Chapter 1Chapter 1

Chemistry and MatterChemistry and Matter

Different branches of Different branches of ChemistryChemistry(no notes needed) (no notes needed)

Inorganic-substances that aren’t organic (lot of Inorganic-substances that aren’t organic (lot of what we do in here)what we do in here)Organic-organic (carbon containing) compoundsOrganic-organic (carbon containing) compoundsPhysical-properties and changes of matter and Physical-properties and changes of matter and relation to energyrelation to energyAnalytical-identification of components and Analytical-identification of components and composition of materialscomposition of materialsBiochemistry-substances and processes occurring Biochemistry-substances and processes occurring in living thingsin living thingsTheoretical-use of math and computers to Theoretical-use of math and computers to understand principles behind chemical behavior understand principles behind chemical behavior and to design and predict properties of new and to design and predict properties of new compoundscompounds

In your notebookIn your notebook Using the ideas from your worksheet Using the ideas from your worksheet

(and book if needed) make a concept (and book if needed) make a concept map for the followingmap for the following

• MatterMatter• AtomAtom• MoleculeMolecule• ElementElement• CompoundCompound• Pure SubstancePure Substance• Mixture Mixture

Chemistry is…Chemistry is…

…the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes

C2H5OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O + Energy

Reactants Products

MatterMatter

Chemistry is…Chemistry is……the study of the composition, structure, and properties of

matter and the changes it undergoes

MatterMatter isis anything that has mass and occupies space

MassMass is ais a measure of the amount of matter

Types of MatterTypes of Matter

Pure SubstancePure Substance-- a single element a single element or compoundor compound

MixtureMixture-- contain more than one kind contain more than one kind of matterof matter

Classification of MatterClassification of Matter

Pure SubstancePure Substance Fixed CompositionFixed Composition A single compound or elementA single compound or element

MixturesMixtures A blend of two or more kinds of matter, A blend of two or more kinds of matter,

each with its own propertieseach with its own properties Components of mixtures can be Components of mixtures can be

separated using physical propertiesseparated using physical properties Can be heterogeneous or homogeneousCan be heterogeneous or homogeneous

Building Blocks of MatterBuilding Blocks of Matter

Atom Atom The smallest unit of

an element that maintains the properties of that element

ElementElement A pure substance

made of only one kind of atom

Building Blocks of MatterBuilding Blocks of Matter CompoundCompound

A substance that is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded

Sucrose – C12H22O11

Sucrose is also known as table sugar, and is used to make Gummy Bears!

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

A characteristic that can be A characteristic that can be observed or measured without observed or measured without

changing the identity of the changing the identity of the substancesubstance

States of MatterStates of Matter

States of MatterStates of Matter

SolidsSolids very low kinetic energy - very low kinetic energy -

particles vibrate but can’t particles vibrate but can’t move aroundmove around

Retains size and shapeRetains size and shape Definite shape and volumeDefinite shape and volume

States of MatterStates of Matter

LiquidsLiquids low kinetic energy - low kinetic energy -

particles can move particles can move around but are still close around but are still close togethertogether

Takes the shape of its Takes the shape of its containercontainer

definite volumedefinite volume

States of MatterStates of Matter

GasesGases high KE - particles can high KE - particles can

separate and move separate and move throughout containerthroughout container

Easily compressedEasily compressed No definite shapeNo definite shape No definite volumeNo definite volume

States of Matter…States of Matter… What about What about

““dry” ice…dry” ice… Gases are Gases are

affected by affected by temperature temperature and and pressure….pressure….

Class demo…Class demo…

States of MatterStates of Matter

PlasmaPlasma very high KE - particles collide very high KE - particles collide

with enough energy to break with enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-)into charged particles (+/-)

gas-like, variablegas-like, variableshape & volumeshape & volume

stars, fluorescentstars, fluorescentlight bulbslight bulbs

Some Properties of Solids, Liquids, Some Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gasesand Gases

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Shape Has definite shape Takes the shape of Takes the shape the container of its container

Volume Has a definite volume Has a definite volume Fills the volume of the container

Arrangement of Fixed, very close Random, close Random, far apartParticles

Interactions between Very strong Strong Essentially noneparticles

Physical ChangePhysical Change

A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance.

Examples:

Phase Changes – boiling point, melting point, freezing point

A substance dissolving in another substance - solubility

Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties

Relates to a substances ability to Relates to a substances ability to undergo change that transform it undergo change that transform it into a different substanceinto a different substance Ability to : combust, oxidize, neutralize, Ability to : combust, oxidize, neutralize,

etcetc

Chemical ChangeChemical Change

A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances.

Evidence of Chemical Change: Change in Energy

(Heat and or light given off)

Change in color Production of gas Precipitation of a solid

(formation of an insoluble material)

Classification of MatterClassification of Matter

Separation of MatterSeparation of Matter

Separation of a MixtureSeparation of a Mixture

The constituents of the mixture retain The constituents of the mixture retain their identity and may be separated by their identity and may be separated by physical means.physical means.

Methods of Separating Methods of Separating MixturesMixtures

MagnetMagnet FilterFilter DecantDecant EvaporationEvaporation CentrifugeCentrifuge ChromatographyChromatography DistillationDistillation

Filtration Filtration separates a separates a liquid from a liquid from a

solidsolid

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40

Separation of a MixtureSeparation of a Mixture

The components of dyes such as ink may be separated by paper chromatography.

This uses a solvent to dissolve the substance and paper to separate out the different dye molecules by size.

Setup to heat a solutionSetup to heat a solution

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 42

This is used to evaporate off a liquid (usually water) from a

dissolved substance

A Distillation ApparatusA Distillation Apparatus

Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 282

CentrifugationCentrifugation

Spin sample very rapidly: Spin sample very rapidly: denser materials go to denser materials go to bottom (outside)bottom (outside)

Separate blood into serum Separate blood into serum and plasmaand plasma Serum (clear)Serum (clear) Plasma (contains red blood Plasma (contains red blood

cells ‘RBCs’)cells ‘RBCs’) Check for anemia (lack of iron)Check for anemia (lack of iron)

Blood

RBC’s

Serum

A B C

AFTER

Before

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

Period

Group or family

Periodic TablePeriodic Table

Groups or FamiliesGroups or Families Vertical columnsVertical columns These elements have similar These elements have similar

chemical propertieschemical properties PeriodsPeriods

Horizontal rowsHorizontal rows

Metals and NonmetalsMetals and Nonmetals

A zigzag line separates the metals A zigzag line separates the metals from the nonmetalsfrom the nonmetals

Metalloids, which straddle the line, Metalloids, which straddle the line, are considered non-metalsare considered non-metals

Lanthanide and Actinide SeriesLanthanide and Actinide Series MetalsMetals

Properties of MetalsProperties of Metals Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity

Metals are malleable

Metals are ductile

Metals have high tensile strength

Metals have luster

Examples of MetalsExamples of Metals

Potassium, K reacts with water and must be stored in kerosene

Zinc, Zn, is more stable than potassium

Copper, Cu, is a relatively soft metal, and a very good electrical conductor.

Mercury, Hg, is the only metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature

PropertiesProperties of Nonmetals…of Nonmetals…

Carbon, the graphite in “pencil lead” is a great example of a nonmetallic element. Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and or electricity Nonmetals tend to be brittle Many nonmetals are gases at room temperature (halogens and noble gases)

Examples of NonmetalsExamples of Nonmetals

Sulfur, S, was once known as “brimstone”

Microspheres of phosphorus, P, a reactive nonmetal

Graphite is not the only pure form of carbon, C. Diamond is also carbon; the color comes from impurities caught within the crystal structure

Properties of MetalloidsProperties of MetalloidsMetalloids straddle the border between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table.

They have properties of both metals and nonmetals.Metalloids are more brittle than metals, less brittle than most nonmetallic solids Metalloids are semiconductors of electricity Some metalloids possess metallic luster