Chapter 1 Changes in a Family

Our First School is our Family. Our parents, sister,

brother and grand parents are our family. We learn

many things from our family like good manners,

good habits and discipline. We should always

respect our elders.

My Family and Friends

People living together by ties of marriage,blood or

adaptation as a unit forms a family

Small family / Nuclear family

A family consisting of a pair of adults and their children is

called a small or nuclear family.

Big family / Joint family / Extended family /

Un-divided family

Joint family or big family is large in size consisting of

members of 3 or more generation such as grandparents,

parents, siblings, uncles, aunts and cousins living in one

home.

Why Family is Important?

Family is the most important in our life because

I. Family provides love , protection and guidance.

II. Family helps to build our self-confidence and self esteem.

III. Family provides a sense of belongingness.

What does family do?

Members of the family celebrate every festival together.

Members love and care for each other.

Live together in one home as one unit.

Share responsibility of the household work.

How are families different?

Families may follow different religion such as Hinduism,

Islam, and Christianity etc.

Families follow different cultures.

Families have different food habits and speak different

language.

Size of the families may also differ.

Loving, Caring and Sharing

In a family each member cares for other and shares in the

responsibility of household work. Grandparents share

responsibility by doing gardening, going to the market to

buy vegetables, taking children to the park in the evening,

telling bedtime stories to the kids etc. This way they get

some exercise too.

Mother cooks food for everyone, do most of the

household task, take care of children when they are sick,

take care of everyone.Father goes to the office and

support the family financially, helps out other in

household work on weekends.

Elder brother or sister help their younger brother or

sister in completing their school work, keeping their toys

back after play, help elderly people of the family who

cannot take care of themselves. Younger can help by

keeping their room neat and clean, helping grandparents

in gardening, helping mother in certain kitchen work.

My friends

We play and enjoy with our friends. We share our joy and

sorrows with our friends. Friends care for each other. We

share ideas and things with them.

Exercises

A)Define the following:

1. Adoption- to choose a child as son or daughter.

2. Tolerance- the capacity to endure.

3. Paternal- related to the father’s side.

4. Siblings- own brother/sisters; children who have

same parents.

5. Cousins- children of uncle and aunt in a family.

B)Question/Answers:

I. What is a nuclear family?

Ans- A nuclear family is a small family which has

parents and children.

II. Write three sentences about marriage.

Ans- Marriage is a happy occasion which

increases or decreases the size of the family.

Marriages are enjoyed by everyone especially

the children. Marriages are occasion of great

happiness and enjoyment where all the

members and relatives take part to make the

ceremony memorable.

Assignment

A)Fill in the blanks:

1.Family is the ______ of the society.

2.A joint family reveals the ______ among the

members.

3.Nuclear families generally have a maximum of

____members.

4.A baby takes birth in a _____.

5.A marriage can _____ or ______ the size of

the family.

B)Write True/False:

1.Family is the first school of life.

2.In a nuclear family,children live with their cousins.

3.Marriages are occasions for enjoyment.

C)Answer the following questions:

1.What do you mean by family?

2.Who all live together in a joint family?

3.Who are working parents?

4.What does birth of a sibling mean?

CHAPTER 3 CHANGES IN THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM

Transportation is the way by which a civilisation moves forward. Transportation helps the social system

to move towards development. It is the way of moving from one place to the other. Early humans used

to walk long distances. They also carried huge loads. Gradually they learnt how to utilise the animals like

donkeys, horses, camels for the purpose of carrying burden. Later wheel was invented which took the

human civilisation in a different level. With the invention of wheel, bullock cart was also invented by our

ancestors. Then one after the other useful modes of transport like bicycle, cars, buses, trains etc was

invented.

Types of Transport

1. Land Transport – The mode of transport that occurs on land. It includes Roadways, Railways.

ROADWAYS

a. Early roads were made of mud and stones. They are called kachha road. They were narrow

and rough too. Kachha road is also known as unmetalled road. Animal driven carriages move

on such roads. Metalled roads or pukka roads are those which ensure smooth movement of

goods and people. Kachha roads are mainly found in village areas whereas pukka roads are

found in towns and cities.

b. There are other types of roads too. They are national highways or freeways or

expressways.The national highways are maintained by Central Government. The major cities

are connected by state highways. The state government looks after them.

c. Sometimes two countries are connected by international highways. The grand trunk road

connects Kolkata in India with Peshawar in Pakistan.

d. The roadways are supposed to be a safe way of ensuring transport system. The government

should take actions to decrease the number of accidents on roads and traffic rules should be

strict in the road transport system.

RAILWAYS

a. The most popular public transport in India is the railway. Railway ensures cheap and easy

travelling and thus most people prefer to travel via trains. It connects several rural areas with

the urban centres and the industrial hubs. As a result it is the lifeline of our economy. The daily

wage labourers travel long way from different parts of the country to earn their livelihood.

b. In India, the British introduced the railways. The first train connected Bombay (Mumbai) with

Thane during 1853. The Indian railways hold the first rank in all over Asia for having the largest

network of rails.

c. The Rajdhani and Shatabdi express are known as superfast trains. They have a velocity of above

100 km per hour. The Indian railways also cater to the needs of the luxury seekers with trains

like Deccan Odyssey and Palace on wheels. There are trains like Bullet trains that make transport

faster.

d. The goods train also form a significant part of the Indian railways. They operate from Industrial

areas, mines, factories, go downs, quarries, ports and distribute them throughout the markets.

e. Metro rails and circular rails are also prominent part of the railway system.

2. Water transport/Waterways

a. Waterway is another way of transport. It is also a very important way of transport. It is also the

cheapest form of transport. It helps people to reach their destinations in a larger scale.

b. The loading and unloading of goods are done at the ports, where several ships are harboured. In

earlier times boats and rafts were used as a means of water transport but the discovery of

steam engine modernised the water transport system.

c. Today large vessels operate with the help of steam or diesel engines. Bulky goods are

transported mostly by the means of waterways.

d. Raw materials, Mineral ores and food grains are largely transported by ships.

e. A ship that transports petroleum oil is referred to as an oil tanker. Ships that carry loads are

known as cargo ships.

f. Perishable products such as fruits, meat, dairy products and vegetables are transported by

refrigerated ships.

g. The means of commute through river is known as inland waterways.

3. AIR TRANSPORT

a. It is the expensive and the fastest mode of transport.

b. The famous airlines which operate throughout the world are Indian airlines, British airways,

Lufthansa, Emirates, Qatar airways.

c. In 1903, The Wright brothers invented the first airplane. Before that we tried to fly using

balloons!

d. There are aeroplanes which can fly at a speed of 1000km per hour carrying 400 passengers as

well as goods too.

e. In India some important domestic flights are Air Asia, Jet airways etc.

Exercises

A)Fill in the blanks:

1.The history of transportation is as old as the ________.

2.City roads also have_________.

3.The _________ introduced the railways in India.

4._________ are the most expensive means of transport.

B)Write True/False:

1.The invention of wheel was one of the greatest

inventions of the early humans.

2.Road transport does not cause any pollution.

3.Metro trains connect two cities.

4.An oil tanker carries petroleum oil.

5.Airways are the slowest means of transport.

C)Match the following:

A B

1 Land transport a.Kolkata-Peshawar

2.G.T road b.Aeroplane

3.Palace on Wheels c.Roadways and Railways

4.Cargo ships d.Luxury train

5.Boeing 747 e.Bulky goods

D)Answer the following questions:

1.Define transportation.

2.What are national highways?

3.Comment on the railway network in India.

4.What do ships require?

5.When was the first airplane invented?