1.1

Chapter 1

Introduction

Source: Foundations of Computer Science Cengage Learning

1.2

Define the Turing model of a computer.

Define the von Neumann model of a computer.

Describe the three components of a computer: hardware,

data, and software.

List topics related to computer hardware.

List topics related to data.

List topics related to software.

Give a short history of computers.

Discuss some social and ethical issues related to the use of

computers.

Objectives After studying this chapter, students should be able to:

1.3

The First Mechanical Computer

The baggage difference engine created in 1832 and it used

25000parts.

1.4

The First Electronic Computer

The first general-purpose electronic computer called ENIAC

(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was made

by John Mauchly and J. Presoer Eckert in 1946. It used

18000 vacuum tubes and was 100x10feet2 and 30 tons.

1.5

Computer Generations (1950–present)

Computers built after 1950 more or less follow the von

Neumann model. They have become faster, smaller, and

cheaper, but the principle is almost the same. Historians

divide this period into generations, with each generation

witnessing some major change in hardware or software (but

not in the model).

The first generation (roughly 1950–1959) is characterized

by the emergence of commercial computers.

First Generation

1.6

Second-generation computers (roughly 1959–1965) used

transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Two high-level

programming languages, FORTRAN and COBOL invented

and made programming easier.

Second Generation

First transistor

Bell Labs, 1948

1.7

The invention of the integrated circuit (IC) reduced the

cost and size of computers even further. Minicomputers

appeared on the market. Canned programs, popularly known

as software packages, became available. This generation

lasted roughly from 1965 to 1975.

Third Generation

The first bipolar logic in1960’s

ECL 3-input Gate, Motorola 1966

1.8

The fourth generation (approximately 1975–1985) saw the

appearance of microcomputers. The first desktop

calculator, the Altair 8800, became available in 1975. This

generation also saw the emergence of computer networks.

Fourth Generation

This open-ended generation started in 1985. It has witnessed

the appearance of laptop and palmtop computers,

improvements in secondary storage media (CD-ROM,

DVD and so on), the use of multimedia, and the

phenomenon of virtual reality.

Fifth Generation

1.9

1000 transistors, 1 MHz operation, 1971

The First Microprocessor, Intel 4004

1.10

Intel Pentium IV Microprocessor, 2001

Intel core i11, 2013

Pictures source: google’s web

512GB SanDisk Extreme PRO

SDXC UHS-I (Source：SanDisk)

NT$28,000 / 2014

1.11

In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of

transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24

months. He made a prediction that semiconductor

technology will double its effectiveness every 18

months.

Moore’s Law ( Electronics, April 19, 1965)

16

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2

1

0

1959

1960

1961

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1965

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1975

LO

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NU

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OF

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MP

ON

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1.12

182535

5070100130

180250350

500800

1 TB

(2023)

1

10

100

1000

10000

1989 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023 2026

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08

1.E+09

1.E+10

1.E+11

1.E+12

1.E+13

1.E+14

1.E+15

DRAM1.4 Times/Year

64GB

(2015)

Neuron Number

in Brain

Increasing Technology difficulty

Tra

nsis

tor N

um

ber p

er c

hip

year

1015

1014

1013

1012

1011

1010

109

108

107

106

105

Gate

Le

ng

th (

nm

) 1TB

(2023)

Courtesy, Intel

Technology Evolution

1.13

Human hair’s diameter：70~100m

Human felling cell：50~100 m

Human ovum cell：100 m

Plant cell：100 m

Human red hemocyte：5 m

Germ：1~8 m

Virus：hundreds nm

Protein：number tens nm

DNA：2nm

Atom：0.1nm

Nano-Meter Scaling

T = 1012

G = 109

M = 106

k = 103

m = 10-3

= 10-6

n = 10-9

p = 10-12

f = 10-15

1.14

From http://www.amd.com

Single die

2”, 3”, and 5”

1987, 6” (150mm)

1991, 8” (200mm)

1999, 12” (300mm)

2007, 18” (450mm)

More dies per wafer,

low cost

Wafer Size

1.15

40044004

80808080

80868086

80286802868038680386

8048680486

PentiumPentiumPentium ProPentium Pro

Pentium IIPentium II

Pentium IIIPentium III

Pentium

III Xeon

Pentium

III Xeon

1-billion

transistors

1-billion

transistors

100-billion

transistors

100-billion

transistors

No. of Transistors in a Chip

1b

100m

10m

1m

100k

10k

'70 '75 '80 '85 '90 '95 '00 '05 '15'10 ‘25‘20 ‘30

100b

10b Moore’s law predictionMoore’s law prediction

1k

Courtesy, Intel

CPU Evolution

Die size grows by 14% to satisfy Moore’s Law

1.16

5KW

18KW

1.5KW

500W

4004 8008

8080 8085

8086 286

386

486

Pentium® proc

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2000 2004 2008

Year

Po

wer

(Watt

s)

Courtesy, Intel

Power will be a major problem

1.17

Five Parts in This Course

Part I: Data Representation and Operation

This part includes Chapters 2, 3, and 4. Chapter 2 discusses

number systems; how a quantity can be represented using

symbols. Chapter 3 discusses how different data is stored

inside the computer. Chapter 4 discusses some primitive

operations on bits.

1.18

Part II: Computer Hardware

This part includes Chapters 5 and 6. Chapter 5 gives a

general idea of computer hardware, discussing different

computer organizations. Chapter 6 shows how individual

computers are connected to make computer networks and

internetworks (internets).

Part III: Computer Software

This part includes Chapters 7, 8, 9 and 10. Chapter 7

discusses operating systems. Chapter 8 shows how problem

solving is reduced to writing an algorithm for the problem.

Chapter 9 takes a journey through the list of contemporary

programming languages. Chapter 10 is a review of software

engineering.

1.19

Part IV: Data Organization and Abstraction

Part IV includes Chapters 11, 12, 13 and 14. Chapter 11

discuss data structure, collecting data of the same or

different type under one category. Chapter 12 discusses

abstract data types. Chapter 13 shows how different file

structure can be used for different purposes. Chapter 14

discusses databases.

Part V: Advanced Topics

This part covers Chapters 15, 16, 17 and 18. Chapter 15

discusses data compression. Chapter 16 explores some

issues to do with security. Chapter 17 discusses the theory of

computation. Chapter 18 is an introduction to artificial

intelligence, a topic with day-to-day challenges in computer

science.

1.20

Review Questions

Please show the diagram of Turing model in a computer.

Please show the diagram of Von Neumann model in a

computer.

What are the differences between Turing model and Von

Neumann model?

What are the differences among desktop, laptop, and

palmtop computers?

What the sequential operations are for executing an

instruction?

What is Moore’s law?

What is the mean of 22nm-processing technology.

Please briefly describe the history of computers.

What is digital divider?