical Supply Users:

HV Higher institutions, shopping

complexes, large factories (owned the MDS,

MSS, ES). LV Domestic users, shop lots, public

buildings.


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Low Voltage Electrical Supply

Types:

3, 4 wires + E 415V

1, 2 wires + E 240V

Types of LV electrical installation:

Small Industry Buildings.

Small Commercial Building (shop, office, restaurant).

Small Residential Building (Condo, Terrace,

Apartment).

Small Public Building (wet market, bus station,.)

Public Utilities (Street lights, traffic lights,..)


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Main components in a LV electrical supply

distribution system (building):

kWh meter TNB

Main Switch Board (MSB) Sub Switch Board (SSB)

Distribution Board (DB)


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Example of residential connection:

ES M Users

TNB User


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Example of industry connection:

ESMSS

FACTORY

MSB

HT Switch Room

HT Meter Room

HT Switch Room

Users Transformer

Room

Main

Switch Board

SSB


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Example: Double-storey HouseLighting Power

DB2

Lighting Power

DB1

M

1st Floor

Ground Floor

Incoming TNB

kWH meter

TNB


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Example: Terrace house installation

Terrace House

TH 1 TH 2 TH 3 TH 4

Service

Cable

kWH

Meter

Road

MM M M

Tap- off Unit


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Type of Electrical Load Source

Lighting

Ceiling Fan

Switched Socket 13A

Switched Socket 15A

S/S/O (Switched Socket Outlet) 15A

S/S/O (Switched Socket Outlet) 13A


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Type of Electrical Load Source (Cont)

Water Heater

Air-Con

Electric Motor Exhaust Fan

Cooker Point

The portable appliances like TV, radio,washing machine, computer etc are the sub-

loads to the switched socket.


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Type of PVC covered copper cable:

Cable 1.5sqmm red and yellow-blue colours, for load

source like lighting and ceiling fan wiring use.


source like switch socket 13A and 15A, heater, air-conetc.


source like electrical motors etc.

Cable 6.0sqmm for earthing purpose. Cable 25.0sqmm for wiring between kWh meter and

DB.


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Design of the LV Electrical

Installation

Types of DB

PVC c/w plastic cover

Metal clad c/w cover

Rating of the 1 DB 30A SPN and 60ASPN.

Rating of the 3 DB 30A TPN and 60A

TPN, 100A TPN, 150A TPN.


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Installation

Type of Main Switch Board (MSB) and Sub-

Switch Board (SSB):

Floor Standing Cubicle Metal Clad Type

Wall Mounted Cubicle Metal Clad Type Capacity:

100A TPN, 150A TPN, 200A TPN, 250A TPN,

300A TPN, 350A TPN, 400A TPN, 500A TPN.


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Installation

Types of circuit Protection Components:

Switch Fuse 30A, 60A SPN.

Moulded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)

Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) or Residue

Current Circuit Breaker (RCCR) 32A/ 40A with300mA (sens.).

Over current Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) 6A,10A, and 20A.

1 outgoing MCB 10 lighting point/ fan point

1 outgoing MCB 3 power point (S/S/O 13/15A) 1 outgoing MCB 1 air-con point

1 outgoing MCB 1 water heater point


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Installation

Calculations of connection load and maximum

demand load:

Loads estimated Watts:

No. Electrical Load Estimated Watt

1. Lighting Point 60100W

2. Fan Point 60W

3. S/S/O Point 13A 250W

4. S/S/O Point 15A/20A 500W

5. Air-Conditioner Point 1.0 hp = 746W

6. Water Heater Point 1000W

7. Cooker Point 1500W


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Installation

Example:

Type of Electrical LoadEstimate Power

(Watt)No. (NOS)

Total Power(Watt)

Lighting Point 100W 10 1000W

S/S/O13A 250W 6 1500W

Air-Con 746W 2 1492W

Water Heater Point 1000W 1 1000W

Total Connected Load, CL 4992W


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Installation

Calculation for Maximum Total Load Current:

cos

,1For

)(1 VIP

MDMD

AV

WI

MD68.14

85.0240

2.2995)(1

cos3

,3For

)(

LLMDVIP

MD


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Basic Electrical Symbols-Layout

Descriptions Symbol Mounting Height

Lighting point Follow ceiling level

Ceiling fan point Follow ceiling level

S/S/O 13 A 300 mm or 1450 mm

S/S/O 15 A 300 mm or 1450 mm

Air-Con point or 2050 mm (min.) adj.

Switch (1-way) 1500 mm

Switch (2-way) 1500 mm

Switch (Intermediate) 1500 mmHeater point or 2050 mm

Exhaust fan point 2600 mm

Distribution board 2100 mm

TNB kWh meter 2650 mm

AC

AC

2g 3g 4g 5g

WH

M


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Basic Electrical Symbols-Schematic

M

E

TNB Meter Panel ELCB/ RCCB Earth Chamber

Fuse-Switch MCB

Cut-out

Fuse

Neutral

Link


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Tariffs

The rate of charging for electrical energy

supplied by the utility company to its

consumer.

Tariff charge is depends on various factors: Type of consumer(industrial, commercial, or

domestic)

Type of service (lighting, heating, etc)

Total fixed running annual charges of the utility

company

Facility for calculating the bill


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Tariffs

Definition of tariff:

[kWh]consumerthetosuppliedenergyTotal

[RM]running)(fixedchargesactualTotalTariff

chapter 1 electrical system design and tariffs

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