chapter 1 chemistry. what is chemistry? natural sciences biological sciences concerned with living...
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 1
Chemistry
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What is Chemistry?
Natural Sciences
Biological Sciences
• Concerned with living things
•Biology
Physical Sciences
• Non-living things
• CHEMISTRY!!
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What is Chemistry?
Chemistry Study of the composition, structure, and
properties of matter and the changes it undergoes Chemical
Any substance that has a specific composition Examples – sucrose, carbon dioxide, water
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Types of Research
Basic Research Increasing knowledge How? Why?
Applied Solve a problem
Technological Development Production and use of products that improve our
quality of life
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Branches of Chemistry
Organic Study of substances containing carbon
Inorganic Study of substances that do not contain carbon
Physical Study of interrelationships between energy and matter
Biochemistry Study of processes that occur in living things
Analytical Identification of substances and determination of the
composition
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Basic Building Blocks of Matter
Atom Smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of
that element Smallest “piece” of matter
Element A pure substance made up of only one kind of atom
Weight Measure of the Earth’s gravitational pull for matter Use a scale
Mass Measure of the amount of matter in a substance Use a balance
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Basic Building Blocks of Matter
Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space
Inertia Resistance to change in motion
Law of Conservation of Matter Matter can neither be created nor destroyed in
ordinary chemical reactions
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Properties
Extensive property Depends on the amount of matter Volume, mass
Intensive property Does NOT depend on amount of matter Melting point, boiling point
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Properties
Physical property Can be observed or measured without
altering identity of substance Color, weight
Physical change Any change that does NOT change identity
of substance Melting, cutting wire
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Properties
Change of state Physical change from one state to another
States of matter Solid
Definite volume, definite shape Liquid
Definite volume, indefinite shape Gas
Indefinite volume and shape Plasma
High temperature state in which atoms lose electrons
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Properties
Chemical property Ability of a substance to undergo a change that alters its
identity
Chemical change A change in which new, different substance are formed (a
change to its identity) Reactant
Substances that undergo a change Product
Substances that are formed Reactants Products
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Evidence of a chemical change Test products
Only way to have proof! Gives of heat and/or light
Chemiluminescence – gives off light Start video at 1:15
Exothermic Rxn – gives off heat
Endothermic Rxn – takes in heat
Production of a gas (bubbles) Formation of a precipitate
Precipitate – a solid that separates from solution
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Quiz
http://www.quia.com/quiz/303980.html Demos
Hot/Cold Packs Water-Wine-Milk-Soda Vinegar/Baking Soda Chemilluminescence
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Energy
Ability to cause change or ability to do work Examples – chemical, electrical, mechanical,
sound, thermal, light, and more… Classification
Kinetic Energy of motion
Potential Stored energy
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Energy
Law of Conservation of Energy Energy can be converted from one form to
another; cannot be created or destroyed Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy
Matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed
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Classification of Matter Two types of matter
Mixture – blend of 2 or more kinds of matter Heterogeneous – not uniform throughout
Salt and pepper, pizza, granite Homogeneous – uniform in composition; solution
Salt water
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Separating Mixtures1. Filtration: Filter 2. Distillation: Boiling, recapture
3. Chromatography: Runs
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Classification of Matter
Pure substance – same composition; cannot be separated without changing substance Element – cannot be decomposed by ordinary
change Au, Fe, Na
Compound – can be decomposed into 2 or more simpler substances H2O, sugar
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Classification of Matter
=SAME THROUGHOUT
(Text – Pg 15)
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Matter
Law of Definite Composition A chemical compound contains the same
elements in exactly the same proportion by mass regardless of size
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Elements
They are the building blocks of matter They are organized on the Periodic Table Group/Family
Vertical columns (1-18) Elements very similar to each other in a family
Period Horizontal rows (1-7)
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Elements
Types of elements Metals
Left side of Periodic Table Good conductor or heat/electricity, luster, ductile, malleable
Nonmetals Right side of table Poor conductor Noble Gases – group 18, non-reactive, very stable
Metalloids Along step ladder Semiconductors – Si, Ge
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Elements
KNOW THE COMMON ELEMENT NAMES AND SYMBOLS!!! THESE WILL NOT GO AWAY. YOU ARE GOING TO NEED THEM ALL YEAR LONG!!!
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PERIOD
GROUP/FAMILY
METALS
NONMETALS
METALLOIDS